The Odyssey (Greek: Οδύσσεια or Odússeia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the The poem was probably written near the end of the eighth century BC, somewhere along the Greek-controlled western Turkey seaside, Ionia. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches ^[1] The poem is, in part, a sequel to Homer's Iliad and mainly centers on the Greek hero Odysseus (or Ulysses, as he was known in Roman myths) and his long journey home to Ithaca following the fall of Troy. The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient grc-Latn Odysseus or la Ulysses ( Greek grc-Latn Odysseus; Latin: la Ulixes or more commonly Ulysses) oʊˈdɪsiəs grc-Latn Odysseus or la Ulysses ( Greek grc-Latn Odysseus; Latin: la Ulixes or more commonly Ulysses) oʊˈdɪsiəs Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Troy ( Greek: grc Τροία Troia, also, Ilion; Latin: Trōia, Īlium, Hittite: Wilusa or

It takes Odysseus ten years to reach Ithaca after the ten-year Trojan War. Ithaca or Ithaka (in Greek, Ιθάκη, Ithaki) is an island in the Ionian Sea, in Greece, with an area of 118 km² In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her ^[2] During this absence, his son Telemachus and wife Penelope must deal with a group of unruly suitors, called Proci, to compete for Penelope's hand in marriage, since most have assumed that Odysseus has died. This article is about the figure in greek mythology For the Christian saint see Saint Telemachus, and for the South African cricketer, see Roger In Homer 's Odyssey, Penelópē ( Πηνελόπεια/Πηνελόπη) is the faithful wife of Odysseus, who keeps her suitors Proci (Μνηστῆρες were the suitors of Penelope in the Odyssey, all of whom were killed by Odysseus, Telemachus

The poem is fundamental to the modern Western canon and is indeed the second—the Iliad is the first—extant work of Western literature. The Western canon is a term used to denote a canon of books and more widely music and art, that has been the most influential in It continues to be read in Homeric Greek and translated into modern languages around the world. Homeric Greek is the form of Ancient Greek that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. The original poem was composed in an oral tradition by an aoidos perhaps a rhapsode, and was intended more to be sung than read. In Classical Greece, in the fifth and fourth centuries BC and perhaps earlier a rhapsode (ῥαψῳδός was a professional Performer of Poetry, especially ^[3] The details of the ancient oral performance, and the story's conversion to a written work inspire continual debate among scholars. The Odyssey was written in a regionless poetic dialect of Greek and comprises 12,110 lines of dactylic hexameter. Dactylic Hexameter (also known as "heroic hexameter" is a form of meter in poetry or a rhythmic scheme Among the most impressive elements of the text are its strikingly modern non-linear plot, and the fact that events are shown to depend as much on the choices made by women and serfs as on the actions of fighting men. In the English language as well as many others, the word odyssey has come to refer to an epic voyage. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

Contents 1 Character of Odysseus 2 Structure 3 Outline of the plot 4 The geography of the Odyssey 5 Near Eastern influences 6 Derivative works 6.1 Written works 6.2 Stage and film 6.3 Music 6.4 Other 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Partial list of English translations

Character of Odysseus

Main article: Odysseus

Odysseus' heroic trait is his mētis, or "cunning intelligence"; he is often described as the "Peer of Zeus in Counsel. grc-Latn Odysseus or la Ulysses ( Greek grc-Latn Odysseus; Latin: la Ulixes or more commonly Ulysses) oʊˈdɪsiəs " This intelligence is most often manifested by his use of disguise and deceptive speech. His disguises take forms both physical (altering his appearance) and verbal, such as telling the Cyclops (Polyphemus) that his name is Ουτις, "Nobody", then escaping after blinding Polyphemus. In Greek mythology and later Roman mythology, a cyclops (ˈsaɪklɒps or kyklops ( Greek) is a member of a primordial race of Polyphemus ( English launguage: fvmdkofmsdk transliterated as Polyphemos in Robert Fitzgerald 's translation is a character in Greek When queried by other Cyclopes about why he is screaming, Polyphemus replies that "Nobody" is hurting him, and with that, it sounds as if nobody or rather no mortal is hurting him and therefore the other Cyclopes assume that he is suffering at the hand of immortal Zeus. "If alone as you are [Polyphemus] none uses violence on you, why, there is no avoiding the sickness sent by great Zeus; so you had better pray to you father, the lord Poseidon. " From the Odyssey of Homer translated by Richmond Lattimore [Book 9, page 147/8, lines 410 - 412]. The most evident flaw that Odysseus sports is that of his arrogance and his pride, or hubris. Hubris, sometimes spelled hybris ( Ancient Greek ὕβρις is a term used in modern English to indicate overweening Pride, self-confidence As he sails away from the Cyclops's island, he shouts his name and boasts that no one can defeat the "Great Odysseus". The Cyclops then throws the top half of a mountain at him, and tells his father, Poseidon, that Odysseus blinded him, which enrages Poseidon and causes the god to thwart Odysseus' homecoming for a very long time.

Structure

The Odyssey begins in medias res, meaning that the action begins in the middle of the plot, and that prior events are described through flashbacks or storytelling. In medias res, also medias in res ( Latin for "into the middle of things" is a literary and artistic technique where the Narrative This device is imitated by later authors of literary epics, for example, Virgil in the Aeneid, as well as modern poets such as Alexander Pope in the mock-epic, or mock-heroic, "The Rape of the Lock". Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or For the group of nine Ancient Egyptian deities see Ennead. The Aeneid (əˈniːɪd in Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 – 30 May 1744 is generally regarded as the greatest English Poet of the eighteenth century best known for his Satirical Mock-heroic or heroi-comic works are typically Satires or Parodies that mock common Classical stereotypes of Heroes and heroic literature The Rape of the Lock is a Mock-heroic Narrative poem written by Alexander Pope, first published anonymously in Lintot's Miscellany

