The October Revolution (Russian: Октябрьская революция, Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya), also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, refers to a revolution—as part of the Russian Revolution—that began with an armed insurrection in Petrograd (regarded by some as a coup d'état) traditionally dated to October 25, 1917 (November 7, N.S.). Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year ^[1] It was the second phase of the overall Russian Revolution of 1917, after the February Revolution of the same year. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The February Revolution (Февральская революция in 1917 in Russia was the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The October Revolution overthrew the Russian Provisional Government and gave the power to the Soviets dominated by Bolsheviks. The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd in 1917 after the February Revolution and the Abdication A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction It was followed by the Russian Civil War (1917–1922) and the creation of the Soviet Union in 1922. The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

The revolution was led by the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction ^[1] Bolshevik troops began the takeover of government buildings on October 24;^[1] however October 25 was the date when the Winter Palace (the seat of the Provisional government located in Petrograd, then capital of Russia), was captured. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a See also The movie Russian Ark, an innovative single shot walkthrough with period reenactments spanning three hundred years of court meetings Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Background 3 Events 4 Outcomes 5 Soviet in memoriam of the event 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 External links

Etymology

Initially, the event was referred to as the October uprising (Октябрьский переворот) or the Uprising of 25th, as seen in contemporary documents (for example, in the first editions of Lenin's complete works). With time, the term October Revolution came into use, and the event became seen as of major importance.

The Great October Socialist Revolution (Russian: Великая Октябрьская социалистическая революция, Velikaya Oktyabr'skaya sotsialisticheskaya revolyutsiya) was the official name for the October Revolution in the Soviet Union since the 10th anniversary of the Revolution in 1927. A communist revolution is a Proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace Capitalism with Communism, typically Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Today this name is used mainly by Communists. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based

Background

The mounting frustration of workers and soldiers erupted in July with several days of rioting on the streets, in what became known as the July Days. The July Days refers to events in 1917 that took place in Petrograd, Russia, between July 3 and July 7 ( Julian calendar This event was sparked by the June offensive against Germany, in which War Minister Alexander Kerensky sent troops in a major attack on the Germans, only to be repelled. Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ке́ренский Aleksandr Fjëdorovich Kerenskij) ( June 11, 1970) served The July Days were also sparked by the workers' anger at their economic plight. A group of 20,000 armed sailors from "Red Kronstadt,"the naval base on the island of Kronstadt located near St.Petersburg or Petrograd, as it was known, marched into Petrograd and demanded that the Soviet take power. Kronstadt (Кроншта́дт also spelled Kronshtadt, Cronstadt (Krone for Crown and Stadt for City) is a Russian Kronstadt (Кроншта́дт also spelled Kronshtadt, Cronstadt (Krone for Crown and Stadt for City) is a Russian Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River The capital was defenseless for two days. After suppressing the riots, the government blamed the Bolsheviks for encouraging the rebellion and many Bolshevik leaders, including Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev, were forced to go into hiding. Gregory Yevseevich Zinoviev (Григо́рий Евс́еевич Зин́овьев alternative transliteration Grigorii Ovseyevish Zinoviev born Ovsei-Gershon Aronovich Although the Bolshevik party had to operate semi-legally throughout July and August, its position on the far left end of the political spectrum was consolidated. Radical anti-war social democrats, who had joined the Mezhraiontsy earlier in the year, merged with the Bolsheviks in August. Mezhraiontsy or Mezhraionka ( Russian: межрайонцы) usually translated as the interdistrictites (from the Russian "mezh-" Many of them, particularly Trotsky, Joffe and Konstantin Yurenev would prove vital to the Bolsheviks' eventual seizure of Petrograd. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij

The Kornilov Affair was another catalyst to Revolution. The Kornilov Affair (Russian Корниловщина Kornilovshchina) was a confused struggle between Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army General Lavr Alexander Kerensky, who held positions in both the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet, felt he needed a trustworthy military leader. Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ке́ренский Aleksandr Fjëdorovich Kerenskij) ( June 11, 1970) served After appointing Lavr Kornilov, Kerensky soon accused Kornilov of trying to set up his own military dictatorship. It is still uncertain as to whether or not Kornilov did engineer a plot of this kind or not. Kornilov, convinced Kerensky was acting under duress of the Bolsheviks, responded by issuing a call to all Russians to "save their dying land!" Unsure of the support of his army generals, Kerensky was forced to ask for help from other quarters- including the Bolshevik Red Guards, even providing them with arms. Kornilov's supposed attempt to seize power collapsed without bloodshed as his Cossacks deserted him. Kornilov and around 7,000 of his supporters were arrested.

