Off-roading - Citizendia

Landrover Defender 90 Offroading

Off Roading is a term for driving a specialized vehicle on unpaved roads, such as sand, gravel, riverbeds, mud, snow, rocks, and other natural terrain. Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles Gravel is rock that is of a specific Particle size range In Geology, gravel is any loose rock that is larger than two millimeters (2mm In computer gaming, a MUD ( Multi-User Dungeon, Domain or Dimension) is a multi-player computer game that combines elements of "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere

Off-road vehicle

Main article: Off-road vehicle

These terrains can sometimes only be traveled by vehicles designed specifically for off-road driving (such as heavy-duty trucks and equipment, SUVs, ATVs, snowmobiles, motorcycles, mountain bicycles) or vehicles that have extra ground clearance, sturdy tires, and in some cases, front and rear locking differential. An off-road vehicle is considered to be any type of Vehicle which is capable of driving on and off paved or Gravel surface This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. A broader definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains that facilitates more effective action of one domain upon the other A sport utility vehicle ( SUV) is a generic marketing description for a rugged automotive vehicle similar to a Station wagon but built on a light-truck chassis An all-terrain vehicle (ATV is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI as a vehicle that travels on low pressure tires with a seat that is straddled by A snowmobile (known locally as snowmachine, snowsled or by the Brandname Ski-Doo) is a land vehicle that is commonly propelled by MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. A mountain bike or mountain bicycle (abbreviated MTB or ATB (all terrain bicycle is a Bicycle designed for off-road cycling including A locking differential or locker is a variation on the standard automotive differential. Examples of vehicle manufacturers notable for producing types of off-road vehicle (ORV) include AM General, Land Rover, Jeep and Toyota, although most vehicle manufacturers have some sort of off-road vehicle in their current range. An off-road vehicle is considered to be any type of Vehicle which is capable of driving on and off paved or Gravel surface AM General is an American heavy vehicle manufacturer based in South Bend Indiana, best known for the civilian Land Rover is an all-terrain vehicle and Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV manufacturer based in Solihull, England, now operated as part of the Jaguar Jeep is an Automobile Marque (and registered trademark of Chrysler. (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker. These are usually rather expensive cars, but there are exceptions, like the Citroën 2CV, which is actually a budget car (for farmers). The Citroën 2CV ( French: deux chevaux vapeur, literally "two steam Horses quot from the Tax horsepower rating was an Economy car Trucks are often fitted with these extras by default. This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. Furthermore, the military usually design their vehicles with off-roading in mind, such as a Jeep or HMMWV, or buy them from off road manufacturers, such as Land Rover, which has produced cars for the armed forces of many countries. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Jeep is an Automobile Marque (and registered trademark of Chrysler. This article refers to the Military HMMWV not the civilian Hummer sold by General Motors The M998 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled

Different uses of the term throughout the world

In some parts of the world, especially in Africa, off-roading is the normal form of transport. In tropical countries, unpaved roads can attain 'off-road' aspects during the rainy season, when extra gears and four wheel drive can become desirable or even necessary. This is the page for mechanical Gears For other uses see Gear (disambiguation For the gear-like device used to drive a roller chain see Sprocket Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to In Western countries the term is frequently used usually more specifically for recreational pursuits.

Types of recreational off-roading

Recreational off-roading is popular among a sub-section of the owners of four wheel drive or all-terrain vehicles and motorcycles. Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to An all-terrain vehicle (ATV is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI as a vehicle that travels on low pressure tires with a seat that is straddled by MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. There are numerous categories of off roading, with something suitable for all levels of experience and equipment.

Some of the major categories of recreational off-roading are listed below.