In the first episodes, we trace Telemachus' efforts to assert control of the household, and then, at Athena’s advice, to search for news of his long-lost father. This article is about the figure in greek mythology For the Christian saint see Saint Telemachus, and for the South African cricketer, see Roger Then the scene shifts: Odysseus has been a captive of the beautiful nymph Calypso, with whom he has spent seven of his ten lost years. Calypso ( Greek: Καλυψώ Kālupsō; English translation: "I will conceal" was a Nymph and a daughter of Atlas Released by the intercession of his patroness Athena, he departs, but his raft is destroyed by his divine enemy Poseidon, who is angry because Odysseus blinded his son, Polyphemus. ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. In Greek mythology, Poseidon ( Greek:; Latin: Neptūnus) was the god of the Sea and as "Earth-Shaker" grc-Latn Odysseus or la Ulysses ( Greek grc-Latn Odysseus; Latin: la Ulixes or more commonly Ulysses) oʊˈdɪsiəs Polyphemus ( English launguage: fvmdkofmsdk transliterated as Polyphemos in Robert Fitzgerald 's translation is a character in Greek When Odysseus washes up on Scherie, home to the Phaeacians, he is assisted by the young Nausicaa and is treated hospitably. Scheria ( ancient Greek or) also Scherie or Phaeacia, was a region of land in the eastern Mediterranean in Greek mythology, first mentioned Scheria ( ancient Greek or) also Scherie or Phaeacia, was a region of land in the eastern Mediterranean in Greek mythology, first mentioned In ancient Greek literature, Nausicaa (often rendered Nausicaä or Nausikaa Greek: Ναυσικάα) a daughter of King In return he satisfies the Phaeacians' curiosity, telling them, and the reader, of all his adventures since departing from Troy. This renowned, extended "flashback" leads Odysseus back to where he stands, his tale told. The shipbuilding Phaeacians finally loan him a ship to return to Ithaca, where he is aided by the swineherd Eumaeus, meets Telemachus, regains his household, kills the suitors, and is reunited with his faithful wife, Penelope, who had believed he was dead. Ithaca or Ithaka (in Greek, Ιθάκη, Ithaki) is an island in the Ionian Sea, in Greece, with an area of 118 km² For the Butterfly Genus, see Eumaeus (butterfly. In Greek mythology, Eumaeus, or Eumaios (Εὔμαιος This article is about the figure in greek mythology For the Christian saint see Saint Telemachus, and for the South African cricketer, see Roger In Homer 's Odyssey, Penelópē ( Πηνελόπεια/Πηνελόπη) is the faithful wife of Odysseus, who keeps her suitors

Nearly all modern editions and translations of the Odyssey are divided into 24 books. This division is convenient but not original; it was developed by Alexandrian editors of the 3rd century BC. The Royal Library of Alexandria or Ancient Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was once the largest library in the ancient world In the Classical period, moreover, several of the books (individually and in groups) were given their own titles: the first four books, focusing on Telemachus, are commonly known as the Telemachy; Odysseus' narrative, Book 9, featuring his encounter with the cyclops Polyphemus, is traditionally called the Cyclopeia; and Book 11, the section describing his meeting with the spirits of the dead is known as the Nekuia. The Telemachy is a term traditionally applied to the first four books of Homer 's epic poem the Odyssey. In Greek poetry, a nekyia ( ἡ νέκυια) refers to a journey to the Underworld. Books 9 through 12, wherein Odysseus recalls his adventures for his Phaeacian hosts, are collectively referred to as the Apologoi: Odysseus' "stories". Book 22, wherein Odysseus kills all the suitors, has been given the title Mnesterophonia: "slaughter of the suitors".

The last 548 lines of the Odyssey, corresponding to Book 24, are believed by many scholars to have been added by a slightly later poet. Several passages in earlier books seem to be setting up the events of Book 24, so if it is indeed a later addition, the offending editor would seem to have changed earlier text as well. For more about varying views on the origin, authorship and unity of the poem see Homeric scholarship. Homeric scholarship is the study of Homeric epic, especially the two large surviving epics the Iliad and Odyssey.

Outline of the plot

Telemachus, Odysseus' son, was only one day old when Odysseus set out for Troy. Herbert James Draper (1863 &ndash 1920 was an English painter in the Victorian era. grc-Latn Odysseus or la Ulysses ( Greek grc-Latn Odysseus; Latin: la Ulixes or more commonly Ulysses) oʊˈdɪsiəs In Greek mythology, the Sirens ( Greek singular Seirēn; Greek plural Seirēnes) were three dangerous bird-women This article is about the figure in greek mythology For the Christian saint see Saint Telemachus, and for the South African cricketer, see Roger At the point where the Odyssey begins, ten further years after the end of the ten-year Trojan War, Telemachus is twenty and is sharing his missing father’s house on the island of Ithaca with his mother, Penelope, and with a crowd of 108 boisterous young men, "the Suitors," whose aim is to persuade Penelope to accept her husband’s disappearance as final and to marry one of them. In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her In Homer 's Odyssey, Penelópē ( Πηνελόπεια/Πηνελόπη) is the faithful wife of Odysseus, who keeps her suitors

The goddess Athena (who is Odysseus’s protector) discusses his fate with Zeus, king of the gods, at a moment when Odysseus's enemy, the god of the Sea Poseidon, is absent from Mount Olympus. ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology In Greek mythology, Poseidon ( Greek:; Latin: Neptūnus) was the god of the Sea and as "Earth-Shaker" Mount Olympus (Όλυμπος also transliterated as Ólympos, and on Greek maps Óros Ólimbos) is the highest Mountain in Greece Then, disguised as a Taphian chieftain named Mentes, she visits Telemachus to urge him to search for news of his father. In Greek mythology, Mentes is the name of two different Trojan War leaders He offers her hospitality; they observe the Suitors dining rowdily, and the bard Phemius performing a narrative poem for them. In the Odyssey Phemius ( Greek: Φήμιος Phêmios) is an Ithacan poet who performs narrative songs in the house of the absent Odysseus Penelope objects to Phemius's theme, the "Return from Troy"^[4] because it reminds her of her missing husband, but Telemachus rebuts her objections.