Events

On October 10, the Bolsheviks' Central Committee voted 10-2 for a resolution saying that "an armed uprising is inevitable, and that the time for it is fully ripe". ^[2]

On October 23, 1917 (by the Julian calendar still in use in Russia at the time; November 5 by the current Gregorian calendar), Bolshevik leader Jaan Anvelt led his leftist revolutionaries in an uprising in Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Jaan Anvelt, Eessaare Aadu, Jaan Holm, Jaan Hulmu, Kaarel Maatamees, Onkel Kaak or Н Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region On October 25 (November 7), 1917, Vladimir Lenin led his forces in the uprising in Saint Petersburg (then known as Petrograd), the capital of Russia, against the ineffective Kerensky Provisional Government. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ке́ренский Aleksandr Fjëdorovich Kerenskij) ( June 11, 1970) served The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd in 1917 after the February Revolution and the Abdication ^[1] For the most part, the revolt in Petrograd was bloodless, with the Red Guards led by Bolsheviks taking over major government facilities with little opposition before finally launching an assault on the Winter Palace on the night of 25/26 October. For other uses of the term see Red Guard In the context of the history of Russia and Soviet Union, Red Guards ( Russian: "Красная See also The movie Russian Ark, an innovative single shot walkthrough with period reenactments spanning three hundred years of court meetings The assault led by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko was launched at 9:45 p. Vladimir Alexandrovich Antonov-Ovseenko (actual surname Ovseenko) (Владимир Александрович Антонов(-Овсеенко Володимир Антонов-Овсєєнко m. signaled by a blank shot from the cruiser Aurora. Russian-Japanese War She was one of three Pallada -class Cruisers built in St (The Aurora was placed in Petrograd (modern Saint Petersburg) and still stands there now. ) The Winter Palace was guarded by Cossacks, cadets (military students), and a Women's Battalion. The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern This article refers to the general definition of cadet A Cadet may also be a member of the Cadets, a historical Russian Political party. It was taken at about 2 a. m. The earlier date was made the official date of the Revolution, when all offices except the Winter Palace had been taken. ^[1]

Later official accounts of the revolution from the Soviet Union would depict the events in October as being far more dramatic than they actually had been. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 (See firsthand account by British General Knox). Major-General Sir Alfred William Fortescue Knox ( 30 October 1870 &ndash 9 March 1964) was a career British military officer and later a Official films made much later showed a huge storming of the Winter Palace and fierce fighting, but in reality the Bolshevik insurgents faced little or no opposition and were practically able to just walk into the building and take it over. The insurrection was timed and organized to hand state power to the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which began on October 25th. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 After a single day of revolution eighteen people had been arrested and two had been killed.

Outcomes

The Second Congress of Soviets consisted of 650 elected delegates; 390 were Bolshevik and nearly a hundred were Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who also supported the overthrow of the Kerensky Government. Military Revolutionary Committee also known as the Milrevcom (Военно-революционный комитет военревком ВРК was the name for military The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd in 1917 after the February Revolution and the Abdication A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. The Socialist-Revolutionary Party (the PSR the SRs, or Esers; Партия социалистов-революционеров (ПСР эсеры was a Russian Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ке́ренский Aleksandr Fjëdorovich Kerenskij) ( June 11, 1970) served When the fall of the Winter Palace was announced, the Congress adopted a decree transferring power to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, thus ratifying the Revolution. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. The transfer of power was not without disagreement. The center and Right wings of the Socialist Revolutionaries as well as the Mensheviks believed that Lenin and the Bolsheviks had illegally seized power and they walked out before the resolution was passed. The Mensheviks (Minority (Меньшевик) were a faction of the Russian Revolutionary movement that emerged in 1903 after a dispute between Vladimir As they exited, they were taunted by Leon Trotsky who told them "You are pitiful isolated individuals; you are bankrupts; your role is played out. Go where you belong from now on — into the dustbin of history!" The following day, the Congress elected a Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) as the basis of a new Soviet Government, pending the convocation of a Constituent Assembly, and passed the Decree on Peace and the Decree on Land. Council of Ministers of the USSR (Совет Министров СССР tr Council of Ministers of the USSR (Совет Министров СССР tr The All Russian Constituent Assembly (Всероссийское Учредительное Собрание Vserossiiskoe Uchreditelnoe Sobranie was a democratically elected constitutional The Decree On Peace, written by Vladimir Lenin, was passed by the Second Congress of the Soviet of Workers' Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on the 26 October The Decree on Land, written by Vladimir Lenin, was passed by the Second Congress of Soviets of Workers' Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on 26 October This new government was also officially called "provisional" until the Assembly was dissolved.

