Odessa / Odesa Одесса / Одеса
Flag Coat of arms
Map of Ukraine (blue) with Odessa highlighted (red dot) within Odessa Oblast (pink).
Coordinates: 46°28′00″N 30°44′00″E / 46.466667, 30.733333
Country	Ukraine
Oblast	Odessa Oblast
Raion	Odessa City Municipality
Founded	September 2, 1794
Government
- Mayor	Eduard Yosypovych Hurvits
Area
- City	163 km² (62. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Oblast (во́бласць oblast о́бласт oblast о́бласть област/ oblast; oblasť област о́бласть is a type of Administrative division Odessa Oblast, also written as Odesa Oblast (Одеська область translit For the manufactured regenerated fiber see Rayon A raion (or rayon) (райо́н ra'jon rayon раён რაიონი Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Eduard Yosipovich Gurvits (Едуард Йосипович Гурвіц Эдуард Иосифович Гурвиц אדוארד יוסיפוביץ' גורביץ עדוּאָרד יאָסיפּאָוויטש Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 9 sq mi)
Elevation	40 m (131 ft)
Population (2007)
- City	1,080,000
- Density	6,141/km² (15,905. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 1/sq mi)
- Metro	1,191,0001
- Demonym	Odessit (Odessitka)
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)
- Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code	65000 — 65480
Area code(s)	+380 48
1 The population of the metropolitan area is as of 2001. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time Daylight saving time ( DST UTC+3 is used in the following locations Moscow Time Eastern European Summer Time West Asian Summer Time A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks
Website: http://www.odessa.ua/

Odessa also spelled Odesa (Ukrainian: Одеса; Russian: Одесса) is the fourth largest city in Ukraine. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. ^[1] Population: 1,029,000 (2001 Ukrainian Census), 1,012,500 (est. The first Ukrainian Census was carried out by State Statistics Committee of Ukraine on December 5, 2001, twelve years after the last Soviet Union census 2004) and 1,080,000 (est. 2008)

The city is a major seaport on the Black Sea, the largest port in Ukraine. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey

From 1819–1858 Odessa was a free port (porto franco). A free port ( porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location During the Soviet period it was the most important port of trade in the U.S.S.R. and a Soviet naval base. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 A naval dockyard is a Dockyard that primarily serves a Navy. See also Military base Royal Navy Dockyards On January 1, 2000 the Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port was declared a free port and free economic zone for a term of 25 years. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. A free port ( porto franco) or free zone (US Foreign-Trade Zone is a port or area with relaxed jurisdiction with respect to the country of location Many countries have or have had at some time designated areas where companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage development or for some other reason

In the 19th century it was the fourth largest city of Imperial Russia, after Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Warsaw. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. ^[2] Its historical architecture has a flavor more Mediterranean than Russian, having been heavily influenced by French and Italian styles. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

Odessa is a warm water port, but of limited military value. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Turkey's control of the Dardanelles and Bosphorus has enabled NATO to control water traffic between Odessa and the Mediterranean Sea. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches See also [[Hellespont]] The Dardanelles ( Turkish: Çanakkale Boğazı Greek: Δαρδανέλλια Dardanellia) formerly The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the The North Atlantic Treaty The city of Odessa hosts two important ports: Odessa itself and Yuzhny (also an internationally important oil terminal), situated in the city's suburbs. Yuzhne (Южне Южное Yuzhnoye; formerly Ю́жный Yuzhnу, translated as "southern" n A container terminal is a facility where cargo containers are transshipped between different transport vehicles for onward transportation Another important port, Illichivs'k (or Ilyichyovsk), is located in the same oblast, to the south-west of Odessa. Illichivsk (Іллічівськ translit Illichivs’k, Ильичёвск is a port City in the Odessa Oblast ( province) of south-western Oblast (во́бласць oblast о́бласт oblast о́бласть област/ oblast; oblasť област о́бласть is a type of Administrative division Together they represent a major transportation junction integrated with railways. Odessa's oil- and chemical-processing facilities are connected to Russia's and EU's respective networks by strategic pipelines. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

History

First settlements to the end of the 19th century

An ancient Greek colony had once occupied the site of Odessa. Colonies in antiquity were City-states founded from a mother- City Numerous monuments of antiquity confirm links between this territory and the Eastern Mediterranean. In the Middle Ages these lands were a part of the Kievan Rus, the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Yedisan Tatars traded there in the 14th century. Yedisan (also Jedisan or Edisan) is a historical region in modern southwestern Ukraine and southeastern Moldova (southern Transnistria Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups In the course of Russian–Turkish wars these lands were captured by Russia at the end of the 18th century. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending ^[3]