That night, Athena disguised as Telemachus finds a ship and crew for the true Telemachus. Next morning Telemachus calls an assembly of citizens of Ithaca to discuss what should be done to the suitors. Along this journey Telemachus will mature and become a man. Accompanied by Athena (now disguised as his friend Mentor) he departs for the Greek mainland and the household of Nestor, most venerable of the Greek warriors at Troy, now at home in Pylos. MENTOR / The National Mentoring Partnership is an advocate and resource for Mentoring in the United States. This article is about the Greek geographical feature and town From there Telemachus rides overland, accompanied by Nestor's son, to Sparta, where he finds Menelaus and Helen, now reconciled. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη In Greek mythology, Menelaus ( Ancient Greek:) was a king of Ancient Sparta, the husband of Helen, and a central figure in the This article is about the mythological figure Helen of Troy For other uses see Helen (disambiguation and Helen of Troy (disambiguation. He is told that they returned to Greece after a long voyage by way of Egypt; there, on the magical island of Pharos, Menelaus encountered the old sea-god Proteus, who told him that Odysseus is a captive of the mysterious nymph Calypso. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. In Greek mythology, Proteus (Πρωτεύς is an early sea-god one of several deities whom Homer calls the "Old Man of the Sea" whose name suggests the Calypso ( Greek: Καλυψώ Kālupsō; English translation: "I will conceal" was a Nymph and a daughter of Atlas Incidentally Telemachus learns the fate of Menelaus’ brother Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and leader of the Greeks at Troy, murdered on his return home by his wife Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus. In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (very resolute / ( ancient Greek:) is a hero, the son of King Atreus of Mycenae "Lion Gate" redirects here For other uses see Lions' Gate (disambiguation. Clytemnestra (or Clytaemnestra (Eng /klaɪtəm'nɛstɹə/ Greek: Klytaimnéstra, "famed for her suitors" was the wife of Agamemnon, king In Greek mythology, Aegisthus ( Ancient Greek:, " goat strength " &mdash also transliterated as Aegisthos

Meanwhile, Odysseus, after wanderings about which we are still to learn, has spent seven years in captivity on the nymph Calypso's distant island. Charles Gleyre (full name Marc Gabriel Charles Gleyre (Chevilly Vaud canton 2 May 1806 - 5 May 1874) was a Swiss grc-Latn Odysseus or la Ulysses ( Greek grc-Latn Odysseus; Latin: la Ulixes or more commonly Ulysses) oʊˈdɪsiəs In ancient Greek literature, Nausicaa (often rendered Nausicaä or Nausikaa Greek: Ναυσικάα) a daughter of King Calypso ( Greek: Καλυψώ Kālupsō; English translation: "I will conceal" was a Nymph and a daughter of Atlas She is now persuaded by the messenger god Hermes, sent by Zeus to release him. Hermes ( Greek,, ˈhɝmiːz in Greek mythology, is the Olympian god of boundaries and of the travelers who cross them of Shepherds and Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology Odysseus builds a raft and is given clothing, food and drink by Calypso. It is wrecked (the sea-god Poseidon is his enemy) but he swims ashore on the island of Scherie, where, naked and exhausted, he falls asleep. In Greek mythology, Poseidon ( Greek:; Latin: Neptūnus) was the god of the Sea and as "Earth-Shaker" Scheria ( ancient Greek or) also Scherie or Phaeacia, was a region of land in the eastern Mediterranean in Greek mythology, first mentioned Next morning, awakened by the laughter of girls, he sees the young Nausicaa, who has gone to the seashore with her maids to wash clothes. In ancient Greek literature, Nausicaa (often rendered Nausicaä or Nausikaa Greek: Ναυσικάα) a daughter of King He appeals to her for help. She encourages him to seek the hospitality of her parents Arete and Alcinous. In Greek mythology, Queen Arete ( Greek: Arêtê) of Scheria was the wife of Alcinous and mother of Nausicaa and Laodamas Alcinous or Alkínoös ( Gr) was in Greek mythology a son of Nausithous, or of Phaeax (son of Poseidon and Odysseus is welcomed and is not at first asked for his name. He remains several days with Alcinous, takes part in an athletic competition, and hears the blind singer Demodocus perform two narrative poems. In the Odyssey by Homer, Demodocus ( Greek: Δημοδόκος Demodokos) is a poet who often visits the court of Alcinous The first is an otherwise obscure incident of the Trojan War, the "Quarrel of Odysseus and Achilles"; the second is the amusing tale of a love affair between two Olympian gods, Ares and Aphrodite. "Achilleus" redirects here For the emperor with this name see Achilleus (emperor. In Greek mythology, Ares ( Ancient Greek:, Μodern Greek Άρης) is the son of Zeus and Hera. Finally Odysseus asks Demodocus to return to the Trojan War theme and tell of the Trojan Horse, a stratagem in which Odysseus had played a leading role. The Trojan Horse was part of the Trojan War, as told in Virgil 's Latin Epic poem The Aeneid. Unable to hide his emotion as he relives this episode, Odysseus at last reveals his identity. He then begins to tell the amazing story of his return from Troy.

After a piratical raid on Ismarus in the land of the Cicones, he and his twelve ships were driven off course by storms. Francesco Hayez ( February 10, 1791 - December 21, 1882) was an Italian painter the leading artist of Romanticism Ismara ( Ancient Greek:) also Ismaros or Ismarus was an ancient Ciconian town on the Aegean coast of Thrace and supposedly The Cicones or Ciconians (Κίκονες were a Thracian tribe whose stronghold in the time of Odysseus was the city of Ismara (or They visited the lazy Lotus-Eaters and were captured by the Cyclops Polyphemus, escaping by blinding him with a wooden stake. Lotus Eaters and Lotos Eaters redirects here For other uses see The Lotus Eaters. In Greek mythology and later Roman mythology, a cyclops (ˈsaɪklɒps or kyklops ( Greek) is a member of a primordial race of Polyphemus ( English launguage: fvmdkofmsdk transliterated as Polyphemos in Robert Fitzgerald 's translation is a character in Greek They stayed with Aeolus the master of the winds; he gave Odysseus a leather bag containing all the winds, except the west wind, a gift that should have ensured a safe return home, had not the sailors foolishly opened the bag while Odysseus slept. For the Click beetle Genus, see Aeolus (beetle. Aeolus ( Greek:, Ailos Modern Greek All the winds flew out and the resulting storm drove the ships back the way they had come just as Ithaca came into sight.