Dune bashing

Ford Bronco Dune Bashing

Main article: Dune bashing

Dune bashing involves driving over sand dunes, frequently associated with tourism in the Middle-East. Dune bashing, also known as desert safari, is a form of Off-roading, using an Off-road vehicle to explore Sand dunes Whilst in some parts of There are also many state parks in the United States that allow ORV's to drive on them, including the Silver Lake Sand Dunes in Michigan and the Imperial Sand Dunes in California. Silver Lake State Park is a State park in Michigan, located on Lake Michigan near Mears. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. The Algodones Dunes is a large erg (sand Dune field located in southeastern portion of the U California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean.

"Greenlaning"

Ford F-150 Two Tracking

Greenlaning or "Two-tracking" is one of the least 'extreme' categories. It is generally suitable for any four wheel drive vehicle, even with factory tires and equipment. This article is about tires used on road Vehicles including pneumatic tires and solid tires. The term greenlane refers to the fact that the routes are predominantly along unpaved tracks, forest tracks, or older roadways that may have fallen into disuse. For a lot of greenlaners, the main emphasis is on enjoying the countryside, and accessing areas that may be seldom traveled by motor vehicles, rather than exploring the performance envelope of their vehicle.

Greenlaning is popular among All Wheel Drive (AWD) SUVs with limited off road capabilities such as theHonda CRV and Toyota RAV4 which were designed for light duty offroading. "Cr-V" redirects here It is also a shorthand referring to chromium-vanadium alloy Tool steels The Honda CR-V is a compact

Mudding (or Mud Bogging)

Land Rover Series 2a Mud Plugging

Mudding involves finding a large area of wet mud or clay and attempting to drive as far through it as possible without becoming stuck. Usually, the stock tires supplied with four by four vehicles are completely inadequate for this type of off roading, and Mud-terrain tires are required. Strongly attached recovery points are also recommended to enable the vehicle to be towed out if it becomes bogged down. Next to traction, momentum is a big factor in success. In Classical mechanics, momentum ( pl momenta SI unit kg · m/s, or equivalently N · s) is the product

This activity has a competitive form known as Mud bogging. Mud bogging, also known as mud racing, mud running and mud drags, is a form of Off-road Motorsport popular in Canada and

Rock Crawling

Jeep Rubicon Rock Crawling

Main article: Rock crawling

Rock crawling is a highly technical category of off roading. Rock crawling is an extreme form of Off road driving using vehicles anywhere from stock to highly modified to overcome obstacles Rock crawling is an extreme form of Off road driving using vehicles anywhere from stock to highly modified to overcome obstacles Vehicles are typically modified with larger than stock tires, suspension components that allow greater axle articulation, and changes in the differential (mechanics) gear ratio in order to provide the ideal high torque/low speed operation for rock crawling to traverse obstacles. This article is about tires used on road Vehicles including pneumatic tires and solid tires. This article deals with the concept of a differential in mechanical engineering. A torque (τ in Physics, also called a moment (of force is a pseudo- vector that measures the tendency of a force to rotate an object about It is quite common for a rock crawler to have a spotter - an assistant who will go on foot alongside or in front of the vehicle to provide information to the driver on obstacles or areas of terrain that the driver may be unable to see.

Rock Racing

Rock Racing is very similar to Rock crawling in the fact that the vehicles are driven over rocks, the difference is that there are no penalties for hitting cones, backing up or winching as is done in rock crawling. Rock racing also involves a degree of high-speed racing not seen in typical rock crawling.

Formula Off Road

Formula Off Road is a high powered version of off-road competition. Vehicles are highly modified or specially built using sand drag tires and long travel suspension components that allow jumps and rough handling and long axle articulation, highly tuned 8 cylinder (V8) engines with superchargers & nitrous oxide injection systems and a secure roll cage for the driver. This article is about tires used on road Vehicles including pneumatic tires and solid tires. A supercharger is an air compressor used for Forced induction of an Internal combustion engine. Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O. High torque/high speed operation is needed for Formula Off Road tracks. A torque (τ in Physics, also called a moment (of force is a pseudo- vector that measures the tendency of a force to rotate an object about Formula Off Road originated in Iceland and has since spread to the other Nordic countries. Competitions are often held in sand and gravel quarries where courses are laid out up near vertical pit faces. A quarry is a type of open-pit mine from which rock or Minerals are extracted The vehicles utilize paddle-like tread of sand drag racing tires.