In the 15th century AD, nomadic tribes of the Nogays under the suzerainty of the Khanate of Crimea inhabited what is now the Odessa region. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that The Nogai people (also written as Nogay or Noghai, and sometimes called Caucasian Mongols) are a Turkic ethnic group in northern Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; During the reign of Khan Haci I Giray, the Khanate was endangered by the Golden Horde and the Ottoman Turks and, in search of allies, the khan agreed to cede the area to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Hacı I Giray Angel (Melek (I Hacı Geray|۱حاجى گراى Melek Hacı Geray|ملک حاجى گراى (died 1466 was the founder and the first ruler of the Crimean Khanate This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje

The site of present-day Odessa was then a town known as Khadjibey (also spelled as Khadjibei, Khadzhibei, Hacıbey, Hocabey or Gadzhibei; Lithuanian: Chadžibėjus; Crimean Tatar: Hacıbey) and was part of the Dykra region. Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. The Crimean Tatar language (Qırımtatar tili Qırımtatarca also known as Crimean (Qırım tili Qırımca and Crimean Turkish (Qırım Türkçesi is the language Dykra (meaning "Wasteland" in Lithuanian) was the southern territory of the medieval Grand Duchy of Lithuania near the Black Sea, presently shared However, the area was only sparsely populated with Turkic tribes and consisted mostly of unpopulated steppes. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced

Odessa Сircuit Court building and Church of the monastery of St. Panteleimon (church consecrated in 1895; used as a planetarium from 1961–1991).

Khadjibey came under direct control of the Ottoman Empire after 1529 and was part of a region known as Yedisan and was administered in the Ottoman Silistra (Özi) Province. ODESSA which stands for the German phrase O rganisation d er e hemaligen SS - A ngehörigen which in turn translates The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Yedisan (also Jedisan or Edisan) is a historical region in modern southwestern Ukraine and southeastern Moldova (southern Transnistria Silistra Province ( Turkish: Silistre Eyaleti) sometimes called Özi Province was an Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire along In the mid-18th century, the Ottomans rebuilt a fortress at Khadjibey (Also was known Hocabey), which was named Yeni Dünya. Hocabey was a sanjak centre of Silistre Province.

During the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792, on 25 September 1789, a detachment of Russian forces under Ivan Gudovich took Khadjibey and Yeni Dünya for the Russian Empire. The Russo–Turkish War of 1787–1792 involved a futile attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to Russia in the course of the previous Russo–Turkish Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Count Ivan Vasilyevich Gudovich ( Russian, in full граф Иван Васильевич Гудович 1741 - 1820 was a Russian Noble and military The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya One part of the troops was under command of a Spaniard in Russian service, Major General José de Ribas (known in Russia as Osip Mikhailovich Deribas) and the main street in Odessa today, Deribasovskaya Street, is named after him. José Pascual Domingo de Ribas y Boyons ( June 6, 1749 in Naples – in Saint Petersburg) known in Russia as Osip (Iosif Mikhailovich Deribas Deribasovskaya Street (Дерибасiвська Дерибасовская is a pedestrian walkway in the heart of Odessa, Ukraine. Russia formally gained possession of the area as a result of the Treaty of Jassy (Iaşi) in 1792 and it became a part of the so-called Novorossiya ("New Russia"). The Treaty of Jassy, signed at Jassy ( Iaşi) in Moldavia (presently in Romania) was a pact between the Russian and Ottoman Empires Novorossiya (Новоро́ссия literally New Russia) is a historic area now mostly located in southern Ukraine, in southern Russia, in Bessarabia Novorossiya (Новоро́ссия literally New Russia) is a historic area now mostly located in southern Ukraine, in southern Russia, in Bessarabia

Ivan Aivazovsky, Nineteenth-Century painting depicting Odessa Harbor. Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (Иван Константинович Айвазовский Հովհաննես Այվազովսկի - Hovhannes Aivazovsky July 29,