After pleading in vain with Aeolus to help them again, they re-embarked and encountered the cannibal Laestrygones. The Laestrygonians (or Laestrygones, Laistrygones, Laistrygonians, Lestrygonians) are a tribe of giant cannibals from ancient Greek mythology Odysseus’s own ship was the only one to escape. He sailed on and visited the witch-goddess Circe. In Greek mythology, Circe ( sərsē; Greek Κίρκη Kírkē, falcon is a Queen Goddess (or sometimes a Nymph She turned half of his men into swine after feeding them cheese and wine. Hermes met with Odysseus and gave him a drug called moly, a resistance to Circe’s magic. Circe, being attracted to Odysseus' resistance, fell in love with him. Circe released his men. Odysseus and his crew remained with her on the island for one year, while they feasted and drank. Finally, Odysseus' men convinced Odysseus that it was time to leave for Ithaca. Guided by Circe's instructions, Odysseus and his crew crossed the ocean and reached a harbor at the western edge of the world, where Odysseus sacrificed to the dead and summoned the spirit of the old prophet Tiresias to advise him. Everes redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Everes (genus. Next Odysseus met the spirit of his own mother, who had died of grief at his long absence; from her he learned for the first time news of his own household, threatened by the greed of the suitors. Here, too, he met the spirits of famous women and famous men; notably he encountered the spirit of Agamemnon, of whose murder he now learned, who also warned him about the dangers of women (for Odysseus' encounter with the dead see also Nekuia). In Greek poetry, a nekyia ( ἡ νέκυια) refers to a journey to the Underworld.

Returning to Circe’s island, they were advised by her on the remaining stages of the journey. They skirted the land of the Sirens, passed between the many-headed monster Scylla and the whirlpool Charybdis, and landed on the island of Thrinacia. In Greek mythology, the Sirens ( Greek singular Seirēn; Greek plural Seirēnes) were three dangerous bird-women Scylla (ˈsɪlə Σκύλλα Skulla) also known as Scylle (ˈsɪli Σκύλλη Skullē) was one In Greek mythology, Kharybdis or Charybdis (kəˈrɪbdɨs in Greek, Χάρυβδις) was a Sea monster, the daughter of Poseidon For Trinakria as an alternate name for modern Sicily and for its triskeles symbol also known as the island of the sun see Thrinakria. There Odysseus’ men, ignoring the warnings of Tiresias and Circe, hunted down the sacred cattle of the sun god Helios. In Greek mythology the Sun was personified as Helios (ˈhiliˌɑs ( Ἥλιος Latinized as Helius) This sacrilege was punished by a shipwreck in which all but Odysseus himself were drowned. He was washed ashore on the island of Calypso, where she compelled him to remain as her lover for seven years, and he had only now escaped.

Having listened with rapt attention to his story, the Phaeacians, who are skilled mariners, agree to help Odysseus on his way home. Scheria ( ancient Greek or) also Scherie or Phaeacia, was a region of land in the eastern Mediterranean in Greek mythology, first mentioned They deliver him at night, while he is fast asleep, to a hidden harbor on Ithaca. He finds his way to the hut of one of his own former slaves, the swineherd Eumaeus. For the Butterfly Genus, see Eumaeus (butterfly. In Greek mythology, Eumaeus, or Eumaios (Εὔμαιος Odysseus now plays the part of a wandering beggar in order to learn how things stand in his household. After dinner he tells the farm laborers a fictitious tale of himself: he was born in Crete, had led a party of Cretans to fight alongside other Greeks in the Trojan War, and had then spent seven years at the court of the king of Egypt; finally he had been shipwrecked in Thesprotia and crossed from there to Ithaca. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the This article is about a place in Greece; For the taxonomic classification, see Thesprotia (genus Thesprotia (Θεσπρωτία

Meanwhile Telemachus, whom we left at Sparta, sails home, evading an ambush set by the suitors. He disembarks on the coast of Ithaca and makes for Eumaeus’s hut. Father and son meet; Odysseus identifies himself to Telemachus (but still not to Eumaeus) and they determine that the suitors must be killed. Telemachus gets home first. Accompanied by Eumaeus, Odysseus now returns to his own house, still disguised as a beggar. He experiences the suitors’ rowdy behavior and plans their death. He meets Penelope: he tests her intentions with an invented story of his birth in Crete, where, he says, he once met Odysseus. Closely questioned, he adds that he had recently been in Thesprotia and had learned something there of Odysseus’s recent wanderings.

Odysseus’s identity is discovered by the housekeeper, Eurycleia, as she is washing his feet and discovers an old scar Odysseus got during a boar hunt; he swears her to secrecy. In Greek mythology, Euryclea, or Eurýkleia (also known as Antiphata in other traditions was the Wet-nurse of Odysseus. Next day, at Athena’s prompting, Penelope maneuvers the suitors into competing for her hand with an archery competition using Odysseus' bow. Odysseus takes part in the competition himself; he alone is strong enough to string the bow and therefore wins. He turns his arrows on the suitors and with the help of Athena, Telemachus and Eumaeus, all the suitors are killed. Odysseus and Telemachus kill (by hanging) twelve of their household maids, who had slept with the suitors; they mutilate and kill the goatherd Melanthius, who had mocked and abused Odysseus. Melanthius was a notable ancient Greek painter of the 4th century BC. Now at last Odysseus identifies himself to Penelope. She is hesitant, but accepts him when he correctly describes to her the bed he built for her when they married.

The next day he and Telemachus visit the country farm of his old father Laertes, who likewise accepts his identity only when Odysseus correctly describes the orchard that Laertes once gave him. In Greek mythology, Laërtes (Λαέρτης was the son of Arcesius and Chalcomedusa.