Trials

Trials are probably the safest form of motorsport. All progress is made at low speed, and the emphasis is on skill rather than finishing first. However, trialling can be highly competitive. There are three traditional forms of off-road trialing.

Road-Taxed Vehicle Trialing

This is the most common form of trialing. As the name suggests, it is for vehicles that are road-legal (and thus required to pay vehicle excise duty. Vehicle Excise Duty (VED is a British Excise duty, which has to be paid to acquire a Vehicle licence for most types of Motor vehicle. This excludes vehicles that are highly modified or specially-built. However, RTV-class vehicles can carry a wide range of suspension modifications, as well as off-road tyres (provided they are road-legal), recovery winches, raised air intakes etc. Vehicles on RTV trials are usually best described as 'modified from standard'- they use the standard chassis, drivetrain and body that the vehicle was built with. Whilst modification is not neccesarily required for an RTV trial, at the very least the vehicle would be expected to have some under-body protection such as a sump guard, differential guard and solid sills. RTV courses are intended to be non-damaging and driven at little more than a walking pace, and a properly-laid out course would be driveable without damage by a skilled driver in a showroom-spec vehicle. However, the terrain usually includes steep slopes, water, side-slopes, deep ruts and other obstacles that could potentially damage a vehicle if mistakes are made or poor driving technique is used, and vehicle modifications increase the chance of success.

RTV trials usually take place on farmland, a quarry site or at a dedicated off-road driving centre, and are usually organised by a dedicated trialling body (such as the All Wheel Drive Club in the UK), or by a vehicle owner's club. The course consists of 10 'gates' marked by two pairs of garden canes, each arranged in an 'X' shape. The gates are just wide enough to get a standard vehicle through. One vehicle attempts the course at a time, and is deemed to have cleared a gate if at least one of the front wheels passes between the canes. The vehicle's attempt ends when it comes to a stop (depending on the exact level of skill the trial is aimed at, any stopping may end the attempt, or a few seconds may be allowed). Long-wheelbase vehicles are usually allowed to perform a three-point turn if needed, providing the driver declares where the turn is going to be made before they attempt the course (this puts a strong emphasis on ground-reading ability).

The course between the gates is a 'section'- between the start line and the first gate is 'Section 1', the part between the first and second gates is 'Section 2' and so on. A true RTV course is laid out so that each section is progressively more difficult, although this is not always the case. If a driver fails to complete Section 1, they are given 10 points. If the attempt ends in Section 2, 9 points are awarded etc. . A clear round results in gaining only 1 point. A day's event will consist of many different courses, and at the end, the driver with the lowest score is the winner.

Since the terrain covered in RTV trials should be well within the capabilities of any reasonably-capable vehicle (even in standard form), these trials place the emphasis on driver skill and ground-reading abilities. A good driver in a standard-spec vehicle can easily win over a modified, highly-equipped vehicle driven by a less competent driver.

Cross-Country Vehicle Trialling

This is the next step up from RTV trialling, and is open to non-road-legal vehicles, which greatly increases the scope for modification. The terrain covered will be of greater difficulty than that found on an RTV trial, and will usually require more judicious use of speed to get the vehicle across certain obstacles, so the risk of vehicle damage is greater. Whilst no trial is intended to be vehicle-damaging, and a well-driven vehicle should be able to complete even the toughest CCV course without damage, mistakes and accidents are inevitable. A standard-spec vehicle would not be expected to complete a CCV course.

The actual event is run along the same lines as RTV, with a course made up of cane-marked gates. The rules are also the same as an RTV trial.

