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Ode (from the Ancient Greek ὠδή) is a form of stately and elaborate lyrical verse. Lyric poetry refers to a usually short poem that expresses personal feelings which may or may not be set to music A classic ode is structured in three parts: the strophe, the antistrophe, and the epode. Strophe ( Greek στροφή, turn bend twist, see also Phrase) is a concept in versification which properly Antistrophe ( Greek αντιστροφή, turn back) is the portion of an Ode sung by the chorus in its returning movement from west to east Epode, in verse, is the third part of an Ode, which followed the Strophe and the Antistrophe, and completed the movement Different forms such as the homostrophic ode and the irregular ode also exist.

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Greek origins

Each of these culminated in what have been called odes, but the former, in the hands of Alcaeus, Anacreon and Sappho, came closer to the lyric. Anacreon ( Greek) (570 BC-488 BC was a Greek lyric Poet, notable for his drinking songs and hymns Sappho (ˈsæfoʊ in English Attic Greek el Σαπφώ sapːʰɔː Aeolic Greek el Ψάπφω) was an Ancient Greek lyric

On the other hand, the choir-song, in which the poet spoke for himself, but always supported, or interpreted, by a chorus, led to the ode proper. Alcman is supposed to have given this poems a strophic arrangement, and the strophe has come to be essential to an ode. Alcman (also Alkman Greek) (7th century BC was an Ancient Greek choral lyric poet from Sparta. Stesichorus, Ibycus and Simonides of Ceos led the way to the two great masters of ode among the ancients: Pindar and Bacchylides. Stesichorus ( Ancient Greek:, English translation: "he who sets up the chorus" was a Greek lyric poet from Himera in Ibycus ( Ancient Greek:) (6th century BC of Rhegium in Italy, was an Ancient Greek lyric Poet. Pindar (ˈpɪndɚ (or Pindarus, Greek:) (probably born 522 BC in Cynoscephalae a village in Boeotia; died 443 BC in Argos) was an Ancient Bacchylides (5th century BC was an Ancient Greek lyric Poet. Later Greeks included him in the canonical list of Nine lyric poets which included

The form and verse-arrangement of Pindar's great lyrics have regulated the type of the heroic ode. It is now perceived that they are consciously composed in very elaborate measures, and that each is the result of a separate act of creative ingenuity, but each preserving an absolute consistency of form. So far from being, as critics down to Cowley and Boileau supposed, utterly licentious in their irregularity, they are more like the canzos and sirventes of the medieval troubadours than any modern verse. Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux ( November 1 1636 - March 13, 1711) commonly called Boileau, was a French Poet and The sirventes or serventes ( Mistralian norm sirventès) is a Genre of Occitan Lyric poetry used by The Latins themselves seem to have lost the secret of these complicated harmonies, and they made no serious attempt to imitate the odes of Pindar and Bacchylides.

It is probable that the Greek odes gradually lost their musical character; they were accompanied on the flute, and then declaimed without any music at all. The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its The ode, as it was practiced by the Romans, returned to the personally lyrical form of the Lesbian lyrists. This was exemplified, in the most exquisite way, by Horace and Catullus; the former imitated, and even translated, Alcaeus and Anacreon, the latter was directly inspired by Sappho. Quintus Horatius Flaccus, ( Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC known in the English-speaking world as Horace For persons with a Cognomen "Catulus" see Lutatius Gaius Valerius Catullus (ca

English ode

The initial model for English odes was Horace, who used the form to write meditative lyrics on various themes. The earliest odes in the English language, using the word in its strict form, were the magnificent Epithalamium and Prothalamium of Edmund Spenser. Edmund Spenser (c 1552 &ndash 13 January, 1599) was an important English Poet and Poet Laureate best known for The

In the 17th century, the most important original odes in English are those of Abraham Cowley and Andrew Marvell. Abraham Cowley (1618 &ndash 28 July 1667 English Poet, was born in the City of London late in 1618 Andrew Marvell ( 31 March 1621 &ndash 16 August 1678) was an English metaphysical poet, and the son of a Church of Marvell, in his Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland uses a regular form (two four-foot lines followed by two three-foot lines) modeled on Horace, while Cowley wrote "Pindarick" odes which had irregular patterns of line lengths and rhyme schemes, though they were iambic. The principle of Cowley's Pindaricks was based on a misunderstanding of Pindar's metrical practice, but was widely imitated, with notable success by John Dryden. John Dryden (– was an influential English poet Literary critic, Translator and playwright who dominated the literary life of Restoration England