The citizens of Ithaca have followed Odysseus on the road, planning to avenge the killing of the Suitors, their sons. Their leader points out that Odysseus has now caused the deaths of two generations of the men of Ithaca—his sailors, not one of whom survived, and the suitors, whom he has now executed. The goddess Athena intervenes and persuades both sides to give up the vendetta. After this, Ithaca is at peace once more, concluding The Odyssey. ^[5]

The geography of the Odyssey

Main articles: Homer's Ithaca and Geography of the Odyssey

Events in the main sequence of the Odyssey (excluding the narrative of Odysseus) take place in the Peloponnese and in what are now called the Ionian Islands. The location of Homer's Ithaca, ie Ithaca as featured in Homer 's Odyssey, is a matter for debate Events in the main sequence of the Odyssey (excluding the narrative of Odysseus 's adventures take place in the Peloponnese and in what are now called The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. There are difficulties in the identification of Ithaca, the homeland of Odysseus, which may or may not be the same island that is now called Ithake. Ithaca or Ithaka (in Greek, Ιθάκη, Ithaki) is an island in the Ionian Sea, in Greece, with an area of 118 km² The wanderings of Odysseus as told to the Phaeacians, and the location of the Phaeacians' own island of Scherie, pose more fundamental geographical problems: scholars both ancient and modern are divided as to whether or not any of the places visited by Odysseus (after Ismarus and before his return to Ithaca) are real. Scheria ( ancient Greek or) also Scherie or Phaeacia, was a region of land in the eastern Mediterranean in Greek mythology, first mentioned Ismara ( Ancient Greek:) also Ismaros or Ismarus was an ancient Ciconian town on the Aegean coast of Thrace and supposedly Ithaca or Ithaka (in Greek, Ιθάκη, Ithaki) is an island in the Ionian Sea, in Greece, with an area of 118 km²

Near Eastern influences

Scholars have seen strong influences from Near Eastern mythology and literature in the Odyssey. Martin West has noted substantial parallels between the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Odyssey. Martin Litchfield West (born 23 September 1937, London, England) is an internationally recognised scholar in Classics, Classical The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from Ancient Mesopotamia and is among the earliest known works of literary fiction. ^[6] Both Odysseus and Gilgamesh are known for traveling to the ends of the earth, and on their journeys go to the land of the dead. Gilgamesh was the son of Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk (Early Dynastic II first dynasty of Uruk ruling circa 2600 BC according to the Sumerian king On his voyage to the underworld Odysseus follows instructions given to him by Circe, a goddess who is the daughter of the sun-god Helios. In Greek mythology, Circe ( sərsē; Greek Κίρκη Kírkē, falcon is a Queen Goddess (or sometimes a Nymph In Greek mythology the Sun was personified as Helios (ˈhiliˌɑs ( Ἥλιος Latinized as Helius) Her island, Aeaea, is located at the edges of the world, and seems to have close associations with the sun. Aeaea (sometimes Aiaia) was a possibly mythological island said to be the home of the sorceress Circe. Like Odysseus, Gilgamesh gets directions on how to reach the land of the dead from a divine helper: in this case she is the goddess Siduri, who, like Circe, dwells by the sea at the ends of the earth. Gilgamesh was the son of Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk (Early Dynastic II first dynasty of Uruk ruling circa 2600 BC according to the Sumerian king Siduri is a character in the Epic of Gilgamesh. She is an " alewife " a wise female divinity associated with fermentation. Her home is also associated with the sun: Gilgamesh reaches Siduri's house by passing through a tunnel underneath Mt. Mashu, the high mountain from which the sun comes into the sky. For the Canterbury scene band see Mashu (band. Mashu, as described in the Epic of Gilgamesh of Mesopotamian West argues that the similarity of Odysseus's and Gilgamesh's journeys to the edges of the earth are the result of the influence of the Gilgamesh epic upon the Odyssey.

