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The observer-expectancy effect (also called the experimenter-expectancy effect, observer effect, or experimenter effect) is a cognitive bias found in science that occurs when a researcher expects a given result and therefore unconsciously manipulates an experiment in order to find it. A hidden message is information that is not immediately noticeable and that must be discovered or uncovered and interpreted before it can be known A subliminal message is a signal or message embedded in another medium designed to pass below the normal limits of the human Mind 's perception Backmasking (also known as Backward masking) is a recording technique in which a sound or message is recorded backward onto a track that is meant to be Reverse speech is a Hypothesis first put forward by David John Oates The spectrogram is the result of calculating the Frequency spectrum of Windowed frames of a compound signal. Numerology is any of many Systems Traditions or Beliefs in a mystical or Esoteric relationship between Numbers and physical Theomatics is a numerological study of the Greek and Hebrew text of the Christian Bible, based upon Gematria and Isopsephia A Bible code (also Torah code) is the notion that there are information patterns encrypted or Coded form in the text of the Bible, or more specifically Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek grc κρυπτός kryptos, "hidden secret" and grc γράφω gráphō, "I write" Fnord is the typographic representation of Disinformation or irrelevant information intending to misdirect with the implication of a conspiracy. The Paranoiac-critical method is a surrealist technique developed by Salvador Dalí in the early 1930s The term pareidolia (pæraɪˈdoʊliə describes a psychological phenomenon involving a vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound being perceived as significant Psychorama (or "The Precon Process" is the act of communicating subliminal information through Film by flashing images on the screen so quickly that they Sacred geometry is Geometry used in the design of Sacred architecture and Sacred art. Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one apart from the sender and intended recipient even realizes there is a hidden message An anagram ( Greek anagramma 'letters written anew' passive participle of ana- 'again' + gramma 'letter' is a type of Word play A virtual Easter egg is an intentional Hidden message or feature in an object such as a movie, Book The clustering illusion refers to the tendency to erroneously perceive small samples from random distributions as having significant "streaks" or "clusters" caused Pattern recognition involves identification of faces objects words melodies etc A paradox is a true statement or group of statements that leads to a Contradiction or a situation which defies intuition; or inversely A palindrome is a word phrase number or other sequence of units that can be read the same way in either direction (the adjustment of punctuation and spaces between words Many observers throughout history have argued that there are influences on Consciousness from other parts of the Mind. For an article about the conceptual problems of the mind see Cognitive closure (philosophy. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Usually a researcher or scientific researcher is someone who is professionally engaged in Scientific research, technological research or Engineering research
Because the observer-expectancy effect can skew the results of experiments (especially on human subjects), double-blind methodology is used in attempts to eliminate the effect. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus The blind method is a part of the Scientific method, used to prevent research outcomes from being influenced by either the Placebo effect or the Observer
An example of the observer-expectancy effect is demonstrated in music backmasking, in which hidden verbal messages are said to be audible when a recording is played backwards. Backmasking (also known as Backward masking) is a recording technique in which a sound or message is recorded backward onto a track that is meant to be Some people expect to hear hidden messages when reversing songs, and therefore hear the messages, but to others it sounds like nothing more than random sounds. Often when a song is played backwards, a listener will fail to notice the "hidden" lyrics until they are explicitly pointed out, after which they are obvious. Other prominent examples include facilitated communication, dowsing, and applied kinesiology. Facilitated communication (FC is a process by which a Facilitator supports the hand or arm of a communicatively impaired individual while using a keyboard or other Dowsing, sometimes called doodlebugging, divining or water witching, is a practice whereby dowsers attempt to locate hidden Water wells Applied Kinesiology (AK is a practice of using manual muscle-strength testing for medical diagnosis and a subsequent determination of prescribed therapy
See also
- Clever Hans - a horse who seemed to be performing arithmetic and other amazing skills, but in reality took cues transmitted unconsciously by his trainer and observers. Clever Hans (in German, der Kluge Hans) was a Horse that was claimed to have been able to perform Arithmetic and other intellectual Arithmetic or arithmetics (from the Greek word αριθμός = number is the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics used by almost everyone
- Placebo - an inert medicine or preparation which works because the patient thinks it will
- N-rays - imaginary radiation
- Pygmalion effect - teachers who expect higher achievement from some children, actually get it
- Reflexivity (social theory)
- Subject-expectancy effect
- Nocebo
External links and references
- Skeptic's Dictionary on the Experimenter Effect
- The rat study
- An article that speaks of Expectancy effects in paranormal investigation
- Another article by Rupert Sheldrake
- Songs of Praise (With subtitles) An example of observer-expectancy effect involving subtitles which alter the observer's interpretation of audio. Placebo is a substance or procedure a patient accepts as medicine or therapy but which has no specific therapeutic activity N rays (or N-rays) were a phenomenon described by French scientist René-Prosper Blondlot but subsequently found to be illusory The Pygmalion effect, Rosenthal effect, or more commonly known as the "teacher-expectancy effect" refers to situations in which Students perform In sociology reflexivity is an act of self-reference where examination or action 'bends back on' refers to and affects the entity instigating the action or examination The Subject-expectancy effect, is a form of reactivity that occurs in Scientific experiment or Medical treatment when a Research subject In its original application " nocebo " had a very specific meaning in the medical domains of Pharmacology, and Nosology, and Etiology.
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