It is in the vehicles used that CCV trialling differs greatly from RTV trials. Since 'anything goes', CCV trials relies on having the correct vehicle to a much greater extent than in an RTV trial. Competitors are able to design and build vehicles that are much more optimised for off-road use than in the lower ranks of trialling, with vehicles having powerful engines, high ground clearance, light, minimalist bodywork and good approach and departure angles. For many years in the UK, the ultimate CCV vehicle could be built by taking the chassis of a Range Rover, removing the body, cutting the chassis down to an 80-inch wheelbase and mating it to the body of a Series I Land Rover, retaining the Range Rover's V8 engine and coil-spring suspension in a light, easy to maneuvre body. The Range Rover Classic is a Sport utility vehicle (SUV that was built by British automaker Land Rover from 1970 to 1996 The Land Rover Series I, II, and III are Off-road vehicles produced by the British manufacturer Land Rover that were inspired by the U In recent years, the value of early Land Rovers and Range Rovers has risen to the extent that this is no longer practical in many cases. CCV triallers now usually base their vehicles around Land Rover 90s or standard 100-inch chassis from a Range Rover or Series I Discovery. The Land Rover Defender is a British four wheel drive Off-road utility vehicle The Discovery is a Four wheel drive on-road and off-road vehicle from the British car maker Land Rover. The Suzuki SJ series of vehicles also make good bases for CCV-spec vehicles. The Suzuki SJ-Series began production in 1982 in Hamamatsu, Japan. Some vehicles are specially-built, taking the form of light 'buggies' with tractor tyres and 'fiddle' brakes for the best performance.

Vehicles are required to meet certain safety regulations. Roll-cages must be fitted and be built to a suitable standard, recovery points must be fitted front and rear and fuel tanks must meet certain standards. A 4-point harness for all occupants is required and a fire extinguisher should be carried.

Winch Challenge

This is the most recent, and usually the most difficult, form of course trialling. Again, a course is laid out with a series of gates and vehicles must complete as many gates in a course as possible. However, these events take place on very difficult terrain- difficult to the extent that vehicles are not expected to be able to complete the course without the use of a recovery winch. Winching is a definite skill in itself, aside from off-road driving, and brings elements of team-playing into the trial, as a successful (and safe) vehicle recovery needs at least 2 people to complete. Some trials are for teams of 2 or 3 vehicles, each helping to recover the others through obstacles. A Winch Challenge may extend to other off-road driving skills, such as building a log bridge to cross a river.

At its most basic, a Winch Challenge vehicle will be a CCV-spec machine with a front-mounted recovery winch. However, a distinct breed of vehicles adapted for Winch Challenges has evolved. The small, open-topped CCV vehicles is not well suited to carrying the often large range of equipment needed for winch recovery in difficult terrain. A larger vehicle with some form of protection from the elements is desired (the short-wheelbase Land Rover Defender, especially in 'Hard Top' guise, is a typical and common basis for a Winch Challenge vehicle). The Land Rover Defender is a British four wheel drive Off-road utility vehicle Vehicles often require extensive modification. Under-body protection is needed, given the severity of the terrain involved, and suspension and drivetrain upgrades are used to get vehicles as far as possible before winching is needed. Roll-cages and 'snorkel' air intakes are required to prevent vehicle damage. The vehicle's electrical system often needs upgrading, with multiple battery banks and high-output alternators being needed to cope with the large currents drawn by a winch. alternator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to Alternating current electrical energy Vehicles increasingly sport winches mounted at the front and rear to greatly increase the options available for recovery.