Derivative works

Written works

• True Story by Lucian of Samosata in the 2nd century AD. True History or True Story ( Greek) is a fantastic travel tale by the Greek-speaking Syrian author Lucian Lucian of Samosata (Λουκιανός ὁ Σαμοσατεύς Lucianus c A parody of the Odyssey describing a journey beyond the Pillars of Hercules and to the moon. The Pillars of Hercules was the phrase that was applied in Antiquity to the promontories that flank the entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar.
• A modern novel inspired by the Odyssey is James Joyce's Ulysses (1922). James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the Ulysses is a novel by James Joyce, first serialized in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920
• Some of the tales of Sinbad the Sailor from The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights) were taken from Homer's Odyssey.
• Nikos Kazantzakis wrote The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel, a 33,333 line epic poem which continues Odysseus's journeys past the point of his arrival in Ithaca. Nikos Kazantzakis ( Νίκος Καζαντζάκης) ( February 18, 1883, Heraklion, Crete, Ottoman Empire - The Odyssey A Modern Sequel is an epic poem by the Greek poet and philosopher Nikos Kazantzakis, based on Homer 's Odyssey
• Andrew Lang and H. Rider Haggard collaborated on The World's Desire in which Odysseus and Helen meet in Egypt at the time of the Exodus. For the former National Basketball Association player see Andrew Lang (basketball. Sir Henry Rider Haggard KBE ( 22 June 1856 &ndash 14 May 1925) was a prolific writer of Adventure novels set The World's Desire is a classic Fantasy novel written by H Rider Haggard and Andrew Lang, first published in 1890. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Exodus ( Greek: έξοδος eksodos = "departure" is the second book of the Jewish Torah and of the Christian Old Testament.
• The 1997 novel Cold Mountain by Charles Frazier, about a confederate war deserter returning home, is based on The Odyssey. Cold Mountain is a 1997 Historical fiction novel by Charles Frazier.
• The Penelopiad by Margaret Atwood retells the story from the point of view of Penelope. The Penelopiad is a Novella by Margaret Atwood. It was published in 2005 as part of the first set of books in the Canongate Myth Series Margaret Eleanor Atwood, CC (born November 18, 1939) is a Canadian Writer. In Homer 's Odyssey, Penelópē ( Πηνελόπεια/Πηνελόπη) is the faithful wife of Odysseus, who keeps her suitors
• The short story The Ulyssey by Uruguayan writer Rodrigo Tisnés, tells in a humorous way, the frustrated attempt of two friends both named Ulysses in Eastern Holidays, to travel from Montevideo in Uruguay to Florianopolis in Brazil.
• The novel, The Lost Kings, includes several sequences parallel in nature to the events surrounding the Lotus Eaters, while the protagonist nearly becomes consumed in the gluttonous circle of Hell. Hell, according to many Religious beliefs, is a location in the Afterlife, which may be described as a place of suffering
• The third part of Thomas Wolfe's novel Of Time and the River is entitled Telemachus. Thomas Clayton Wolfe ( October 3, 1900 &ndash September 15, 1938) was an acclaimed American Novelist of the early 20th
• R.A. Lafferty retold the story in a science fiction setting in his novel Space Chantey. Raphael Aloysius Lafferty ( November 7, 1914 - March 18, 2002) was an American Science fiction and Fantasy Another science fiction retelling of the Odyssey is R L Fanthorpe's novel Negative Minus, in which all the names are spelled backwards (for example "Suessydo", "Ecric" and "Acahti"). Reverend Robert Lionel Fanthorpe is a British Priest and Entertainer, and has at various times worked as a Journalist, Teacher,
• The first half of Virgil's Aeneid parallels the Odyssey in structure. Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or For the group of nine Ancient Egyptian deities see Ennead. The Aeneid (əˈniːɪd in
• Alfred Lord Tennyson alludes to the epic in two of his poems, Ulysses and The Lotus-Eaters. Alfred Tennyson 1st Baron Tennyson (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892 was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular English poets " Ulysses " is a poem by the Victorian poet Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809–1892 written in 1833 and published in 1842 in Tennyson's well-received second
• In Dante's Divine Comedy ("Inferno XXVI"), Odysseus is punished as a fraudulent advisor in Hell, talking about the Hubris of his last voyage (over the edge). The Divine Comedy Hubris, sometimes spelled hybris ( Ancient Greek ὕβρις is a term used in modern English to indicate overweening Pride, self-confidence (Yet this story is not taken from Homer's Odyssey. )
• Ilium and Olympos, by author Dan Simmons, are a sci-fi adaptation of the events of the Iliad and Odyssey, complete with robots and posthumans. Olympos sequel on for example the true nature of Setebos the voynix or Odysseus' changing Olympos, Dan Simmons ' novel published in 2005 is the sequel to Ilium and final part of Ilium/Olympus duology A posthuman or post-human is according to the Transhumanist intellectuals a hypothetical future being " whose basic capacities so radically

Stage and film

• The contemporary play Highway Ulysses by Rinde Eckert tells the story of the journey of a Vietnam veteran traveling to his son, meeting modern day characters akin to characters or monsters in the Odyssey (including the Sirens and Cyclops). Vietnam Era veteran is a phrase used to describe someone who served in the armed forces of participating countries during the Vietnam War.
• "Telemachus Clay" by Lewis John Martin is a contemporary play about the movies that an old man watches that rekindles his childhood, and his son, Telemachus, watches the father he never knew grow up in the big city as he meets many strange characters along the way.
• The 1954 Broadway musical The Golden Apple by librettist John Treville Latouche and composer Jerome Moross was freely adapted from the Iliad and the Odyssey, re-setting the action to the American state of Washington in the years after the Spanish-American War, with events inspired by the Iliad in Act Four and events inspired by the Odyssey in Act Three. Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located The Golden Apple is a musical adaptation of both the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, with music by Jerome Moross and lyrics by John Treville John Treville Latouche ( November 13, 1914 in Richmond Virginia – August 7, 1956 in Calais Vermont) was a musician and Jerome Moross ( August 1, 1913 – July 27, 1983) was an American-born composer for the stage and a composer conductor and orchestrator for The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.
• 2001: A Space Odyssey, a 1968 science fiction film directed by Stanley Kubrick. 2001 A Space Odyssey is a 1968 Science fiction film directed by Stanley Kubrick, written by Kubrick and Arthur C Besides the title, there are also other influences of the Homeric Odyssey on the film. Since its premiere in 1968 2001 A Space Odyssey has been analyzed and interpreted by multitudes of people ranging from professional movie critics to amateur writers and science
• "The Odyssey", a made for TV movie from 1997 made by Hallmark Entertainment and directed by Andrei Konchalovsky is a slightly abbreviated version of the tale which encompasses Homer's epic. The Odyssey is an Emmy award -winning and Golden Globe -nominated Miniseries on NBC from 1997, directed by Andrei Konchalovsky Andrey Sergeyevich Mikhalkov-Konchalovsky (Андре́й Серге́евич Михалко́в-Кончало́вский (born August 20, 1937 in Moscow It stars Armand Assante, Greta Scacchi, Isabella Rossellini and Vanessa L. Williams. Armand Anthony Assante Jr (born October 4, 1949) is an Emmy Award -winning and four-time Golden Globe Award -nominated American Greta Scacchi (born February 18, 1960) is an Italian -born Australian Actress. Isabella Fiorella Elettra Giovanna Rossellini (born June 18, 1952) is an Italian actress, Filmmaker, Author, Philanthropist Vanessa Lynn Williams (born March 18, 1963) is an American Singer-songwriter and actress.
• The movie O Brother, Where Art Thou? has the basic plot of The Odyssey; Joel and Ethan Coen admit to basing the movie loosely on the Odyssey (and explicitly reference it in the opening credits) but insist that they haven't read it. O Brother Where Art Thou? is a Comedy Film made by the Coen Brothers. Joel Coen and Ethan Coen, known together professionally as the Coen brothers, are four-time Academy Award winning American filmmakers
• Odyssey: A Stage Version, 1993 play, divided into two acts (respectively broken up into 14 and 6 scenes) written by Derek Walcott and originally performed by the Royal Shakespeare Company.
• The film Paris-Texas (1984) by Wim Wenders has broad allusions to the Odyssey. Wim Wenders explained on Australian SBS television that he wanted to make a film about a man coming out of hell to reunite his family and reread the epic prior to commencing the film.
• The anime Ulysses 31 featured a science-fiction tale of a hero trying to get back to his wife Penelope. (anime in Japanese, is a Franco - Japanese Anime series ( 1981) that updates the Greek and Roman Mythology of Odysseus (known
• The Desmond Hume storyline on Lost may be based partly on The Odyssey; Desmond goes on a "race around the world" in order to win back his honor and marry his girlfriend Penelope. Desmond David Hume is a Fictional character on the ABC television series Lost portrayed by Henry Ian Cusick. Lost is an Emmy and Golden Globe award-winning American serial drama television series. In addition, Desmond discovers an underground Hatch in which he must type a computer code every 108 minutes, echoing Penelope's 108 suitors.
• The main character of Hayao Miyazaki's movie Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind is named after the princess in the Odyssey. is a is a 1984 film by Japanese Writer, Illustrator, and filmmaker Hayao Miyazaki, based on his Manga of the same
• The film To Vlemma tou Odyssea (Ulysses' Gaze) (1995) by Theo Angelopoulos strongly relies on thematic parallels with the epic.
• On the television series Stargate SG-1, the BC-304 Odyssey is the flagship of Earth's interstellar war fleet.
• The Spongebob Squarepants Movie has several points based on the Odyssey, including a bag of winds, and a diver akin to a cyclops. The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie is a 2004 Feature film based on Nickelodeon 's TV series SpongeBob SquarePants.
• In the documentary Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse, it is stated that the film Apocalypse Now takes some inspiration from the Odyssey. Hearts of Darkness A Filmmaker's Apocalypse ( 1991) is an award-winning documentary about the making of the film Apocalypse Now.
• Naomi Iizuka's play Anon(ymous) resets the Odyssey in modern America.