The city was officially founded in 1794 as a Russian naval fortress on the ruins of Khadjibey and renamed Odessa by January 1795, when its new name was first mentioned in official correspondence. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Neither the origin of the new name nor reasons for renaming are known, though etymologies and anecdotes abound. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time For other uses see Anecdota. For a comparison of anecdote with other kinds of stories see Myth legend fairy tale and fable. According to one of the stories, when someone suggested Odessos as a name for the new Russian port, Catherine II said that all names in the South of the Empire were already 'masculine,' and didn't want yet another one, so she decided to change it to more 'feminine' Odessa. Catherine II, called Catherine the Great (Екатерина II Великая Yekaterina II Velikaya;) reigned as Empress of Russia for 34 years This anecdote is highly dubious, because there were at least two cities (Eupatoria and Theodosia) whose names sound 'feminine' for a Russian; besides, the Czarina was not a native Russian speaker, and finally, all cities are feminine in Greek (as well as in Latin). For the lake Kerkinitis see Kerkini Eupatoria or Yevpatoria (Євпаторія Евпатория Kezlev Eupatoria Kerkinitis is a city in Crimea Tsaritsa (царица цари́ца formerly spelled czaritsa (and in English usually rendered tsarina or czarina, which possess non- In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Another legend derives the name 'Odessa' from the word-play: in French (which was then the language spoken at the Russian court), 'plenty of water' is assez d'eau; if said backwards, it sounds similar to that of the Greek colony's name (and water-related pun makes perfect sense, because Odessa, though situated next to the huge body of water, has limited fresh water supply). French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Regardless, a link with the name of the ancient Greek colony persists, so there might be some truth in the oral tradition.

Ivan Martos's statue of Duc de Richelieu in Odessa

The new city quickly became a major success. Ivan Petrovich Martos ( Russian: Иван Петрович Мартос 1754 near Poltava — 5 April, 1835, St Petersburg) was a Armand Emmanuel Sophie Septemanie du Plessis duc de Richelieu (25 September 1766 - 17 May 1822 was a prominent French statesman during the Bourbon Restoration Its early growth owed much to the work of the Duc de Richelieu, who served as the city's governor between 1803–1814. Armand Emmanuel Sophie Septemanie du Plessis duc de Richelieu (25 September 1766 - 17 May 1822 was a prominent French statesman during the Bourbon Restoration Having fled the French Revolution, he had served in Catherine's army against the Turks. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an He is credited with designing the city and organizing its amenities and infrastructure, and is considered one of the founding fathers of Odessa, together with another Frenchman, Count Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron, who succeeded him in office. Count Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langéron (Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ланжеро́н ( January 24, 1763 - July 16, 1831) Richelieu is commemorated by a bronze statue, unveiled in 1828 to a design by Ivan Martos. Ivan Petrovich Martos ( Russian: Иван Петрович Мартос 1754 near Poltava — 5 April, 1835, St Petersburg) was a

Richelieu Street and the Opera Theater in the 1890s.

In 1819 the city was made a free port, a status it retained until 1859. It became home to an extremely diverse population of Russians, Ukrainians, Jews, Romanians, Greeks, Bulgarians, Albanians, Armenians, Italians, Frenchmen, Germans and traders representing many other nationalities (hence numerous 'ethnic' names on the city's map, e. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Bulgarians (българи balgari) are a South Slavic people generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as g. , Frantsuszkiy (French) and Italianskiy (Italian) Boulevards, Grecheskaya (Greek), Evreyskaya (Jewish), Arnautskaya (Albanian) Streets). Its cosmopolitan nature was documented by the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, who lived in internal exile in Odessa between 1823–1824. Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single Moral community. In his letters he wrote that Odessa was a city where "you can smell Europe. French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read". Odessa's growth was interrupted by the Crimean War of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by British and French naval forces. The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odessa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866 the city was linked by rail with Kiev and Kharkov as well as Iaşi, Romania. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Kharkiv or Kharkov (Харків Харьков is the second largest city in Ukraine. Iaşi (pronunciation in Romanian: /jaʃʲ/ or Jassy, is a city and municipality in north-eastern Romania. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania

The city became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to comprise some 37% of the population. They were, however, repeatedly subjected to severe persecution. Pogroms were carried out in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881, and 1905. A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses Many Odessan Jews fled abroad, particularly to Palestine after 1882, and the city became an important base of support for Zionism. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the

First half of the 20th century

The 142-metre-long Potemkin Stairs (constructed 1837–1841), made famous by Sergei Eisenstein in his movie The Battleship Potemkin (1925). The Potemkin Stairs (Потьомкінські сходи Pot’omkins’ki Skhоdy, Потёмкинская лестница Potemkinskaya lestnitsa) is a giant Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн January 23, 1898 &ndash February 11, 1948) was The Battleship Potemkin ( Броненосец «Потёмкин», ru '''''Bronyenosyets Potyomkin''''' sometimes rendered as The Battleship

In 1905 Odessa was the site of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin (also see Battleship Potemkin uprising) and Lenin's Iskra. The Uprising Origins In 1905 The Central Committee of the Social Democratic Organization of the Black Sea Fleet started preparations for a simultaneous crew The Uprising Origins In 1905 The Central Committee of the Social Democratic Organization of the Black Sea Fleet started preparations for a simultaneous crew Iskra (Russian Искра means Spark, was a political Newspaper of Russian Socialist emigrants established as the official Sergei Eisenstein's famous motion picture The Battleship Potemkin commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odessan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "Potemkin Steps"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн January 23, 1898 &ndash February 11, 1948) was The Battleship Potemkin ( Броненосец «Потёмкин», ru '''''Bronyenosyets Potyomkin''''' sometimes rendered as The Battleship At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of the Duc de Richelieu. Armand Emmanuel Sophie Septemanie du Plessis duc de Richelieu (25 September 1766 - 17 May 1822 was a prominent French statesman during the Bourbon Restoration The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the movie caused many to visit Odessa to see the site of the "slaughter". The "Odessa Steps" continue to be a tourist attraction in Odessa. The film was made at Odessa's Cinema Factory, one of the oldest cinema studios in the former Soviet Union.

Bolshevik forces enter Odessa. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya February, 1920.

Following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 during World War I, Odessa was occupied by several groups, including the Ukrainian Tsentral'na Rada, the French Army, the Red Army and the White Army. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Tsentralna Rada or Central Rada (Центральна Рада Tsentral’na rada) was a socialist-dominated Rada, traditional representative The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The White movement (Beloie Dvijenie Белое движение whose military arm is known as the White Army (Belaia Armia Белая Армия or White Guard Finally, in 1920, the Red Army took control of Odessa and united it with the Ukrainian SSR, which later became part of the USSR. The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

Soviet gun crew in action at Odessa in 1941

The people of Odessa suffered from a famine that occurred in 1921–1922 as a result of the Civil war. A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation During World War II Odessa was occupied by Romanian and German forces from 1941–1944. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In June 1941 after a brief period of nominal neutrality under King Carol, Romania joined the Axis Powers. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The city suffered severe damage and many casualties.

Following the Siege of Odessa, and the Axis occupation, approximately 60,000 Odessans (mostly Jews) were either massacred or deported. The Siege of Odessa was part of the Soviet-German War in 1941 The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Odessa massacre was the extermination of Jews in Odessa and surrounding towns in Transnistria during the autumn of 1941 and the winter of 1942 in Many parts of Odessa were damaged during its siege and recapture on 10 April 1944, when the city was finally liberated by the Red Army. The Siege of Odessa was part of the Soviet-German War in 1941 Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya It was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of "Hero City" in 1945. Hero City ( Russian: город-герой gorod-geroy, Ukrainian: Місто-герой Misto-heroy) is a Soviet Honorary

Second half of the 20th century

Passenger Terminal of the Odessa port

Tolstogo Street.

During the 1960s and 1970s the city grew tremendously. Nevertheless, the majority of Odessa's Jews emigrated to Israel, the United States and other Western countries between the 1970s and 1990s. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Domestic migration of Odessan middle and upper classes to Moscow and Leningrad that offered even greater opportunities for career advancement, also occurred on a large scale. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River But the city grew rapidly by filling the void with new rural migrants elsewhere from Ukraine and industrial professionals invited from all over the Soviet Union.

Despite being part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the city preserved and somewhat reinforced its unique cosmopolitan mix of Russian/Ukrainian/Mediterranean culture and a predominantly Russophone environment with a uniquely accented dialect of Russian spoken in the city. The city's Russian, Ukrainian, Greek, Armenian, Moldovan, Bulgarian, and Jewish communities have influenced different aspects of Odessa life.

In 1991, after the collapse of Communism, the city became part of newly independent Ukraine. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Today Odessa is a city of more than 1 million people. The city's industries include shipbuilding, oil refining, chemicals, metalworking and food processing. Odessa is also a Ukrainian naval base and home to a fishing fleet. Etymology The word bases is first recorded in English language from c It is also known for its huge outdoor market, the Seventh-Kilometer Market, the biggest market of the kind in Europe. The Seventh-Kilometer Market (Промрынок 7ой километр Promrynok 7oi Kilometr) informally known as Tolchok ( Russian: to hit to shove

Government and administrative divisions

The Italian baroque façade of the Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater. Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical A facade or façade (fəˈsɑːd is generally one side of the exterior of a Building, especially the front but also sometimes the sides and rear The Odessa National Academic Theater of Opera and Ballet is the oldest theater in Odessa, Ukraine.

The Odessa Main Railway Station.

While Odessa is the administrative center of the Odessa Oblast (province), the city is the capital of the Odessa City Municipality. Odessa Oblast, also written as Odesa Oblast (Одеська область translit Oblast (во́бласць oblast о́бласт oblast о́бласть област/ oblast; oblasť област о́бласть is a type of Administrative division However, Odessa is a city of oblast subordinance, thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the Odessa City Municipality housed in the city itself. Ukraine is subdivided into 24 Oblasts (provinces, one Autonomous republic, and two " cities with special status' "

The territory of Odessa is divided into four administrative raions (districts):

1. Kyivskyi Raion (Ukrainian: Київський район)
2. Malynovskyi Raion (Ukrainian: Малиновський район)
3. Prymorskyi Raion (Ukrainian: Приморський район)
4. Suvorovskyi Raion (Ukrainian: Суворовський район)

In addition, every raion has its own administration, subordinate to the Odessa City Council, and with limited responsibilities. For the manufactured regenerated fiber see Rayon A raion (or rayon) (райо́н ra'jon rayon раён რაიონი Districts are a type of Administrative division, in some countries managed by a Local government. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages.

Geography and features

Odessa is situated (46°28′N, 30°44′E) on terraced hills overlooking a small harbor, approximately 31 km (19 mi. ) north of the estuary of the Dniester river and some 443 km (275 mi) south of the Ukrainian capital Kiev. The Dniester (Дністер translit Dnister; Nistru is a river in Eastern Europe. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the The city has a mild and dry climate with average temperatures in January of -2 °C (29 °F), and July of 22 °C (72 °F). It averages only 350 mm (14 in) of precipitation annually.

The primary language spoken is Russian, with Ukrainian being less common despite its being an official language in Ukraine. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. The city is a mix of many nationalities and ethnic groups, including Ukrainians, Russians, Greeks, Jews, Moldovans, Bulgarians, Armenians, Georgians, Germans, Koreans, and many others. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Moldovans, or Moldavians (original name Moldoveni; Молдовень in the Moldovan Cyrillic script, used nowadays only in Transnistria The Bulgarians (българи balgari) are a South Slavic people generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The Georgians (ქართველები kartvelebi) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Korean people are an East Asian Ethnic group. Most Koreans speak the Korean language.

Odessa has a sister city of Vancouver, Canada, and Yokohama, Japan, Odessa, Texas, and Baltimore, Maryland. Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture, located in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshū and is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Odessa is a city in Ector and Midland Counties in the US state of Texas. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State.

Attractions

Attractions

• Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater
• Tolstoy Palace
• Vorontsov Palace
• Novikov Palace (Local Lore)
• Potocki Palace (Fine Arts museum)
• Gagarin Palace(Literary museum)
• Catacombs and Museum of Partisan Glory
• Roerich museum
• Odessa Numismatics Museum
• Jewish Heritage museum
• Uspensky (Assumption) Cathedral

Resorts and health care

Odessa is a popular tourist destination, with many therapeutic resorts in and around the city. The Odessa National Academic Theater of Opera and Ballet is the oldest theater in Odessa, Ukraine. This article is about the Tolstoy family, for other meanings see Tolstoy (disambiguation Tolstoy, or Tolstoi The Vorontsov's Palace (Воронцовский дворец Воронцовський палац is a 19th century palace and Colonnade in Odessa, Ukraine Potocki is the surname of a Polish Szlachta (nobility family History The Potocki family is a great artistocratic family originated from Collection The museum collections include over 2500 coins and other relics from different historical eras from antiquity and the middle ages to modern times including the period

The Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases & Tissue Therapy in Odessa is one of the world's leading ophthalmology clinics. The Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases & Tissue Therapy is a large Ophthalmology (eye clinic at Frantsuzsky Boulevard 49/51 in Odessa, Ukraine. Ophthalmology is the branch of Medicine which deals with the diseases and surgery of the visual pathways including the Eye, Brain

Odessa catacombs

Further information: Odessa Catacombs

Most of the city's 19th century houses were built of limestone mined nearby. The Odessa Catacombs are an estimated 2500 kilometres of labyrinths stretching out under the city and surrounding area of Odessa Ukraine. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Abandoned mines were later used and broadened by local smugglers. This created a gigantic complicated labyrinth of underground tunnels beneath Odessa, known as "catacombs". In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth ( Greek λαβύρινθος labyrinthos) was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer The first Burial galleries to be referred to as catacombs lie beneath San Sebastiano fuori le mura, in Rome. They are a now a great attraction for extreme tourists. Extreme tourism or shock tourism is a type of niche Tourism involving travel to dangerous places (mountains jungles deserts caves etc Such tours, however, are not officially sanctioned and are dangerous because the layout of the catacombs has not been fully mapped and the tunnels themselves are unsafe. The tunnels are a primary reason why a subway system was never built in Odessa. A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway

Transportation

In 1891, the first car in Russia came to Odessa: "Benz" brought from France belonged V. Navrotsky. He was the popular city publisher of the newspaper The Odessa Leaf. Urban public transit in Odessa is currently represented by trams^[4] (streetcars), trolleybuses, buses and fixed-route taxis (marshrutkas). Marshrutka ( Bulgarian, маршру́тка mɘr'ʂrutkɘ from marshrutnoye taksi (Mаршрутное такси is a Share taxi in Odessa also has a cable car, cable-way, and recreational ferry service. Odessa International Airport is served by major airline carriers, including Aerosvit, Ukraine International, Austrian Airlines, El Al, and Turkey Airlines. Odesa International Airport (Міжнародний аеропорт Одеса is an Airport in Odessa Ukraine, sometimes called "Odesa Central" These and other airlines provide flights to numerous locations in Europe and Asia. Passenger trains connect Odessa with Warsaw, Prague, Bratislava, Vienna, Berlin, Moscow, St.-Petersburg, the basic cities of Ukraine and many other cities of the former USSR. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Intercity bus services are available from Odessa to many cities in Germany (Berlin, Hamburg and Munich), Greece (Thessaloniki and Athens), Bulgaria (Varna and Sofia) and several cities of Ukraine and Europe. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Varna (Варна is the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, third-largest in Bulgaria after Sofia and Plovdiv Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.

Passenger ships and ferries connect Odessa with Istanbul, Haifa, and Varna.

Famous people from Odessa

Further information: People born in Odessa at Category:People from Odessa

The Philharmonic Society

School of Stolyarsky Odessa, UKRAINE

Odessa Archaeological Museum was designed in the Neoclassical style just like many other landmarks of the city.

Political leaders

Ze'ev Jabotinsky was born in Odessa, and largely developed his version of Zionism there in early 1920s. Ze'ev Jabotinsky MBE (זאב ז'בוטינסקי Зеэв Жаботинский born Vladimir Yevgenyevich Zhabotinsky on 18 October 1880

Poets and writers

Poet Anna Akhmatova was born in Bolshoy Fontan near Odessa. Anna Akhmatova (А́нна Ахма́това real name А́нна Андре́евна Горе́нко ( — March 5 1966 was the Pen name of Anna Andreevna Gorenko The city has produced many writers, including Isaac Babel, Ilf and Petrov, and Yuri Olesha. Isaac Emmanuilovich Babel, Исаак Эммануилович Бабель ( – January 27, 1940) was a Soviet journalist playwright and short story writer who Ilya Ilf (Ilya Arnoldovich Faynzilberg (Илья Арнольдович Файнзильберг 1897&ndash1937 and Evgeny or Yevgeny Petrov Yury Olesha (Юрий Карлович Олеша &ndash May 10, 1960) was a Russian novelist Vera Inber, a poet and writer, as well as the famous poet and journalist, Margarita Aliger were both born in Odessa. Vera Mikhaylovna Inber, born Spenzer, Вера Инбер ( July 10, 1890, Odessa — November 11, 1972, Moscow Margarita Iosifovna Aliger Маргарита Иосифовна Алигер ( - August 1 1992) was a famous Soviet Poet, Translator Yakov Landa, Russian writer, was born in 1948 in Odessa (dead in 2005 in Hanover, Germany). Hanover (i ( haˈnoːfɐ on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen

Scientists

A list of world known scientists lived and worked in Odessa. Among them: Ilya Mechnikov (Nobel Prize in Medicine 1908), Igor Tamm (Nobel Prize in Physics 1958), Dmitri Mendeleev, Nikolay Pirogov, Ivan Sechenov, George Gamow, Leonid Mandelstam, Aleksandr Lyapunov, Mark Krein, Alexander Smakula, Waldemar Haffkine, Valentin Glushko, etc. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Илья Ильич Мечников ( May 16 1845 – July 15 1916) was a Russian microbiologist Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm ( Russian И́горь Евге́ньевич Та́мм) ( July 8 1895 &ndash April 12 1971) was Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (sometimes spelled Mendeleyev; Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев) ( &ndash) was a Russian chemist and Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (Никола́й Ива́нович Пирого́в ( November 13 ( N Ivan Mikhaylovich Sechenov (Ива́н Миха́йлович Се́ченов August 1, 1829, Tyoply Stan (now Sechenovo near Simbirsk, Russia George Gamow (pronounced as ˈgamof ( March 4, 1904 &ndash August 19, 1968), born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov (Георгий Антонович Leonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam ( Belarusian: Леанід Ісаакавіч Мандэльштам Russian: Леонид Исаакович Мандельштам Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov (Александр Михайлович Ляпунов ( June 6 1857 &ndash November 3 1918, all Mark Grigorievich Krein (Марк Григорьевич Крейн 3 April 1907 – 17 October 1989) was a Soviet Jewish mathematician one Alexander Smakula (Олександр Теодорович Смакула Александр Теодорович Смакула (1900 Dobrovody, Russian Empire Waldemar Mordecai Wolff Haffkine ( March 15, 1860, Odessa, Ukraine - October

Artists

The most popular Russian show-business people from Odessa are Yakov Smirnoff (comedian), Mikhail Zhvanetsky (legendary humorist writer, who began his career as port engineer) and Roman Kartsev (comedian). Yakov Naumovich Pokhis (Яков Наумович Похис born January 24, 1951) better known as Yakov Smirnoff, is a Ukrainian-born A comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain an audience primarily by making them laugh Mikhail Zhvanetskiy ( Russian: Жванецкий Михаил Михайлович (born March 6, 1934 in Odessa) is a famous Soviet and A humorist is a person who writes or performs humorous material A comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain an audience primarily by making them laugh Zhvanetsky's and Kartsev's success in 1970s, together with Odessa's KVN team, much contributed to Odessa's established status of a "capital of Soviet humour", culminating in the annual Humorina festival, carried out on and around the April Fool's Day. KVN (КВН an abbreviation of Клуб Весёлых и Находчивых Klub Vesyolykh i Nakhodchivykh " "Club of the Happy and Inventive" is a Russian Humorina (Юморина Yumorina) is an annual festival of Humor held in Odessa, Ukraine on and around the April Fools' Day since This article is about the informal holiday For other uses see April Fool. Odessa was also the home of the late Armenian painter Sarkis Ordyan (1918-2003) and Greek philologist, author and promoter of Demotic Greek Ioannis Psycharis (1854-1929). Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Sarkis Ordyan (b December 20, 1918 - 2003 was a Ukrainian - Armenian painter Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Modern Greek (el Νέα Ελληνικά or el Νεοελληνική lit Ioannis (or Yannis Psycharis ( Greek Ιωάννης (Γιάννης Ψυχάρης, French Jean Psychari, 1854-1929 was a philologist

Musicians

Piotr Stoliarsky

Odessa produced one of the founders of the Soviet violin school, Piotr Stolyarsky. Piotr Stolyarsky (Piotr Solomonovich Stoliarsky (b11-18 (30-1871 (Lipovtsy now Vinnitsa region near Kiev, Russian Empire (Ukraine – It has also produced a famous composer Oscar Borisovich Feltsman and a galaxy of stellar musicians, including the violinists Nathan Milstein, David Oistrakh and Igor Oistrakh,Boris Goldstein, Zakhar Bron and pianists Sviatoslav Richter, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Vladimir de Pachmann, Shura Cherkassky, Emil Gilels, Maria Grinberg, Simon Barere, Leo Podolsky, and Yakov Zak. The following lists of violinists are available List of classical violinists, names of great violinist from baroque era till 20th century Nathan Mironovich Milstein ( December 31, 1903 - December 21, 1992) was a Russian -born American virtuoso Violinist David Fyodorovich Oistrakh (Russian Давид Фёдорович Ойстрах) David Fiodorovič Ojstrah; &ndash October 24, 1974 Igor Oistrakh (Игорь Ойстрах (born April 27, 1931) is a Ukrainian violinist Boris Goldstein (Busya Goldshtein (25 of December 1922 Odessa - 8 of November 1987 Hanover, Germany) was one of the brightest stars of violin Zakhar Bron is a Russian Violinist and violin teacher His students have included Maxim Vengerov, Vadim Repin, Before he was well-known he A pianist (/'piənɪst/ is a Musician who plays the Piano. A professional pianist can perform solo pieces play with an ensemble or Orchestra Sviatoslav Teofilovich Richter (Святосла́в Теофи́лович Рихтер Svjatoslav Teofilovič Rikhter) ( &ndash August 1, 1997) was Benno Moiseiwitsch ( February 22, 1890 - April 9, 1963) was a Pianist. Vladimir von Pachmann or Pachman ( 27 July 1848 &ndash 6 January 1933) was a Pianist of Russian German Shura Cherkassky ( October 7, 1909 – December 27, 1995) was a Ukrainian classical Pianist known for his performances of Emil Grigoryevich Gilels (Эми́ль Григо́рьевич Ги́лельс ru-Latn Emi'li Grego'rievič Gi'lelis; October 19 1916 – October Maria Grinberg ( Russian: Mария Израилевна Гринберг Marija Israilevna Grinberg) ( 1908 - July 14, 1978) was Simon Barere ( – April 2, 1951) was a Jewish born Russian[[United States|-American]] Pianist. Leo Podolsky (b May 25, 1894, Odessa Russia – d October 1, 1987, Los Angeles California) was a classical pianist Yakov Izrailevich Zak (Яків Ізраїлович Зак (Яков Израилевич Зак Jiakov Israilevič Sak; Odessa, - Moscow, June

David Oïstrakh

Sportsmen

The chess player Efim Geller was born in the city. Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. Efim Petrovich Geller (Ефим Петрович Геллер March 8 1925 &ndash November 17 1998) was a Soviet Chess Gymnast Tatiana Gutsu known as "The Painted Bird of Odessa" brought home Ukraine's first Gold Medal as an independent nation when she outscored the USA's Shannon Miller in the women's All-Around event at 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona Spain. Tatiana Konstantinovna Gutsu (born September 5, 1976 in Odessa) is a Ukrainian (and former Soviet) gymnast, winner Magnificent Seven (gymnastics Shannon Lee Miller (born March 10 1977 in Rolla, Missouri, United States is a former artistic gymnast from Edmond The 1992 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Barcelona,

Other notable sportsmen: Nikolai Avilov - Olympic champion in decathlon, Oksana Baiul - Olympic champion in figure skating, Viktor Petrenko - olympic champion in figure skating. Oksana Baiul (Оксана Баюл (born November 16, 1977) is a Ukrainian professional figure skater. Viktor Vasilovich Petrenko (Віктор Васильович Петренко born June 27, 1969) is a Ukrainian former competitive Figure skater

References

See also

• History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union
• Odessa Soviet Republic
• Siege of Odessa
• Odessa massacre
• Culture of Odessa
• Moldavanka, the historical neighborhood of Odessa

Further reading

External links

• Official Odessa web page (HTML). Retrieved on April 29, 2006. Russian, Ukrainian, and English versions
• 2odessa.com (HTML). Retrieved on April 29, 2006. English guide on Odessa, Ukraine.
• Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911) entry for Odessa (HTML). Retrieved on October 1, 2006.
• Odessa Globe (HTML). Retrieved on April 29, 2006. English-Russian e-zine and guide
• Odessa tour overview (HTML). Retrieved on July 3, 2006.
• Odessa links at the Open Directory Project (HTML). The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory Retrieved on April 29, 2006.
• Zhenya Rozinskiy (1995). Odessit.com (HTML). Retrieved on April 29, 2006. English and Russian. Photo gallery.
• Personal Odessa picture collection (HTML). Retrieved on April 29, 2006.
• Pogroms (HTML). History of pogroms in Odessa
• Photos of Odessa by G. Garbuzov (HTML).
• Ta Odessa (HTML). Information (in Russian)
• The World Odessit Club (HTML). Russian and English versions
• 1982 Map of Odessa. berkeley. edu. Retrieved on August 7, 2006.
• Odessa Attractions (HTML). Retrieved on July 18, 2007.
• Interactive map of Odessa (HTML). Map and photos of Odessa (in Russian)
• Odessa 360 (HTML). Retrieved on 26 January 2008.
• Odessa for English Speakers (HTML) (2008). Retrieved on April 9th, 2008.
• http://history.odessapage.com Why are they named Odessa? History of cities, towns and villages named Odessa.