The Decree on Land ratified the actions of the peasants who throughout Russia seized private land and redistributed it among themselves. A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground The Bolsheviks viewed themselves as representing an alliance of workers and peasants and memorialized that understanding with the Hammer and Sickle on the flag and coat of arms of the Soviet Union. The hammer and sickle is a part of Communist symbolism and its usage indicates an association with Communism, Communist Party, or Communist state

Other decrees:

• The Russian banks were all nationalized.
• Control of the factories was given to the soviets.
• Private bank accounts were confiscated.
• The Church's properties (including bank accounts) were seized.
• Wages were fixed at higher rates than during the war and a shorter, eight-hour working day was introduced.
• All foreign debts were repudiated.

Bolshevik-led attempts to seize power in other parts of the Russian Empire were largely successful in Russia proper — although the fighting in Moscow lasted for two weeks — but they were less successful in ethnically non-Russian parts of the Empire, which had been clamoring for independence since the February Revolution. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of For example, The Ukrainian Rada, which had declared autonomy on June 23, 1917, created the Ukrainian People's Republic on November 20, which was supported by the Ukrainian Congress of Soviets. Rada is the term for "council" or "assembly" borrowed by Polish from the Low Franconian "Rad" (council and later passed Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Ukrainian People's Republic (Українська Народна Республіка Ukrayins’ka Narodna Respublika; also translated as the Ukrainian National Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, This led to an armed conflict with the Bolshevik government in Petrograd and, eventually, a Ukrainian declaration of independence from Russia on January 25, 1918. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[3] In Estonia, two rival governments emerged: the Estonian Diet declared independence on November 28, 1917, while an Estonian Bolshevik sympathizer, Jaan Anvelt, was recognized by Lenin's government as Estonia's leader on December 8, although forces loyal to Anvelt only controlled the capital. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Jaan Anvelt, Eessaare Aadu, Jaan Holm, Jaan Hulmu, Kaarel Maatamees, Onkel Kaak or Н Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. ^[4]

The success of the October Revolution transformed the Russian state from parliamentarian to socialist in character. A coalition of anti-Bolshevik groups including invading armies from the victorious Allies attempted to unseat the new government in the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1922. The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed

The United States did not recognize the new Russian government until 1933. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The European powers recognized the Soviet Union in the early 1920s and began to engage in business with it after the New Economic Policy (NEP) was implemented. For the Malaysian New Economic Policy see Malaysian New Economic Policy.

Soviet in memoriam of the event

The term Red October (Красный Октябрь, Krasny Oktyabr) has also been used to describe the events of the month. This name has in turn been lent to a steel factory made notable by the Battle of Stalingrad, a Moscow sweets factory that is well-known in Russia, and a fictional Soviet submarine. The Battle of Stalingrad is a commonly used name in English sources for several large operations by Germany and its allies and Soviet forces conducted with the Moskovskaya Konditerskaya Fabrika Krasny Oktyabr Open Joint-Stock Company (Открытое акционерное общество "Московская кондитерская фабрика The Hunt for Red October is a Novel by Tom Clancy. The story follows the intertwined adventures of Soviet Submarine captain Marko

November 7, the anniversary of the October Revolution, was an official holiday in the Soviet Union and still is in Belarus. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat There were eight major Public holidays in the Soviet Union. There were over 30 holidays total Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east

Krasny Oktyabr is also the name given to a Russian piano company.

See also

• February Revolution
• Russian Revolution (1917)
• Arthur Ransome
• John Reed
  • Ten Days that Shook the World
• Russian Civil War
• Revolutions of 1917-23

Footnotes

External links

• The October Revolution Archive
• From Liberty to Brest-Litovsk -- Eye-witness to the first year of the bolshevik revolution
• Let History Judge Russia’s Revolutions, commentary by Roy Medvedev, Project Syndicate, 2007

For the current Russian President, see Dmitry Medvedev. Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev (Рой Александрович Project Syndicate is an international not-for-profit newspaper syndicate and association of newspapers

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