Music

• Progressive metal band Symphony X pays tribute to the poem with an epic "Beast" song The Odyssey clocking in at 24:14 minutes. Progressive metal (often referred to simply as prog metal) is a sub-genre of Heavy metal music which blends the powerful guitar-driven sound of metal with the complex Symphony X is an American Heavy metal band from New Jersey founded in 1994 by guitarist Michael Romeo. The Odyssey is the sixth studio effort of Progressive metal band Symphony X.
• Cream's Tales of Brave Ulysses recounts Odysseus's encounter with the Sirens. Cream were a 1960s British rock band " Tales of Brave Ulysses " is a song performed by the 1960s group Cream.
• Tank Girl: Odyssey borrows freely and irreverently from Homer and from James Joyce's Ulysses, casting targets in the contemporary media as the trials the heroine must overcome to get back to her mutant kangaroo boyfriend. Tank Girl is a British comic character created by Damon Albarn and written by Alan Martin and originally drawn by Jamie Hewlett, and is currently James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the Ulysses is a novel by James Joyce, first serialized in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920
• "An Odyssey of Homecoming", was a 2007 piano adaptation by composer and author Maia McCormick.
• The Steely Dan song Home at Last is inspired by Odysseus' encounter with the Sirens. Steely Dan is a American rock band centered on core members Walter Becker and Donald Fagen. Home at Last is a song by Steely Dan, and is the fifth track on their 1977 album Aja.
• Marco Grieco (lyrics and musics), Massimo Grieco (lyrics): Odissea, the Musical. Musical completely sung in 3 acts on the Humerus Odyssey written by the brothers Marco and Grieco Maximum between 2003 and 2004. First musical of history represented also in Second Life.
• Suzanne Vega's song "Calypso".
• Colossus Magazine and Musea Records have recorded a 3 CD album called "Odyssey, The Greatest Tale", which contains 9 different 25+ minute Epic songs, by 9 different Progressive Rock bands from around the world, that represent the 24 chapters of the true story. Progressive rock (often shortened to " progressive " " prog " or " prog rock " is a form of Rock music that evolved

Other

• The Peabody Award-winning The Odyssey of Homer (1981), written, produced and directed by Yuri Rasovsky, dramatized the epic for radio in eight one-hour episodes. The George Foster Peabody Awards, better known as simply the Peabody Awards, are annual international awards for excellence in Radio and Television broadcasting Yuri Rasovsky (1944-) is an award-winning writer and producer working in the field of Audio theatre (aka Radio drama) in the United States. Syndicated in the U. S. and broadcast by the CBC, the program was later published as an audiobook.
• In Jean-Luc Godard's film Le Mépris (Contempt) (1963) German film director Fritz Lang plays himself trying to direct a film adaptation of Homer's Odyssey. Jean-Luc Godard (French ʒɑ̃lyk gɔˈdaʀ (born on December 3 1930 is a French and Swiss Filmmaker and one of the founding members of the Nouvelle Vague Contempt ( Le Mépris) is a film directed by Jean-Luc Godard, based on the Italian novel Il disprezzo ( by Alberto Moravia. Friedrich Christian Anton "Fritz" Lang ( December 5, 1890 &ndash August 2, 1976) was an Austrian German - American
• Odds Bodkin has published a retelling of the Odyssey, featuring vocal storytelling and musical accompaniment, entitled "The Odyssey". Odds Bodkin, (b February 14, 1953) is an American storyteller based in New Hampshire who has published a number of spoken and/or This work includes most of the plot of Homer's "Odyssey," and is narrated from Odysseus's point of view.
• Odysseus: The Greatest Hero Of Them All was a spin-off of children's programme Jackanory in which Tony Robinson tells a version of the Odyssey re-written for children by himself and Richard Curtis. Jackanory is a long-running BBC Children's television series that was designed to stimulate an interest in reading. Dr Tony Robinson (born 15 August 1946 in Leytonstone, London) is an English Actor, broadcaster and For the former state representative from Washington State see Richard Curtis (politician Richard Whalley Anthony Curtis, CBE (born The narration and characters were all performed by Robinson in real locations. Their version of the story was also published as 2 print books and an audio book.
• Il ritorno d'Ulisse in Patria is an opera by Monteverdi based on the final part of Homer's Odyssey. Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria ( SV 325 The Return of Ulysses to His Country) is an Opera ( dramma per musica) in a prologue and five