Other Forms of Trialling

There are other forms of trialling, usually based around one of the above types but with a slight difference. These are often used as more 'fun' events within a vehicle club, rather than as a part of a formal championship. Examples include:

Punch-Card Challenge- Usually based around an RTV trials course. Instead of a series of gates around a fixed course, a number of single canes are placed around a site. Each cane is numbered and a hole-punch tied to the cane. Each vehicle has a card with numbered squares marked on it. The card is tied to the exterior of the vehicle (usually from the wing mirror). The aim is to get the vehicle close enough to the cane so that the hole punch can be used to mark the appropriate square on the card. The punches usually use a pattern of pins to prevent one punch being used to cheat by punching a number of squares on the card. Unlike a trial course, the vehicle does not have to pass through a gate, it simply has to approach a cane somehow, and leave the cane somehow. This tests driver skill and ground-reading, as the most obvious way to approach a cane is often not the easiest- for example, with a cane situated at the bottom of a steep slope it may turn out that the flat terrain at the base of the slope is too soft or muddy to drive over. The only way to the cane is to drive across the slope, stop (whilst the vehicle is tilted), punch the card and then continue. The winner is the driver who has collected the most punches.

Tyro Trial- The name derives from the Latin word 'Tyro' meaning 'new recruit'. The most basic level of trialling, Tyro Trials are intended as an introduction to the sport for newcomers or even children. These take the form of a trial course with gates, but the course is carefully laid out in that it requires definite skill to drive, but carries no risk of damage to the vehicle or injury to the driver. Vehicle modifications are not allowed. Some Tyro Trials organisers even ban the fitting of different types to tyres to those the vehicle left the showroom with.

Winch Events

Winch events often involve attempting to access areas that would be impassable without the use of a winch - this can include traversing deep gullies, steep slopes and so on. A winch is a mechanical device that is used to pull in (wind up or let out (wind out or otherwise adjust the " Tension " of a Rope or Wire rope Most off road vehicles that have been prepared for this type of event will typically have two winches, one at the front and one at the rear of the vehicle, each with a rated pull of over 9,000 lb (4,100 kg).

Off-roading Events

In some countries, off-road activities are strictly regulated, while others promote cross country off-road endurance events like the Dakar Rally and Baja 500 & 1000 that are considered a test of navigation skills and machine durability. Off-road racing is a format of racing where various classes of specially modified vehicles (including cars trucks motorcycles and buggies compete in races through Off-road The Dakar Rally (or simply " The Dakar " formerly known as "The Paris Dakar" or "Paris to Dakar Rally" and now as "The Lisboa Dakar" is Baja 1000 is an off-road race that takes place on Mexico's Baja California Peninsula in the fall Off road parks and motocross tracks also host a number of events as it might be the only legal place to off-road in the area. An Off-Road Vehicle Park is an area of land that may be accessed by all-terrain vehicles such as 4x4 vehicles Pickup Trucks, ATVs and many other types Motocross is a form of Motorcycle sport or All-terrain vehicle racing held on enclosed Off road circuits Some different events include Jamborees, Rock Crawling competitions, Mud Bog races, Top Truck Challenges, Sand racing as well as many other events.

Off-roading Organizations

Main article: List of off-roading organizations

Due to the extreme criticism of the sport of off-roading, many organizations and associations have been formed to show a united front in the battle to keep public lands open to off-roaders. The following is a list of organizations involved with Off-roading: Multi-national United Four Wheel Drive Associations (UFWDA International Some organizations such as the Blue Ribbon Coalition and Tread Lightly! are not off road clubs at all and are solely set up to fight land closures and to promote environmentally friending off-roading. Tread Lightly! is a Non-profit organization in the United States with the mission "To empower generations to enjoy the outdoors responsibly through education

Vehicle modification

While many off-road vehicles can greenland or "two track" most unpaved roads, the desire of many off-roading enthusiasts is to attempt much more challenging terrain. The following listings show the modifications that are done and why:

Vehicle lifts

A vehicle lift is when the normal height of a vehicle is lifted to increase the amount of clearance between the ground and the bottom of the body or frame of the vehicle. There are numerous types of vehicle lifts:

Body lift: A simple and cheap way to lift a vehicle that has a body on frame design such as a pickup truck or some SUVs. A pickup truck is a light Motor vehicle with an open-top rear cargo area which is almost always separated from the cab to allow for chassis flex when carrying or pulling A sport utility vehicle ( SUV) is a generic marketing description for a rugged automotive vehicle similar to a Station wagon but built on a light-truck chassis A body lift consists of larger spacers that replace the normal mounting points of the vehicle's body on its frame. These typically are between 1 - 4 inches. Any more than four inches (102 mm) will create a less sturdy set up. Body lifts are not possible on vehicles with a "Uni-body" construction. Uni-body vehicles have the frame formed into the body, such as on a Jeep Cherokee. See also Jeep Cherokee for other models using this name The Jeep Cherokee (XJ was a Monocoque (unibody Compact

Suspension lift: A suspension lift is when modifications are done to the vehicle's springs, shocks, controlling arms and steering linkage. A suspension lift is a modification often done by Jeep truck suv and offroad enthusiasts to raise the ride height of their vehicle In this case small or short pieces of the suspension are replaced with longer or larger items of similar construction. Lifting a vehicle changes its driving dynamics and a suspension lift adds to the vehicle's handling capabilities in relation to the increased height (see lifting concerns below).

Some examples of this are:

Larger arced Leaf springs
Longer Coil springs
Coil spacer blocks
Leaf spring spacer blocks
Longer Control arms
Longer Pitman arms
Air bag spring replacement
Longer leaf spring shackles
Reverse leaf spring mounting on the axle
Longer Spindles in the front
Portal axle

Large tires

A quick and easy way to gain ground clearance is to increase the size of the tires on a vehicle. Originally called laminated or carriage spring, a leaf spring is a simple form of spring, commonly used for the suspension in A Coil spring, also known as a helical spring, is a mechanical device which is typically used to store energy and subsequently release it to absorb shock or to maintain In automotive suspension, a control arm (sometimes called a wishbone or A-arm) is a nearly flat and roughly triangular member (or sub-frame that The Pitman arm is a Steering component in an Automobile or Truck. One advantage over body and suspension lifts is that larger tires will improve ground clearance under all parts of the vehicle, including the axles and differentials - typically the next lowest points after the tires. While some vehicles can have larger tires added without a lift kit, such as a Ford F-250/F-350 pick-up truck (they can usually take 33-inch (840 mm) tires before lifting is required), most will require a lift kit in addition to larger tires, and in some cases bodywork modification (cut back wheel arches) may also be necessary.

Many off-roaders will combine different aspects of each of these vehicle lifting techniques, with the more experienced combining all of these items for a vehicle that could be lifted over 12 inches (300 mm) from its normal ride height

Traction control

One of the main aspects of off-roading is to be able to keep traction on different obstacles. This can be done with more aggressive tread on tires as well as with help from traction control devices in drivetrain.

Some traction control devices used are:

Locking differential
Limited slip differential
Four-wheel drive
'Airing Down' - greatly lowering the air pressure in the tires

Dangers of vehicle lifting

While lifting a vehicle to gain ground clearance is helpful to off-roaders, it can also make a vehicle dangerous because when a vehicle has been lifted, its center of gravity rises making the vehicle more likely to tip over in certain situations. This article deals with the concept of a differential in mechanical engineering. A limited slip differential ( LSD) is a modified or derived type of differential gear arrangement that allows for some difference in rotational Velocity Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to Other dangers are loss of visibility of smaller objects and bumper height as compared to other vehicles on the road. In the United States, bumper and frame height laws are in effect in most states to make sure that the vehicles on the road are not too much higher than their car counterparts.

Off-roading in popular culture

Music

C.W. McCall's works include at least two songs about the pastime, "Four Wheel Drive" and "Black Bear Road. CW McCall is the Pseudonym of William Dale Fries Jr (born November 15 1928, Audubon, Iowa, United States "
2Pac and Dr. Dre's song California Love contained off-roading scenes. Tupac Amaru Shakur (June 16 1971 &mdash September 13 1996 also known by his Stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper Andre Romelle Young (born February 18 1965 primarily known by his stage name Dr
Alan Jackson's song Summer Time Blues has many vehicles off roading in it. Alan Eugene Jackson (born 17 October 1958 in Newnan, Georgia) is an American country Singer-songwriter who has sold over
DMX has used all-terrain vehicles in his videos. Earl Simmons (born December 18, 1970) better known by his Stage name DMX, is an American rapper and actor who rose to fame in the An all-terrain vehicle (ATV is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI as a vehicle that travels on low pressure tires with a seat that is straddled by
Gretchen Wilson's song "Redneck Woman" begins with her and friends mud plugging. Gretchen Frances Wilson (born June 26 1973 in Pocahontas Illinois) is an American Country music artist " Redneck Woman " is the debut single of American Country music artist Gretchen Wilson.
Brad Paisley's song "Mud on the Tires" is based on offroading. Brad Douglas Paisley (born October 28, 1972) is a Grammy Award -winning American Country music Singer-songwriter and guitarist " Mud on the Tires " is a single by American Country music Singer Brad Paisley that reached the top of the Billboard
Bachman-Turner Overdrive had a song titled Four Wheel Drive
Jason Aldean Hicktown, has bunch of a trucks/jeeps and cars rolling around in the mud

Movies

Cannonball Run had scenes of Jackie Chan's vehicle off-roading and joining a baja race in progress. Bachman-Turner Overdrive (frequently known as BTO) is a Canadian rock group from Winnipeg, Manitoba, that enjoyed a string of hit albums Jason Aldean (born February 28, 1977 in Macon Georgia) is an American Country music singer Jackie Chan, SBS, MBE (born Chan Kong Sang, 陳港生 on 7 April 1954 is an Actor, action choreographer, Film director
From Dust to Glory is a movie about off-roading the Baja 1000. Baja 1000 is an off-road race that takes place on Mexico's Baja California Peninsula in the fall
Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior contained many scenes of vehicles off-roading. Mad Max 2 The Road Warrior (known as The Road Warrior in the U
Ace Ventura: Jim Carrey drives a Landrover through a jungle. Ace Ventura is a Fictional character, played by Jim Carrey in the films Ace Ventura Pet Detective and Ace Ventura When Nature Calls James Eugene Redmond "Jim" Carrey (born January 17 1962 is a Canadian-American Film actor and Comedian. Land Rover is an all-terrain vehicle and Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV manufacturer based in Solihull, England, now operated as part of the Jaguar
Who Am I: Jackie Chan had a Paris to Dakar Rally in the movie, and off-roading and driving off road cars were featured in the movie

Television

The Fall Guy TV show had a modified GMC Pick Up off-roading throughout the show. Who Am I? (我是誰 Pinyin: Wǒ Shì Shéi Cantonese: Ngo Si Sui is a 1998 Hong Kong martial arts - action film Jackie Chan, SBS, MBE (born Chan Kong Sang, 陳港生 on 7 April 1954 is an Actor, action choreographer, Film director The Fall Guy is an American Television program produced for ABC and originally broadcast from 1981 to 1986.
Four Wheeler TV on The Outdoor Channel. Outdoor Channel is an American television channel focused on the outdoors offering programming that includes hunting fishing Western lifestyle off-road motorsports and adventure
Trucks! show on Spike TV about modifying trucks. "Trucks!" is an American Television program that airs weekends as a part of Spike TV ‘s Powerblock. Spike (formerly called Spike TV) a division of MTV Networks, is an American cable network designed for an audience described
Xtreme 4x4 show on Spike TV about modifying 4x4's and off-roading events. Xtreme 4x4 is a half hour series that airs on Spike TV that began in January 2005 as part of Spike's weekend Powerblock line up Spike (formerly called Spike TV) a division of MTV Networks, is an American cable network designed for an audience described

Criticism of ORV use

Environmental impact

Off-road vehicle use on public land has been criticized by the U. In all modern States some land is held by central or local Governments This is called public land. S. government[1] and prominent environmental organizations including the Sierra Club and The Wilderness Society [2][3]. Mission statement To explore enjoy and protect the wild places of the earth To practice and promote the responsible use of the earth's ecosystems and resources To educate and

The U. S. government and other organizations have noted several consequences of illegal ORV use such as pollution, trail damage, erosion, land degradation, species loss, and habitat loss [4][5], which can leave hiking trails impassable[6]. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in A trail is a Path or Road used for Walking, Cycling, Cross-country skiing, or other activities Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind Land degradation are a concept in which the value of the Biophysical environment is affected by one or more combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Habitat destruction is the process in which natural Habitat is rendered functionally unable to support the species originally present ORV proponents argue that legal use taking place under planned access along with the multiple environment and trail conservation efforts by ORV groups is a solid step in avoiding these issues.

According to the U.S. Forest Service, the use of old-style two-stroke engines (previously common in vehicles designed for off-road use) also causes concerns about pollution, because "two-stroke engines emit about 20 to 33 percent of the consumed fuel through the exhaust" and "discharge from two-stroke snowmobile engines can lead to indirect pollutant deposition into the top layer of snow and subsequently into the associated surface and ground water. The two-stroke Internal combustion engine differs from the more common Four-stroke engine by completing the same four processes (intake compression combustion exhaust Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in "[7]. Modern two-stroke designs have become virtually as clean as four-strokes.

Noise pollution is also a concern to environmentalists[8]. Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life Several scientific studies conducted by Montana State University, California State University, University of Florida, and others, have cited negative behavioral changes in wildlife as the result of some ORV use[9]. Montana State University - Bozeman (MSU is a Public university located in Bozeman Montana, U History Today's California State University system is the direct descendant of the California State Normal School (now San José State University) a The University of Florida ( Florida or UF) is a public land-grant, sea-grant, space-grant major Research

Some U. S. states have laws to reduce noise pollution generated by off-road and non-highway vehicles. Washington State is one example: "State law requires off-road and other non-highway vehicles to use specified noise-muffling devices (RCW 46. 09. 120(1) (e) maximum limits and test procedures). State agencies and local governments may adopt regulations governing the operation of non-highway vehicles on property, streets, or highways within their jurisdiction, provided they are not less stringent than state law (RCW 46. 09. 180 regulation by local political subdivisions)"[10].

Roadless area conservation

Many U. S. National Parks have discussed or enacted roadless rules and partial or total bans on ORVs. A national park is a reserve of land usually declared and owned by a national Government, protected from most Human development and pollution Roadless area conservation is a conservation Policy limiting road construction and the resulting Environmental impact on designated areas of To accommodate enthusiasts, some parks like Big Cypress National Preserve in Florida, were created specifically for ORVs and related purposes. Big Cypress redirects here For other meanings please see Big Cypress (disambiguation Big Cypress National Preserve is a United States Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the However, such designations have not prevented damage or abuse of the policy[11] [12].

Public statements

In 2004, several environmental organizations sent a letter to Dale Bosworth, Chief of the United States Forest Service, and described the extent of damage caused by ORV use, including health threats to other people:

It is well-established that the proliferation of off-road vehicle and snowmobile use places soil, vegetation, air and water quality, and wildlife at risk through pollution, erosion, sedimentation of streams, habitat fragmentation and disturbance, and other adverse impacts to resources. These impacts cause severe and lasting damage to the natural environment on which human-powered and equestrian recreation depends and alter the remote and wild character of the backcountry. Motorized recreation monopolizes forest areas by denying other users the quiet, pristine, backcountry experience they seek. It also presents safety and health threats to other recreationists [13].

In 2004, Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia listed several problems that result from ORV use in natural areas. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. (born March 11, 1936) is an American Jurist and the second most senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States From the Environmental News Service article:

"Scalia noted that off-road vehicle use on federal land has 'negative environmental consequences including soil disruption and compaction, harassment of animals, and annoyance of wilderness lovers. '"[14]

Contents