With Pindar's metre being better understood in the 18th century, the fashion for Pindaric odes faded, though there are notable "actual" Pindaric odes by Thomas Gray, The Progress of Poesy and The Bard. Thomas Gray ( December 26, 1716 – July 30, 1771) was an English Poet, classical scholar and professor at Cambridge

The Pindarick of Cowley was revived around 1800 by Wordsworth for one of his very finest poems, the Intimations of Immortality ode; irregular odes were also written by Coleridge. Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday. Intimations of Immortality, Op 29 an Ode for tenor chorus and orchestra is one of the best-known works by English composer Gerald Finzi. Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher Keats and Shelley wrote odes with regular stanza patterns. Percy Bysshe Shelley (August 4 1792 – July 8 1822 ˈpɝːsɪ ˈbɪʃ ˈʃɛlɪ was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among Shelley's Ode to the West Wind, written in fourteen line terza rima stanzas, is a major poem in the form, but perhaps the greatest odes of the 19th century were written by Keats. Percy Bysshe Shelley composed the Poem "Ode to the West Wind" in 1819 near Florence Italy it was published in 1820. Terza rima is a rhyming verse Stanza form that consists of an interlocking three line rhyme scheme After Keats, there have been comparatively few major odes in English. One major exception is the fourth verse of the poem For the Fallen by Laurence Binyon which is often known as "The ode to the fallen" or more simply as "The Ode". Robert Laurence Binyon ( 10 August 1869 at Lancaster &ndash 10 March 1943 at Reading Berkshire) was an English

Spanish and Latin American ode

In the Spanish-speaking world, the Chilean poet and Nobel Laureate, Pablo Neruda revived the ode; composing odes to concepts, inanimate objects, fruits, vegetables and all forms of creatures. Pablo Neruda ( July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the pen name and later legal name of the Chilean writer and politician Neruda focused on simple and common things that had never been the subject matter of poets before. Many of Neruda’s odes were published in three books, Odas elementales (Elemental Odes) (1954), Nuevas Odas Elementales (New Elemental Odes) (1956) and Navegaciones y regresos (Voyages and Homecomings) (1959). Neruda’s odes have been widely translated and have greatly contributed to the popularity of the ode among students and young poets. Some subjects of his odes included a tomato, a cat, wine and so on. Oda al Gato (Ode to the Cat is a poem by the chilean poet and Nobel laureate, Pablo Neruda from his book " Navegaciones y regresos"

Ode in music

A musical setting of a poetic ode is also known as an ode. Horatian odes were frequently set to music in the 16th century, notably by Ludwig Senfl and Claude Goudimel. Ludwig Senfl (born around 1486 died between December 2, 1542 and August 10, 1543) was a Swiss composer of the Renaissance Claude Goudimel (c 1514 to 1520 – between August 28 and August 31, 1572) was a French composer music editor and publisher and music Dryden's "Ode on St. Cecilia's Day" was set by Handel, and Schiller's Ode to Joy was used in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. " To Joy " ( An die Freude in German, in English often familiarly called the Ode to Joy) is an Ode written in Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. The Symphony No 9 in D minor Op 125 "Choral" is the last complete Symphony composed by Ludwig van Beethoven. Odes to dignitaries were often set also, such as the Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne by Handel. Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne is a secular cantata composedby George Frideric Handel ( 1685 - 1759) to a Libretto by Byron's Ode to Napoleon Bonaparte was set by Arnold Schoenberg. Arnold Schoenberg ( pronounced ˈʃøːnbɛrk (13 September 1874 &ndash 13 July 1951 was an Austrian and later American Composer, associated with

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Dictionary

ode

-noun

  1. A short poetical composition proper to be set to music or sung; a lyric poem; esp., now, a poem characterized by sustained noble sentiment and appropriate dignity of style.
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