References

1. ^ D.C.H. Rieu's introduction to The Odyssey (Penguin, 2003), p. D C H Rieu is a classical scholar and son of the famous EV Rieu. xi.
2. ^ The dog Argos dies autik' idont' Odusea eeikosto eniauto ("seeing Odysseus again in the twentieth year"), Odyssey 17.327; cf. also 2.174-6, 23.102, 23.170.
3. ^ D.C.H. Rieu's introduction to The Odyssey (Penguin, 2003), p. D C H Rieu is a classical scholar and son of the famous EV Rieu. xi.
4. ^ This theme once existed in the form of a written epic, Nostoi, now lost. The Nostoi (Νόστοι also known as Nosti in Latin, Returns in English) is a lost epic of ancient Greek literature.
5. ^ Outline originally based on Dalby, Andrew (2006), written at New York, London, Rediscovering Homer, Norton, ISBN 0393057887 pp. Andrew Dalby (born Liverpool, 1947 is an English linguist translator and historian who most often writes about Food history. Rediscovering Homer is a 2006 book by Andrew Dalby. It sets out the problems of origin dating and authorship of the two ancient Greek epics Iliad xx-xxiv.
6. ^ West, Martin. The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth. For Martin L West see Martin Litchfield West Sir Martin West (1804 - 1849 was born in England, the son of a civil servant (Oxford 1997) 402-417.

External links

• Odyssey in Ancient Greek and translation from Perseus Project, with hyperlinks to grammatical and mythological commentary
• Greek Myth: the Odyssey
• The Meaning of Tradition in Homer's Odyssey by Marcel Bas. The Perseus Project is a Digital library project of Tufts University that assembles digital collections of Humanities resources Views The Odyssey from the perspective of Indo-European tradition and religion.
• Homer's Odyssey resources on the Web by Jorn Barger. Provides links to the original and various public domain translations.
• Detailed synopsis with analysis
• Odyssey Audio with English Text

Partial list of English translations

This is a partial list of translations into English of Homer's Odyssey. For a more complete list see English translations of Homer. This is a list of English translations

• George Chapman, 1616 (couplets)
• Alexander Pope, 1713 (couplets); Project Gutenberg edition; [1]
• William Cowper, 1791 (blank verse)
• Samuel Henry Butcher and Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg edition; [2]
• William Cullen Bryant, 1871 (blank verse)
• William Morris, 1887
• Samuel Butler, 1898 (prose), Project Gutenberg edition; [3]
• Padraic Colum, 1918 (prose), Great Books Online
• A. George Chapman (c 1559 &ndash May 12 1634) was an English Dramatist, Translator, and Poet. Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 – 30 May 1744 is generally regarded as the greatest English Poet of the eighteenth century best known for his Satirical Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works William Cowper (pronounced " Cooper " ˈkuːpɚ (26 November 1731 – 25 April 1800was an English Poet and Hymnodist. For the former National Basketball Association player see Andrew Lang (basketball. William Cullen Bryant (November 3 1794 - June 12 1878 was an American romantic poet, journalist and long-time editor of the New York Evening Post. William Morris (24 March 1834 – 3 October 1896 was an English Architect, Furniture and Textile designer artist writer and socialist associated Samuel Butler ( December 4, 1835 - June 18, 1902 was an iconoclastic Victorian author who published a variety of works including the Padraic Colum ( 8 December, 1881 &ndash 11 January, 1972) was an Irish Poet, Novelist, Dramatist, T. Murray (revised by George E. Dimock), 1919; Loeb Classical Library (ISBN 0-674-99561-9)
• T. E. Shaw (T.E. Lawrence), 1932
• W. H. D. Rouse, 1937, prose
• E. V. Rieu, 1945, prose
• Robert Fitzgerald, 1963 (ISBN 0-679-72813-9)
• Richmond Lattimore, 1965 (ISBN 0-06-093195-7)
• Albert Cook, 1967 (Norton Critical Edition)
• Walter Shewring, 1980 (ISBN 0-19-283375-8), Oxford University Press (Oxford World's Classics), prose
• Allen Mandelbaum, 1990
• Robert Fagles, 1996 (ISBN 0-14-026886-3); an unabridged audio recording by Ian McKellen is also available (ISBN 0-14-086430-X). William Henry Denham (W H D Rouse (1863-1950 was a pioneering British teacher who advocated the use of the Direct Method of teaching Latin and Greek. Emile Victor Rieu (1887&ndash1972 is best known for his lucid translations of Homer, as editor of Penguin Classics, and for a modern translation of the four Robert Stuart Fitzgerald ( 12 October 1910 – 16 January 1985) was a poet critic and translator whose renderings of the Greek classics "became Richmond Alexander Lattimore ( May 6, 1906 - February 26, 1984) was an American Poet and Translator known for Robert Fagles ( September 11, 1933 &ndash March 26, 2008) was an American Professor, poet, and academic Sir Ian Murray McKellen, CH, CBE (born 25 May 1939 is an English stage and screen actor the
• Stanley Lombardo, Hackett Publishing Company, 2000 (ISBN 0-87220-484-7). Stanley F Lombardo (born 1943 is an American Professor of Classics at the University of Kansas. Hackett Publishing Company Inc is an academic Publishing house based in Indianapolis, Indiana. An audio CD recording read by the translator is also available (ISBN 1-930972-06-7).
• Martin Hammond, 2000, prose
• Edward McCrorie, 2004 (ISBN 0-8018-8267-2), Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Perseus Project Od.1.1
• Ian Johnston, 2004 - verse: Full text

The Perseus Project is a Digital library project of Tufts University that assembles digital collections of Humanities resources

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic