This article is about oaks (Quercus). For other uses of "Oak" or "Oak tree", see Oak (disambiguation)

Oaks
Foliage and acorns of Quercus robur
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fagales Family: Fagaceae Genus: Quercus L.
Species
See List of Quercus species

The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus (from Latin "oak tree"), which are listed in the List of Quercus species, and some related genera, notably Lithocarpus. Quercus robur (sometimes considered Q pedunculata) is commonly known as the pedunculate oak or English oak. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of Flowering plants whose Seed typically has two embryonic leaves or Cotyledons There The Fagales are an order of Flowering plants including some of the best known Trees The order name is derived from Genus Fagus The family Fagaceae, or beech family, comprises about 900 species of both Evergreen and Deciduous trees and shrubs which are characterized by alternate Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. This is an incomplete list of Quercus Species. The Genus contains about 400 species A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. This is an incomplete list of Quercus Species. The Genus contains about 400 species Lithocarpus is a genus in the Beech family Fagaceae, differing from Quercus in the erect male spikes The genus is native to the northern hemisphere, and includes deciduous and evergreen species extending from cold latitudes to tropical Asia and the Americas. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America

Oaks have spirally arranged leaves, with a lobed margin in many species; some have serrated leaves or entire leaves with a smooth margin. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. The flowers are catkins, produced in spring. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A catkin or ament is a slim cylindrical flower cluster with inconspicuous or no petals usually Wind - pollinated ( anemophilous) but sometimes The fruit is a nut called an acorn, borne in a cup-like structure known as a cupule; each acorn contains one seed (rarely two or three) and takes 6-18 months to mature, depending on species. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Nut is a general term for the large dry oily Seeds or Fruit of some Plants. The acorn is the nut of the Oak tree (genera Quercus, Lithocarpus and Cyclobalanopsis, in the The calybium and the cupule make up the Accessory fruit of Flowering plants in the family Fagaceae. The "live oaks" (oaks with evergreen leaves) are not a distinct group, instead with their members scattered among the sections below. This article is about the treeThis is Georgia's state tree For places named Live Oak see Live Oak. In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round

Contents 1 Classification 1.1 Subgenus Quercus: 1.2 Subgenus Cyclobalanopsis: 2 Hybridization 3 Uses 4 Diseases and pests 5 Toxicity 6 Cultural significance 7 Historical note on Linnaean species 8 References 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 External links

Classification

Oak trees are flowering plants. The genus is divided into two subgenera and a number of sections:

Subgenus Quercus:

• Sect. In Biology, a subgenus is a Taxonomic rank directly below Genus. In Botany, a section is a low-level Taxonomic rank directly below Subgenus. Quercus (synonyms Lepidobalanus and Leucobalanus), the white oaks of Europe, Asia and North America. This is an incomplete list of Quercus Species. The Genus contains about 400 species Styles short; acorns mature in 6 months, sweet or slightly bitter, inside of acorn shell hairless. Leaves mostly lack a bristle on lobe tips, which are usually rounded.
• Sect. Mesobalanus, the Hungarian oak and its relatives of Europe and Asia. This is an incomplete list of Quercus Species. The Genus contains about 400 species Styles long; acorns mature in 6 months, bitter, inside of hairless acorn shell (closely related to sect. Quercus and sometimes included in it).
• Sect. Cerris, the Turkey oak and its relatives of Europe and Asia. This is an incomplete list of Quercus Species. The Genus contains about 400 species Styles long; acorns mature in 18 months, very bitter, inside of acorn shell hairless. Leaves typically have sharp lobe tips, with bristles at the lobe tip.
• Sect. Protobalanus, the Canyon live oak and its relatives, in southwest United States and northwest Mexico. This is an incomplete list of Quercus Species. The Genus contains about 400 species The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Styles short, acorns mature in 18 months, very bitter, inside of acorn shell woolly. Leaves typically have sharp lobe tips, with bristles at the lobe tip.
• Sect. Lobatae (synonym Erythrobalanus), the red oaks of North America, Central America and northern South America. This is an incomplete list of Quercus Species. The Genus contains about 400 species South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Styles long, acorns mature in 18 months, very bitter, inside of acorn shell woolly. Leaves typically have sharp lobe tips, with spiny bristles at the lobe.

Subgenus Cyclobalanopsis:

• The ring-cupped oaks of eastern and southeastern Asia. This is an incomplete list of Quercus Species. The Genus contains about 400 species Evergreen trees growing 10-40 m tall. They are distinct from subgenus Quercus in that they have acorns with distinctive cups bearing concrescent rings of scales; they commonly also have densely clustered acorns, though this does not apply to all of the species. The Flora of China treats Cyclobalanopsis as a distinct genus, but most taxonomists consider it a subgenus of Quercus. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic In Biology, a subgenus is a Taxonomic rank directly below Genus. It contains about 150 species.

List of Quercus species

Hybridization

Interspecific hybridization is quite common among oaks, but usually only between species within the same section and especially in the white oak group (subgenus Quercus, section Quercus; see List of Quercus species); no verified inter-section hybrids are known, except between species of sections Quercus and Mesobalanus, where several occur. This is an incomplete list of Quercus Species. The Genus contains about 400 species Quercus stellata ( Post oak) is an Oak in the white oak group The Chinkapin Oak ( Quercus muhlenbergii) is an Oak in the white oak group ( Quercus sect In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. This is an incomplete list of Quercus Species. The Genus contains about 400 species Hybridization is considered fairly common, if not widespread, in the plant world (certainly much more so than in animal taxa)^[1]. Yet not all plant groups exhibit hybridization. Botanists have often described white oaks as having weak internal barriers to hybridization, that is to say, because they are wind pollinated, oaks often do not discriminate against being pollinated by another species in the same section (Quercus), thus resulting in fertile hybrid offspring^[2]. See also Pollination syndrome Anemophily or wind pollination is a form of Pollination whereby Pollen is distributed by Wind Ecological stresses, especially near habitat margins, can also cause a breakdown of mate recognition as well as a reduction of male function (pollen quantity and quality) in one parent species^[3][4]. Recent systematic studies appear to confirm the high tendency of Quercus species to hybridize as a result of a combination of the aforementioned factors.

Frequent hybridization has brought about a number of consequences to oak populations around the world. Most notably, hybridization has led to the creation of large populations of hybrids, copious amounts of introgression, and even the evolution of new species^[5]. Introgression, in Genetics (particularly plant genetics is the movement of a Gene ( Gene flow) from one species into the gene pool of another by backcrossing eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Frequent hybridization and high levels of introgression have caused different species in the same populations to share up to 50% of their genetic information^[6]. As a result of such high rates of hybridization and introgression, genetic data often does not differentiate between two clearly morphologically distinct species, but rather by different populations^[7]. In spite of numerous hypotheses, the way in which oak species are able to remain morphologically and ecologically distinct with such high levels of gene flow remains largely a mystery to botanists.

The consequences of frequent hybridization can also be seen on a higher level. The Fagaceae, the oak family, is known to be a very slowly evolving clade compared other angiosperms^[8][9]. The family Fagaceae, or beech family, comprises about 900 species of both Evergreen and Deciduous trees and shrubs which are characterized by alternate A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group More than anything, however, hybridization patterns in Quercus pose a great challenge to the concept of a species. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of “actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups”^[10]. By this definition, many species of Quercus would be lumped together according to their geographic and ecological habitat, despite clear distinctions in morphology and, to a large extent, genetic data. Thus, although it may be difficult to place a definition on a species within a genus like Quercus, it is trivial and uninformative to apply the biological species concept to all forms of life. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank.

