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"Octave" has two senses in Christian liturgical usage. In the first sense, it is the eighth day after a feast, reckoning inclusively, and so always falls on the same day of the week as the feast itself. The word is derived from Latin octava (eighth), with dies (day) understood. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The term is also applied to the whole period of these eight days, during which the observance of certain major feasts came to be observed. [1]

Contents

From origin to Middle Ages

The practice, probably suggested by the Old Testament usage of an eighth-day celebration of the Feast of Tabernacles (Leviticus 23:36) and the Dedication of the Temple (2 Chronicles 7:9), was first introduced under Constantine I when the dedication festivities of the basilicas at Jerusalem and Tyre were extended over the same period. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the After these one-off occasions, annual liturgical feasts began to be dignified with an octave. The first such feasts were Easter, Pentecost, and, in the East, Epiphany. Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. Pentecost (πεντηκοστή, pentekostē, "the fiftieth day" is one of the prominent feasts in the Christian Liturgical year, celebrated the Epiphany ( Greek for "to manifest" or "to show" is a Christian Feast day which celebrates the "shining forth" or revelation of [1] This occurred in the fourth century and served as a period of time for the newly baptized to take a joyful retreat. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted [2]

The development of octaves occurred slowly. From the 4th century to the 7th century, octaves were simply observed with a celebration on the eighth day, with little thought given to the liturgies of the intervening days. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Christmas was the next feast to receive an octave, and by the 8th century there were octaves in place in Rome not only for Easter, Pentecost, and Christmas, but also for the Epiphany and the feast of the Dedication of a church. The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Epiphany ( Greek for "to manifest" or "to show" is a Christian Feast day which celebrates the "shining forth" or revelation of Dedication (Lat dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim to announce is to immerse oneself with sincerity into a certain subject or properly the setting apart [2] From the seventh century saints' feasts also began to have octaves (an eighth-day feast, not eight days of feasts), among the oldest being the feast of Saints Peter and Paul and those of Saint Lawrence and Saint Agnes. The Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, or properly the Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul, is a feast commemorating the Martyrdom at Rome of the Apostles Saint Agnes (291–304 feast day January 21) is a Virgin Martyr Saint of the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Catholic Churches From the twelfth century, however, the custom was introduced of observing also the days between the first and the eighth day as well as the eighth day itself. [1] During the Middle Ages, octaves for various other feasts and saints were celebrated depending upon the diocese or religious order. In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. Religious orders ('Religious Institutes' cf canons 573-746 are the major form of consecrated life in the Roman Catholic Church. [2]

From Pius V to Pius XII

After 1568, when Pope Pius V reduced the number of octaves,[1] they were still quite numerous and were involved not only the eighth day from the feast but all the intervening days. Pope On these days, the liturgy was exactly the same as on the feast itself, with exactly the same prayers and Scripture readings. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions Octaves were classified into several types. Easter and Pentecost had "specially privileged" octaves, during which no other feast whatsoever could be celebrated. Christmas, Epiphany, and Corpus Christi had "privileged" octaves, during which certain highly ranked feasts might be celebrated. Corpus Christi ( Latin for Body of Christ) is a Christian feast. The octaves of other feasts allowed even more feasts to be celebrated. [2]

To reduce the monotony of so frequently repeating the same liturgy for several days, further distinctions were made by Pope Leo XIII and Pope Pius X, classifying octaves into three primary types: privileged octaves, common octaves, and simple octaves. Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the Privileged octaves were further classified into those of the first, second, and third orders. For the first half of the 20th century, octaves were ranked in the following manner, with different effects for the possibility of holding other celebrations within them:

In addition to these, the patron saint of a particular nation, diocese, or church was celebrated with an octave, on each day of which the Mass and Office of the feast was repeated, unless impeded by another celebration. Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. Pentecost (πεντηκοστή, pentekostē, "the fiftieth day" is one of the prominent feasts in the Christian Liturgical year, celebrated the Epiphany ( Greek for "to manifest" or "to show" is a Christian Feast day which celebrates the "shining forth" or revelation of Corpus Christi ( Latin for Body of Christ) is a Christian feast. The general and most common understanding of the Christian Doctrine of Ascension holds that Jesus bodily ascended to Heaven in the presence The Sacred Heart is a religious devotion to Jesus ' physical heart as the representation of the divine love for humanity For dogmatic context see Roman Catholic Mariology. For artistic depictions see Roman Catholic Marian art. Joseph "of the House of David " ( Hebrew יוֹסֵף also known as Saint Joseph, Joseph the Betrothed, Joseph of Nazareth The Nativity of St John the Baptist (or Birth of John the Baptist, or Nativity of the Forerunner) is a Christian Feast day celebrating The Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, or properly the Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul, is a feast commemorating the Martyrdom at Rome of the Apostles For the British girl group see All Saints (band. All Saints' Day (also called All Hallows or Hallowmas) often This article is about the theological concept For the works of art with this title see Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Art and Roman Catholic Marian art. Saint John the Apostle ( Greek Ιωάννης, see Names of John) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. For the painting by Peter Paul Rubens see " Massacre of the Innocents (Rubens " The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members This article refers to the Liturgy of the Hours as a specific manifestation of public prayer in the Roman Catholic Church.

Reduction by Pius XII and Paul VI

A considerable simplification occurred under Pope Pius XII with a decree dated 23 March 1955: all octaves in the Roman Rite were suppressed, including those in local calendars, except those of Christmas, Easter and Pentecost. Pope Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) The liturgical rite of the Church of Rome is called the Roman Rite. (See General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII#Octaves. In 1955 Pope Pius XII made several changes to the General Roman Calendar as in 1954, changes that remained in force only until 1960 when Pope John XXIII, on the basis )

With the revision of the Roman Calendar in 1969, the octave of Pentecost was also removed. [3]

The two surviving octaves already differed from other octaves in not repeating the same liturgy day after day for eight days. The first eight days of the Easter Season make up the octave of Easter and are celebrated as solemnities of the Lord. [4] The "Second Sunday of Easter", which concludes the Easter Octave is, since 30 April 2000, known also as Divine Mercy Sunday. The Octave Day of Easter, sometimes known as Low Sunday (and also known historically as White Sunday Whitsunday St Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The Feast of the Divine Mercy or Divine Mercy Sunday falls on the Octave of Easter (the Sunday immediately following Easter The Christmas Octave is arranged as follows:

Eastern Christian usage

Main article: Afterfeast

Among the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, what in the West would be called an Octave is referred to as an Afterfeast. The Holy Family consists of the Child Jesus, the Virgin Mary and St Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Saint John the Apostle ( Greek Ιωάννης, see Names of John) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of For the painting by Peter Paul Rubens see " Massacre of the Innocents (Rubens " New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC The Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God is a feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary, celebrated by the Roman Catholic Church on January 1, An Afterfeast is a period of celebration attached to one of the Great Feasts celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches (roughly equivalent to This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See The celebration of the Great Feasts of the church year are extended for a number days, depending upon the particular Feast. The feast of the Resurrection of Jesus, called Pascha (Easter is the greatest of the feasts of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The liturgical year, also known as the Christian year, consists of the cycle of liturgical seasons in Christian churches which determines when Each day of an Afterfeast will have particular hymns assigned to it, continuing the theme of the Feast being celebrated.

Most of these Great Feasts also have a day or more of preparation called a Forefeast (those Feasts that are on the moveable Paschal Cycle do not have Forefeasts). Forefeasts and Afterfeasts will affect the structure of the services during the Canonical Hours. Canonical hours are divisions of time developed by the Christian Church, serving as increments between the prescribed Prayers of the daily round

The last day of an Afterfeast is called the Apodosis (lit. "giving-back") of the Feast. On the Apodosis, most of the hymns that were chanted on the first day of the Feast are repeated. On the Apodosis of Feasts of the Theotokos, the Epistle and Gospel of the Feast are repeated again at the Divine Liturgy. Theotokos (Θεοτόκος translit Theotókos) is a title of Mary the mother of Jesus used especially in the Eastern Orthodox, The Divine Liturgy is the common term for the Eucharistic service of the Byzantine tradition of Christian liturgy.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article Octave
  2. ^ a b c d Catholic Encyclopedia, article Octave
  3. ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969)
  4. ^ General Norms for Liturgical Year and Calendar, 24
  5. ^ General Norms for Liturgical Year and Calendar, 35
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