Uses

Oak wood has a density of about 0. 75 g/cm³, great strength and hardness, and is very resistant to insect and fungal attack because of its high tannin content. Tannins are Astringent, bitter plant Polyphenols that either bind and Precipitate or shrink Proteins The astringency from the tannins is what It also has very attractive grain markings, particularly when quarter-sawn. Wide, quarter-sawn boards of oak have been prized since the Middle Ages for use in interior paneling of prestigious buildings such as the debating chamber of the British House of Commons in London, England, and in the construction of fine furniture. Quarter Sawn Lumber is produced by first quartering the log lengthwise and then sawing each quarter lengthwise with parallel cuts roughly perpendicular to the Growth The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Oak wood, from Quercus robur and Quercus petraea, was used in Europe for the construction of ships until the 19th century, and was the principal timber used in the construction of European timber-framed buildings. Quercus robur (sometimes considered Q pedunculata) is commonly known as the pedunculate oak or English oak. The Sessile Oak ( Quercus petraea, or Quercus sessiliflora) also known as Durmast Oak, is a species of Oak native to most of Europe Timber framing (Fachwerk or Half-timbering, is the method of creating framed structures of heavy timber jointed together with pegged Mortise and tenon joints Today oakwood is still commonly used for furniture making and flooring, timber frame buildings, and for veneer production. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Furniture is the Mass noun for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds, provide storage or hold objects on horizontal Barrels in which red wines, sherry, brandy and spirits such as Scotch whisky and Bourbon whiskey are aged are made from European and American oak. A barrel or cask is a hollow cylindrical container traditionally made of Wood Staves and bound with Iron Hoops The Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Sherry is a Fortified wine, made in and around the town of Jerez, Spain. Brandy (from brandywine, derived from Dutch brandewijn — “burnt wine” is a spirit produced by distilling Wine Scotch whisky is Whisky made in Scotland. In Britain the term whisky is usually taken to mean Scotch unless otherwise specified Bourbon is an American Whiskey, a type of distilled spirit, made primarily from Corn and named for Bourbon County Kentucky. An aging barrel is a barrel used to age Wine or distilled spirits such as Whiskey, Brandy, or Rum. The use of oak in wine can add many different dimensions to wine based on the type and style of the oak. The use of Oak in Wine plays a significant role in Winemaking and can have a profound effect on the resulting wine impacting the color flavor Oak barrels, which may be charred before use, contribute to the color, taste, and aroma, of the contents, imparting a desirable oaky vanillin flavour to these drinks. Vanillin, methyl vanillin, or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, is an Organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3 The great dilemma for wine producers is to choose between French and American oakwoods. French oaks (Quercus robur, Q. petraea) give the wine greater refinement and are chosen for best wines since they increase the price compared to those aged in American oak wood. ^[11] American oak contributes greater texture and resistance to ageing, but produces more violent wine bouquets. ^[11] Oak wood chips are used for smoking fish, meat, cheeses^{[12] [13]} and other foods. Smoking is the process of flavoring, Cooking, or preserving Food by exposing it to the Smoke from burning or smoldering plant materials Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation.

The bark of Quercus suber, or Cork oak, is used to produce wine stoppers (corks). Sherry is a Fortified wine, made in and around the town of Jerez, Spain. The Cork Oak ( Quercus suber) is a medium-sized Evergreen Oak tree in the section ''Quercus'' sect Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice A stopper is a truncated conical piece of Rubber, cork, Glass, or Plastic used to close off a Glass tube piece of Laboratory This species grows in the Mediterranean Sea region, with Portugal, Spain, Algeria and Morocco producing most of the world's supply. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Of the North American oaks, the Northern red oak Quercus rubra is the most prized of the red oak group for lumber, all of which is marketed as red oak regardless of the species of origin. The Northern Red Oak or Champion Oak, Quercus rubra ( syn Quercus borealis) is an Oak in the red oak group ( The standard for the lumber of the white oak group, all of which is marketed as white oak, is the White Oak Quercus alba. The tree species Quercus alba, also called "white oak" is one of the pre-eminent hardwoods of eastern North America White Oak is often used to make wine barrels. The wood of the deciduous Pedunculate Oak Quercus robur and Sessile Oak Quercus petraea account for most of the European oak production, but evergreen species, such as Holm oak Quercus ilex, and Cork oak Quercus suber also produce valuable timber. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including Quercus robur (sometimes considered Q pedunculata) is commonly known as the pedunculate oak or English oak. The Sessile Oak ( Quercus petraea, or Quercus sessiliflora) also known as Durmast Oak, is a species of Oak native to most of Europe This article is about the treeThis is Georgia's state tree For places named Live Oak see Live Oak. The Holm Oak ( Quercus ilex) also called Holly Oak or Evergreen Oak is a large Evergreen Oak native to the Mediterranean region. The Cork Oak ( Quercus suber) is a medium-sized Evergreen Oak tree in the section ''Quercus'' sect

The bark of the White Oak is dried and used in medical preparations. Bark, also known as periderm is the outermost layer of stems and Roots of Woody plants such as Trees It overlays the Wood and consists Oak bark is also rich in tannin, and is used by tanners for tanning leather. Tannins are Astringent, bitter plant Polyphenols that either bind and Precipitate or shrink Proteins The astringency from the tannins is what Tanning is the process of converting Putrescible skin into non-putrescible Leather, usually with Tannin, an Acidic Chemical compound Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process Acorns are used for making flour or roasted for acorn coffee. Oak galls were used for centuries as the main ingredient in manuscript ink, harvested at a specific time of year.

Japanese oak is used in the making of professional drums from manufacturer Yamaha Drums. Yamaha Drums is a subsidiary of the Yamaha Corporation. Yamaha has been building drums since 1967 and builds their drums by hand in Japan. The rough, hard surface of oak gives the drum a brighter and louder tone compared to traditional drum materials such as maple and birch. Acer ( maple) is a Genus of Trees or Shrubs They are variously classified in a family of their own the Aceraceae, or Birch is the name of any Tree of the genus Betula ( Bé-tu-la) in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the

The Irish Shillelagh is made with oak or blackthorn. A shillelagh ( Irish: sail éille, a cudgel with a strap commonly ʃɪˈleɪli "shi-LAY-lee" or "shi-LAY-la" ɕaˈleːlə is a wooden club

Diseases and pests

Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum) is a water mould that can kill oaks within just a few weeks. Sudden Oak Death is the common name of a disease caused by the Oomycete Plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Oomycetes also known as Water molds (or water moulds: see spelling differences) are a group of filamentous unicellular Heterokonts physically Oak Wilt, caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum (a fungus closely related to Dutch Elm Disease), is also a lethal disease of some oaks, particularly the red oaks (the white oaks can be infected but generally live longer). Oak wilt is a Fungal Disease which can quickly kill an Oak tree Dutch elm disease (DED is a fungal disease of Elm trees which is spread by the Elm bark beetle. Other dangers include wood-boring beetles, as well as root rot in older trees which may not be apparent on the outside, often only being discovered when the trees come down in a strong gale. Beetles are the group of Insects with the largest number of known Species. The Aviation term ROT stands for rate one turn, also known as a standard rate turn. A gale is a very strong Wind. There are conflicting definitions of how strong Oak apples are galls on oaks made by the gall wasp. An oak apple is a mutation of an Oak leaf caused by chemicals injected by the Larvae of certain kinds of Gall wasp. Galls or plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of Plant tissues and can be caused by various Parasites from Fungi and bacteria, to Insects Gall wasps (Cynipidae also called Gallflies are a family of the order Hymenoptera and are classified with the Apocrita suborder of wasps in the superfamily The female kermes scale causes galls to grow on kermes oak. Kermes is a genus of Scale insects in the order Hemiptera. They feed on the leaves of evergreen Oaks the females produce a Dye, also The scale insects are small Insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the Superfamily Coccoidea. The Kermes Oak ( Quercus coccifera) is an Oak in the Turkey oak section ''Quercus'' sect Oaks are used as food plants by the larvae of Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species. A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a A moth is an Insect closely related to the Butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera.

• See also list of Lepidoptera that feed on oaks

Also another pest is the Gypsy moth. Oaks ( Quercus spp are used as food plants by the Larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species Monophagous The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, is a moth in the family Lymantriidae of Eurasian origin The Gypsy Moth is dominant in North America and there are many concerns of the loss of economically critical and ecologically dominant Oak species. The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, is a moth in the family Lymantriidae of Eurasian origin

Toxicity

The leaves and acorns of the Oak tree are poisonous to horses in large amounts, due to the toxin tannic acid, and causes kidney damage and gastroenteritis. Tannic acid, a commercial form of Tannin, is a Polyphenol. Its weak acidity ( pKa around 10 is due to these Phenol groups in Gastroenteritis (also known as gastro, gastric flu, and stomach flu, although unrelated to Influenza) is Inflammation of the Additionally, once horses have a taste for the leaves and acorns, they may seek them out. Therefore, horse owners are encouraged to fence out Oak trees from their pasture, especially if forage is scarce. Symptoms of poisoning include lack of appetite, depression, constipation, diarrhea (which may contain blood), blood in urine, and colic. Colic in Horses is defined as Abdominal pain, but it is a clinical sign rather than a diagnosis

Cultural significance

The oak is a common symbol of strength and endurance and has been chosen as the national tree of England, Estonia, France, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, the United States, Basque Country, Wales and Serbia. The musical instrument is spelled Cymbal. A symbol is something --- such as an object, Picture, written word a sound a piece Virtue ( Latin virtus; Greek) is moral Excellence. Personal virtues are characteristics valued as promoting individual Endurance (also called sufferance) is the ability for humans to exert themselves through aerobic or Anaerobic exercise for relatively long periods of time This article is about symbols of nations Many countries it can be used for is Chantal Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Basque Country ( Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community in northern Spain. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country

In Celtic mythology it is the tree of doors, believed to be a gateway between worlds, or a place where portals could be erected. Coat of Arms of Estonia. The current Coat of arms of Estonia is a golden shield which includes three slim blue leopards (or lions Celtic mythology is the Mythology of Celtic polytheism, apparently the Religion of the Iron Age Celts Like other Iron Age

Thor's Oak was a sacred tree of the Germanic Chatti tribe. Thor's Oak was an ancient tree sacred to the Germanic tribe of the Chatti, ancestors of the Hessians and one of the most important sacred sites of the Pagan The Chatti (also Chatthi or Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe whose homeland was near the upper Weser. Its destruction marked the Christianisation of the heathen tribes by the Franks. The historical phenomenon of Christianization (or Christianisation &mdash see spelling differences) the conversion of individuals to Christianity The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group

In Classical mythology the oak was a symbol of Zeus and his sacred tree. Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology An example is the oracle of Dodona, which in prehistory consisted solely of a holy oak. Dodona (from Doric Greek Δωδώνα Ionic Greek: Δωδώνη - Dodone) in Epirus in northwestern Greece, was a prehistoric

In the Bible, the oak tree at Shechem is the site where Jacob buries the foreign gods of his people (Gen. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Shechem ( Sichem, Shkhem or Shachmu, Hebrew: שְׁכֶם‎ / שְׁכָם, Standard 35:4) . In addition, Joshua erects a stone under an oak tree as the first covenant of the Lord (Josh. 24. 25-7). See other examples from the Bible.

The Oak tree is traditionally sacred to Serbs and is widely used throughout Serbia on national and regional symbols both old and new. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country

Several individual oak trees, such as the Royal Oak in Britain and the Charter Oak in the United States, are of great historical or cultural importance; for a list of important oaks, see Individual oak trees. The Royal Oak is the name given to the Oak tree within which King Charles II of England hid to escape the Roundheads following the The Charter Oak was an unusually large White oak Tree growing from around the 12th or 13th century until 1856 on what the English colonists named Wyllys Hill

Iowa has designated the oak as its official state tree in 1961, and the White Oak is the state tree of Connecticut, Illinois and Maryland. The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. This List of US state trees includes official trees of the following states and U Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union.

The Northern Red Oak is the provincial tree of Prince Edward Island, as well as the state tree of New Jersey. The Northern Red Oak or Champion Oak, Quercus rubra ( syn Quercus borealis) is an Oak in the red oak group ( Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States.

"Ambrosian Oaks" set to the Finlandia Hymn is the school song of St. Ambrose University in Davenport, Iowa. The Finlandia Hymn (in Finnish Finlandia-hymni) refers to a serene Hymn -like section of the patriotic Symphonic poem St Ambrose University is a private coeducational Liberal arts University affiliated with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Davenport. Davenport is a City along the Mississippi River in the American state of Iowa.

The oak is the emblem of County Londonderry in Northern Ireland, as a vast amount of the county was covered in forests of the tree until relatively recently. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The name of the county comes from the city of Derry, which originally in Irish was known as Doire meaning oak. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish.

Switzerland's 10 Rappen, and 1/2, 1, 2, and 5 Franc coins, and Germany's 1, 2, 5, 10, and 50 Pfenning, 1 Mark, and 1, 2, and 5 Euro Cent coins have Oak leaves on them. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

There is a proverb, "Mighty oaks from little acorns grow. A proverb (from the Latin proverbium) also called a byword or nayword, is a simple and concrete Saying popularly known and repeated The acorn is the nut of the Oak tree (genera Quercus, Lithocarpus and Cyclobalanopsis, in the " Another is: "Every majestic oak tree was once a nut who stood his ground. "

Many woods are connected to certain birth months, according to the Irish, and oak is the wood of June/July. However, in some variations, rosewood has been known to be June's wood.

Raleigh, North Carolina has been nicknamed the "City of Oaks. Raleigh (pronounced rah-lee) is the Capital of the State of North Carolina and the county seat of Wake County, USA North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States "

The Romania national rugby union team is nicknamed The Oaks. The Romania national rugby union team, nicknamed The Oaks ( Stejarii) have long been one of the stronger European teams outside of the Six Nations

Oak leaves symbolize rank in the United States Armed Forces. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States A gold oak leaf indicates an O-4 (Major or Lt. Commander), whereas a silver oak leaf indicates an O-5 (Lt. Colonel or Commander). Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies Commander is a Military rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service Arrangements of oak leaves, acorns and sprigs indicate different branches of the United States Navy Staff corps officers. In the United States Navy, Commissioned officers are either line officers or Staff Corps officers

Oak leaves were added to the Iron Cross for added status. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross ( German language: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes, often simply Ritterkreuz) was a grade of the Iron Cross

The oak tree is one of the symbols of the Alpha Phi Omega national service fraternity. Alpha Phi Omega (commonly known as APO but also ΑΦΩ A-Phi-O and A-Phi-Q is the largest collegiate fraternity in the United States, with chapters at over 350 campuses an

Historical note on Linnaean species

Linnaeus described only five species of oak from eastern North America, based on general leaf form. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for These were White oak, Q. The tree species Quercus alba, also called "white oak" is one of the pre-eminent hardwoods of eastern North America alba, Chestnut oak, Q. The Chestnut oak ( Quercus prinus; synonyms Quercus montana Willd Montana, Red oak, Q. This is an incomplete list of Quercus Species. The Genus contains about 400 species rubra, Willow oak, Q. Quercus phellos ( Willow oak) is a Deciduous Tree in the red oak group of Oaks It is native to eastern phellos, and Water oak, Q. The Water Oak ( Quercus nigra) is an Oak in the red oak group ( Quercus sect nigra. Because he was dealing with confusing leaf forms, the Q. prinus and Q. rubra specimens actually included mixed foliage of more than one species. For that reason, some taxonomists in the past proposed different names for these two species (Q. Montana and Q. borealis, respectively), but the original Linnaean names have now been lectotypified with only the specimens in Linnaeus' herbarium that refer to the species the names are applied to now.

References

• Byfield, Liz (1990) An oak tree, Collins book bus, London : Collins Educational, ISBN 0-00-313526-8
• Logan, William B. (2005) Oak : the frame of civilization, New York ; London : W. W. Norton, ISBN 0-393-04773-3
• Paterson, R. T. (1993) Use of trees by livestock, 5: Quercus, Chatham : Natural Resources Institute, ISBN 0-85954-365-X
• Royston, Angela (2000) Life cycle of an oak tree, Heinemann first library, Oxford : Heinemann Library, ISBN 0-431-08391-6
• Savage, Stephen (1994) Oak tree, Observing nature series, Hove : Wayland, ISBN 0-7502-1196-2
• Tansley, Arthur G. , Sir (1952) Oaks and oak woods, Field study books, London : Methuen, 50 p.

Gallery

A Pedunculate oak in Denmark	An oak tree at night	Bark of Quercus robur	Southern live oak with spanish moss
Quercus mongolica Mongolian Oak in Minnesota Landscape Arboretum	The oldest oak of the Benelux in Liernu (Belgium). Quercus robur (sometimes considered Q pedunculata) is commonly known as the pedunculate oak or English oak. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Quercus robur (sometimes considered Q pedunculata) is commonly known as the pedunculate oak or English oak. Quercus virginiana, also known as the Southern Live Oak, is an evergreen or nearly evergreen Oak Tree native to the southeastern Spanish moss ( Tillandsia usneoides) closely resembles its namesake ( Usnea, or beard lichen The Minnesota Landscape Arboretum is a horticultural garden and Arboretum located about west of Chanhassen Minnesota at 3675 Arboretum Drive The Benelux is an economic union in Western Europe that includes three neighboring monarchies, '''Be'''lgium, the '''Ne'''therlands, and Liernu is a subdivision of the Walloon Eghezee Municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those	The Duke Prosper Oak in Enghien (Belgium). For the suburb of Paris, France, see Enghien-les-Bains. For the title of nobility see Duke of Enghien. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those	Quercus petraea Sessile Oak in Sivry-Rance (Belgium). Sivry-Rance is a Walloon Municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those
Form of Kindred Spirit Hybrid Oak. Kindred Spirit Hybrid Oak is an Oak hybrid of ''Quercus robur fastigiata'' x ''Quercus bicolor'' thus forming a Quercus x warei

See also

• List of plants poisonous to equines

External links

• Flora of North America: Quercus
• Flora of China: Quercus
• Flora of China - Cyclobalanopsis
• Flora Europaea: Quercus
• Oak Trees of the Lowcountry (South Carolina) -- Beaufort County Library
• Oaks from Bialowieza Forest(English)

This is a list of Plants which are Poisonous to Equines. Some may cause mild reactions such as Diarrhea, others can lead to serious problems including

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