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OSI Model
7 Application layer
6 Presentation layer
5 Session layer
4 Transport layer
3 Network layer
2 Data link layer
1 Physical layer


The Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI Model for short) is a layered, abstract description for communications and computer network protocol design. The Application Layer is the seventh level of the seven-layer OSI model, and the top layer of the TCP/IP model The Presentation Layer is the sixth level of the seven layer OSI model. In Computer networking, the Transport Layer is a group of methods and protocols within a layered architecture of network components within which it is responsible for encapsulating The Network Layer is Layer 3 (of seven in the OSI model of networking The Data Link Layer is Layer 2 of the seven-layer OSI model. It responds to service requests from the Network Layer and issues service requests to the According to the IEEE 802 family of standards Logical Link Control ( LLC) is the upper sublayer of the OSI Data Link Layer. The Media Access Control (MAC Data communication protocol sub-layer also known as the Medium Access Control is a sublayer of the Data Link Layer specified in the The Physical Layer is the first level in the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. In computing, a protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the connection Communication, and Data transfer between two computing It was developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) initiative and is sometimes known as the OSI seven layer model. The Open Systems Interconnection (usually abbreviated to OSI) was an effort to standardize networking that was started in 1982 by the International From top to bottom, the OSI Model consists of the Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical layers. A layer is a collection of related functions that provides services to the layer above it and receives service from the layer below it. For example, a layer that provides error-free communications across a network provides the path needed by applications above it, while it calls the next lower layer to send and receive packets that make up the contents of the path.

Even though newer IETF, IEEE, and indeed OSI protocol work subsequent to the publication of the original architectural standards have largely superseded it, the OSI model is considered an excellent place to begin the study of network architecture. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international Non-profit, professional organization Not understanding that the pure seven-layer model is more historic than current, many beginners make the mistake of trying to fit every protocol they study into one of the seven basic layers. This is not always easy to do as many of the protocols in use on the Internet today were designed as part of the TCP/IP model, and may not fit cleanly into the OSI model. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks The TCP/IP model is a specification for computer network protocols created in the 1970s by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense.

Contents

History

In 1977, work on a layered model of network architecture, which was to become the OSI model, started in the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) working group on Distributed Systems (DISY). [1] With the DISY work and worldwide input, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) began to develop its OSI networking suite. The International Organization for Standardization(ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies from some 130 countries, one from each country. [2] According to Bachman, the term "OSI" came into use on 12 October 1979. [1] OSI has two major components: an abstract model of networking (the Basic Reference Model, or seven-layer model) and a set of concrete protocols. The standard documents that describe OSI can be downloaded from ISO or ITU-T.

Parts of OSI have influenced Internet protocol development, but none more than the concrete operational system model itself, documented in ISO 7498 and its various agenda. In this model, a networking system is divided into layers. Within each layer, one or more entities implement its functionality. Each entity interacts directly only with the layer immediately beneath it, and provides facilities for use by the layer above it.

In particular, Internet protocols are deliberately not as rigorously designed as the OSI model, but a common version of the TCP/IP model splits it into four layers. The TCP/IP model is a specification for computer network protocols created in the 1970s by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense. The Internet Application Layer includes the OSI Application Layer, Presentation Layer, and most of the Session Layer. Its End-to-End Layer includes the graceful close function of the OSI Session Layer as well as the Transport Layer. Its Internetwork Layer is equivalent to the OSI Network Layer, while its Interface layer includes the OSI Data Link and Physical Layers. These comparisons are based on the original seven-layer protocol model as defined in ISO 7498, rather than refinements in such things as the Internal Organization of the Network Layer document.

Protocols enable an entity in one host to interact with a corresponding entity at the same layer in a remote host. Service definitions abstractly describe the functionality provided to an (N)-layer by an (N-1) layer, where N is one of the seven layers inside the local host.

Description of OSI layers

Remembering The OSI Layers

Various mnemonics have been created over the years to help remember the order, such as:

OSI Model
Data unit Layer Function
Host
layers		 Data 7. A mnemonic device (nəˈmɒnɪk is a Memory aid Commonly met mnemonics are often verbal something such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember Application Network process to application
6. The Application Layer is the seventh level of the seven-layer OSI model, and the top layer of the TCP/IP model Presentation Data representation and encryption
5. The Presentation Layer is the sixth level of the seven layer OSI model. Session Interhost communication
Segment 4. Transport End-to-end connections and reliability (TCP)
Media
layers		 Packet/Datagram 3. In Computer networking, the Transport Layer is a group of methods and protocols within a layered architecture of network components within which it is responsible for encapsulating Network Path determination and logical addressing (IP)
Frame 2. The Network Layer is Layer 3 (of seven in the OSI model of networking In Data Networks In computer networks a logical address refers to a Network layer address such as an IP 192 Data link Physical addressing (MAC & LLC)
Bit 1. The Data Link Layer is Layer 2 of the seven-layer OSI model. It responds to service requests from the Network Layer and issues service requests to the Physical Media, signal and binary transmission

Layer 7: Application layer

Main article: Application layer

This application layer interface directly performs application services for the application processes; it also issues requests to the presentation layer. The Physical Layer is the first level in the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. The Application Layer is the seventh level of the seven-layer OSI model, and the top layer of the TCP/IP model The Application Layer is the seventh level of the seven-layer OSI model, and the top layer of the TCP/IP model Note carefully that this layer provides services to user-defined application processes, and not to the end user. For example, it defines a file transfer protocol, but the end user must go through an application process to invoke file transfer. The OSI model does not include human interfaces. The common application services sublayer provides functional elements including the Remote Operations Service Element (comparable to Internet Remote Procedure Call), Association Control, and Transaction Processing (according to the ACID requirements). In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are

Above the common application service sublayer are functions meaningful to user application programs, such as messaging (X. 400), directory (X. 500), file transfer (FTAM), virtual terminal (VTAM), and batch job manipulation (JTAM). These contrast with user applications that use the services of the application layer, but are not part of the application layer itself.

  1. File Transfer applications using FTAM (OSI protocol) or FTP (TCP/IP Protocol)
  2. Mail Transfer clients using X.400 (OSI protocol) or SMTP/POP3/IMAP (TCP/IP protocols)
  3. Web browsers using HTTP (TCP/IP protocol); no true OSI protocol for web applications

Layer 6: Presentation layer

Main article: Presentation layer

The presentation layer establishes a context between application layer entities, in which the higher-layer entities can use different syntax and semantics, as long as the Presentation Service understands both and the mapping between them. FTAM, ISO standard 8571 is an OSI Application layer protocol for File Transfer Access and Management. X400 is a suite of ITU-T Recommendations that define standards for Data Communication Networks for Message Handling Systems (MHS — more commonly known as " E-mail Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP) is a De facto standard for electronic mail (e-mail transmissions across the Internet. In Computing, local E-mail clients use the Post Office Protocol version 3 ( POP3) an application-layer Internet standard protocol The Internet Message Access Protocol or IMAP is one of the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for E-mail retrieval the other being POP3 Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP) is a Communications protocol for the transfer of information on the Internet. The Presentation Layer is the sixth level of the seven layer OSI model. The Presentation Layer is the sixth level of the seven layer OSI model. The presentation service data units are then encapsulated into Session Protocol Data Units, and moved down the stack.

The original presentation structure used the Basic Encoding Rules of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN. In Telecommunications and Computer networking, Abstract Syntax Notation One ( ASN 1), with capabilities such as converting an EBCDIC-coded text file to an ASCII-coded file, or serializing objects and other data structures into and out of XML. Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ( EBCDIC) is an 8- Bit Character encoding ( Code page) used on IBM mainframe Operating A computer file is a block of Arbitrary Information, or resource for storing information which is available to a Computer program and is usually American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII) In Computer science, in the context of data storage and transmission serialization is the process of saving an object onto a storage medium (such as a In its simplest embodiment an object is an allocated region of storage A data structure in Computer science is a way of storing Data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently Don't change "Extensible" ASN. 1 has a set of cryptographic encoding rules that allows end-to-end encryption between application entities.

Layer 5: Session layer

Main article: Session layer

The session layer controls the dialogues/connections (sessions) between computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application. It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex operation, and establishes checkpointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures. A duplex Communication system is a system composed of two connected parties or devices which can communicate with one another in both directions A duplex Communication system is a system composed of two connected parties or devices which can communicate with one another in both directions Simplex communication is a name for a type of communication circuit The OSI model made this layer responsible for "graceful close" of sessions, which is a property of TCP, and also for session checkpointing and recovery, which is not usually used in the Internet protocols suite. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. Session layers are commonly used in application environments that make use of remote procedure calls (RPCs).

iSCSI, which implements the Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) encapsulated into TCP/IP packets, is a session layer protocol increasingly used in Storage Area Networks and internally between processors and high-performance storage devices. In computing the iSCSI (for " Internet SCSI " protocol allows clients (called initiators) to send SCSI commands ( ''CDBs'' In Information technology, a storage area network ( SAN) is an architecture to attach remote computer storage devices (such as Disk arrays tape libraries iSCSI uses TCP for guaranteed delivery, and carries SCSI command descriptor blocks (CDB) as payload to create a virtual SCSI bus between iSCSI initiators and iSCSI targets.

Layer 4: Transport layer

Main article: Transport layer

The transport layer provides transparent transfer of data between end users, providing reliable data transfer services to the upper layers. In Computer networking, the Transport Layer is a group of methods and protocols within a layered architecture of network components within which it is responsible for encapsulating In Computer networking, the Transport Layer is a group of methods and protocols within a layered architecture of network components within which it is responsible for encapsulating Debt AIDS Trade in Africa (or DATA) is a Multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 's The transport layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow control, segmentation/desegmentation, and error control. Some protocols are state and connection oriented. This means that the transport layer can keep track of the segments and retransmit those that fail.

Although it was not developed under the OSI Reference Model and does not strictly conform to the OSI definition of the Transport layer, the best known examples of a layer 4 protocol are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. User Datagram Protocol ( UDP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite.

Of the actual OSI protocols, there are five classes of transport protocols ranging from class 0 (which is also known as TP0 and provides the least error recovery) to class 4 (which is also known as TP4 and is designed for less reliable networks, similar to the Internet). Class 0 is closest to UDP. Class 4 is closest to TCP, although TCP contains functions, such as the graceful close, which OSI assigns to the Session Layer. Detailed characteristics of TP0-4 classes are shown in the following table [3] [4]

Feature Name TP0 TP1 TP2 TP3 TP4
Connection oriented - - - Yes Yes
Connectionless - - - No Yes
Segmentation/Fragmentation Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Reassembly Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Error Recovery No Yes No No Yes
Reinitiate connection (if an excessive number of PDUs are unacknowledged) No Yes No Yes Yes
multiplexing and demultiplexing over a single virtual circuit No No Yes Yes Yes
Reliable Transport Service No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Perhaps an easy way to visualize the transport layer is to compare it with a Post Office, which deals with the dispatch and classification of mail and parcels sent. In Telecommunications and Computer networks, a virtual circuit ( VC) synonymous to virtual connection and Virtual channel, is a Do remember, however, that a post office manages the outer envelope of mail. Higher layers may have the equivalent of double envelopes, such as cryptographic presentation services that can be read by the addressee only. Roughly speaking, tunneling protocols operate at the transport layer, such as carrying non-IP protocols such as IBM's SNA or Novell's IPX over an IP network, or end-to-end encryption with IPsec. International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology Systems Network Architecture ( SNA) is IBM 's proprietary networking architecture created in 1974 Novell Inc ( is a global Software Corporation based in the United States specializing in enterprise operating systems such as SUSE Internetwork Packet Exchange ( IPX) is the OSI-model Network layer protocol in the IPX/SPX Protocol stack. Internet Protocol Security ( IPsec) is a suite of protocols for securing Internet Protocol (IP communications by authenticating and/or encrypting While Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) might seem to be a network layer protocol, if the encapsulation of the payload takes place only at endpoint, GRE becomes closer to a transport protocol that uses IP headers but contains complete frames or packets to deliver to an endpoint. Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE is a Tunneling protocol designed to encapsulate a wide variety of Network layer packets inside IP tunneling L2TP carries PPP frames inside transport packet. In Computer networking the Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP) is a Tunneling protocol used to support Virtual private networks (VPNs In networking, the Point-to-Point Protocol, or PPP, is a data link protocol commonly used to establish a direct connection between two nodes

Layer 3: Network layer

Main article: Network layer

The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences from a source to a destination via one or more networks, while maintaining the quality of service requested by the Transport layer. The Network Layer is Layer 3 (of seven in the OSI model of networking The Network Layer is Layer 3 (of seven in the OSI model of networking Debt AIDS Trade in Africa (or DATA) is a Multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 's The Network layer performs network routing functions, and might also perform fragmentation and reassembly, and report delivery errors. Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send network traffic Routers operate at this layer—sending data throughout the extended network and making the Internet possible. A router ('rautər in the USA 'rutər in the UK and Ireland, or either pronunciation in Australia and Canada is a Computer whose software and hardware are usually This is a logical addressing scheme – values are chosen by the network engineer. The addressing scheme is hierarchical.

The best-known example of a layer 3 protocol is the Internet Protocol (IP). The Internet Protocol ( IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across a Packet-switched Internetwork using the Internet Protocol It manages the connectionless transfer of data one hop at a time, from end system to ingress router, to router to router, and from egress router to destination end system. In Telecommunications connectionless describes communication between two network end points in which a message can be sent from one end point to another without prior arrangement It is not responsible for reliable delivery to a next hop, but only for the detection of errored packets so they may be discarded. When the medium of the next hop cannot accept a packet in its current length, IP is responsible for fragmenting into sufficiently small packets that the medium can accept it.

A number of layer management protocols, a function defined in the Management Annex, ISO 7498/4, belong to the network layer. These include routing protocols, multicast group management, network layer information and error, and network layer address assignment. It is the function of the payload that makes these belong to the network layer, not the protocol that carries them.

Layer 2: Data Link layer

Main article: Data link layer

The data link layer provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical layer. The Data Link Layer is Layer 2 of the seven-layer OSI model. It responds to service requests from the Network Layer and issues service requests to the The Data Link Layer is Layer 2 of the seven-layer OSI model. It responds to service requests from the Network Layer and issues service requests to the Originally, this layer was intended for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint media, characteristic of wide area media in the telephone system. Local area network architecture, which included broadcast-capable multiaccess media, was developed independently of the ISO work, in IEEE Project 802. IEEE 802 refers to a family of IEEE standards dealing with Local area networks and Metropolitan area networks More specifically the IEEE 802 standards are IEEE work assumed sublayering and management functions not required for WAN use. In modern practice, only error detection, not flow control using sliding window, is present in modern data link protocols such as Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), and, on local area networks, the IEEE 802. In networking, the Point-to-Point Protocol, or PPP, is a data link protocol commonly used to establish a direct connection between two nodes 2 LLC layer is not used for most protocols on Ethernet, and, on other local area networks, its flow control and acknowledgment mechanisms are rarely used. Sliding window flow control and acknowledgment is used at the transport layers by protocols such as TCP, but is still used in niches where X.25 offers performance advantages. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. X25 is an ITU-T standard Network layer protocol for packet switched Wide area network (WAN communication

Both WAN and LAN services arrange bits, from the physical layer, into logical sequences called frames. Not all physical layer bits necessarily go into frames, as some of these bits are purely intended for physical layer functions. For example, every fifth bit of the FDDI bit stream is not used by the data link layer. Fiber distributed data interface ( FDDI) provides a standard for Data transmission in a Local area network

WAN Protocol Architecture

Connection-oriented WAN data link protocols, in addition to framing, detect and may correct errors. In Telecommunications connection-oriented describes a means of transmitting data in which the devices at the end points use a preliminary protocol to establish an End-to-end They also are capable of controlling the rate of transmission. A WAN data link layer might implement a sliding window flow control and acknowledgment mechanism to provide reliable delivery of frames; that is the case for SDLC and HDLC, and derivatives of HDLC such as LAPB and LAPD. Sliding Window Protocol is a bi-directional Data transmission Protocol in the Data link layer ( OSI model) Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC is a Computer Communications protocol. High-Level Data Link Control ( HDLC) is a bit-oriented Synchronous Data link layer protocol developed by the International Organization LAPB ( Link Access Procedure Balanced) is a Data link layer protocol in the X Link Access Procedures on the D channel (LAPD, specified in ITU-T Q

IEEE 802 LAN Architecture

Practical, connectionless LANs began with the pre-IEEE Ethernet specification, which is the ancestor of IEEE 802.3. In a packet-switched network connectionless mode transmission is a transmission in which each packet is prepended with a header containing a destination Ethernet is a family of frame -based Computer networking technologies for Local area networks (LANs IEEE 8023 is a collection of IEEE standards defining the Physical layer, and the media access control (MAC sublayer of the Data link layer, This layer manages the interaction of devices with a shared medium, which is the function of a Media Access Control sublayer. The Media Access Control (MAC Data communication protocol sub-layer also known as the Medium Access Control is a sublayer of the Data Link Layer specified in the Above this MAC sublayer is the media-independent IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer, which deals with addressing and multiplexing on multiaccess media. IEEE 8022 is the IEEE 802 standard defining Logical Link Control (LLC which is the upper portion of the data link layer for Local area networks The According to the IEEE 802 family of standards Logical Link Control ( LLC) is the upper sublayer of the OSI Data Link Layer.

While IEEE 802. 3 is the dominant wired LAN protocol and IEEE 802.11 the wireless LAN protocol, obsolescent MAC layers include Token Ring and FDDI. IEEE 80211 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN computer communication developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 Token ring Local area network (LAN technology is a local area network protocol which resides at the Data link layer Fiber distributed data interface ( FDDI) provides a standard for Data transmission in a Local area network The MAC sublayer detects but does not correct errors.

Layer 1: Physical layer

Main article: Physical layer

The physical layer defines all the electrical and physical specifications for devices. The Physical Layer is the first level in the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. The Physical Layer is the first level in the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. In particular, it defines the relationship between a device and a physical medium. This includes the layout of pins, voltages, cable specifications, Hubs, repeaters, network adapters, Host Bus Adapters (HBAs used in Storage Area Networks) and more. In Electronics, a lead has two meanings An electrical connection consisting of a length of wire or soldering pad ( smd) that comes from a device Electrical tension (or voltage after its SI unit, the Volt) is the difference of electrical potential between two points of an electrical A cable is one or more Wires or Optical fibers bound together typically in a common protective jacket or sheath A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and Retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power or onto the other side of an obstruction A Network card, Network Adapter, LAN Adapter or NIC (network interface card is a piece of Computer hardware designed to allow computers In Computer hardware, a host controller, host adapter, or host bus adapter ( HBA) connects a host system (the Computer) to other In Information technology, a storage area network ( SAN) is an architecture to attach remote computer storage devices (such as Disk arrays tape libraries

To understand the function of the physical layer in contrast to the functions of the data link layer, think of the physical layer as concerned primarily with the interaction of a single device with a medium, where the data link layer is concerned more with the interactions of multiple devices (i. e. , at least two) with a shared medium. The physical layer will tell one device how to transmit to the medium, and another device how to receive from it (in most cases it does not tell the device how to connect to the medium). Obsolescent physical layer standards such as RS-232 do use physical wires to control access to the medium. In Telecommunications, RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232 is a standard for serial binary data signals connecting between a DTE ( Data Terminal Equipment

The major functions and services performed by the physical layer are:

Parallel SCSI buses operate in this layer, although it must be remembered that the logical SCSI protocol is a transport-layer protocol that runs over this bus. Parallel SCSI (formally SCSI Parallel Interface, or SPI) is one of the interface implementations in the SCSI family Various physical-layer Ethernet standards are also in this layer; Ethernet incorporates both this layer and the data-link layer. The same applies to other local-area networks, such as Token ring, FDDI, and IEEE 802.11, as well as personal area networks such as Bluetooth and IEEE 802.15.4. Token ring Local area network (LAN technology is a local area network protocol which resides at the Data link layer Fiber distributed data interface ( FDDI) provides a standard for Data transmission in a Local area network IEEE 80211 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN computer communication developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 Bluetooth is a wireless protocol utilizing short-range communications technology facilitating data transmission over short distances from fixed and/or mobile devices creating wireless IEEE 80215 is the 15 th Working group of the IEEE 802 which specializes in Wireless PAN (Personal Area Network standards

Interfaces

Neither the OSI Reference Model nor OSI protocols specify any programming interfaces, other than as deliberately abstract service specifications. Protocol specifications precisely define the interfaces between different computers, but the software interfaces inside computers are implementation-specific.

For example, Microsoft Windows' Winsock, and Unix's Berkeley sockets and System V Transport Layer Interface, are interfaces between applications (layers 5 and above) and the transport (layer 4). Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. In computing, the Windows Sockets API, which was later shortened to Winsock, is a technical specification that defines how Windows network Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix with Small caps) is a computer The Berkeley sockets Application programming interface (API comprises a library for developing applications in the C programming language that perform Unix System V, commonly abbreviated SysV (and usually pronounced though rarely written as System 5 was one of the versions of the Unix Operating system In Computer networking, the Transport Layer Interface (TLI was the networking API provided by AT&T UNIX System V Release 3 (SVR3 and Release NDIS and ODI are interfaces between the media (layer 2) and the network protocol (layer 3). The Network Driver Interface Specification ( NDIS) is an Application programming interface (API for Network interface cards (NICs The Open Data-Link Interface ( ODI) developed by Apple and Novell, serves the same function as Microsoft and 3COM's Network Driver Interface Specification

Interface standards, except for the physical layer to media, are approximate implementations of OSI Service Specifications.

Examples

Layer Misc. examples TCP/IP suite SS7 AppleTalk suite OSI suite IPX suite SNA UMTS
# Name
7 Application HL7, Modbus NNTP, SIP, SSI, DNS, FTP, Gopher, HTTP, NFS, NTP, DHCP, SMPP, SMTP, SNMP, Telnet, ISUP, INAP, MAP, TUP, TCAP, AFP, ZIP, RTMP, NBP FTAM, X.400, X.500, DAP RIP, SAP APPC
6 Presentation TDI, ASCII, EBCDIC, MIDI, MPEG MIME, XDR, SSL, TLS (Not a separate layer) AFP ISO 8823, X. The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly TCP/IP) is the set of Communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks Signaling System #7 (SS7 is a set of Telephony signaling protocols which are used to set up most of the world's Public switched telephone network telephone AppleTalk is a proprietary suite of protocols developed by Apple Inc for networking computers The Open Systems Interconnection (usually abbreviated to OSI) was an effort to standardize networking that was started in 1982 by the International Internetwork Packet Exchange ( IPX) is the OSI-model Network layer protocol in the IPX/SPX Protocol stack. Systems Network Architecture ( SNA) is IBM 's proprietary networking architecture created in 1974 Health Level Seven ( HL7) is an all-volunteer Not-for-profit organization involved in development of international Healthcare standards Modbus is a serial Communications protocol published by Modicon in 1979 for use with its Programmable logic controllers (PLCs The Network News Transfer Protocol or NNTP is an Internet application protocol used primarily for reading The Session Initiation Protocol ( SIP) is a signalling protocol widely used for setting up and tearing down Multimedia Communication sessions SSI (Simple Sensor Interface protocol is a simple communications protocol designed for data transfer between computers or user terminals and smart sensors The Domain Name System (DNS is a hierarchical naming system for computers services or any resource participating in the Internet. For other uses see Gopher. Gopher is a distributed Document search and retrieval Network protocol designed Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP) is a Communications protocol for the transfer of information on the Internet. Network File System (NFS is a Network file system protocol originally developed by Sun Microsystems in 1983 allowing a user on a client Computer to access The Network Time Protocol ( NTP) is a protocol for distributing the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC by means of synchronizing the clocks of computer systems The short message peer-to-peer protocol (SMPP is a Telecommunications industry protocol for exchanging SMS messages between SMS peer entities such as short message Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP) is a De facto standard for electronic mail (e-mail transmissions across the Internet. Simple Network Management Protocol ( SNMP) forms part of the Internet protocol suite as defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF Telnet ( Tel ecommunication net work is a Network protocol used on the Internet or local area network (LAN connections The ISDN User Part or ISUP is part of the Signaling System #7 which is used to set up Telephone calls in Public Switched Telephone Networks. The Intelligent Network Application Part ( INAP) is a signalling protocol used in the intelligent network architecture The Mobile Application Part ( MAP) is a SS7 protocol which provides an application layer for the various nodes in GSM and UMTS mobile core networks and Telephone User Part (TUP provides conventional PSTN telephony services across the SS7 network Transaction Capabilities Application Part from ITU-T recommendations Q The Apple Filing Protocol ( AFP) is a layer 6 ( Presentation layer) network protocol that offers file services for Mac OS X and original Mac AppleTalk is a proprietary suite of protocols developed by Apple Inc for networking computers Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP is a Communication protocol used by AppleTalk to ensure that all routers on the network have consistent routing information AppleTalk is a proprietary suite of protocols developed by Apple Inc for networking computers FTAM, ISO standard 8571 is an OSI Application layer protocol for File Transfer Access and Management. X400 is a suite of ITU-T Recommendations that define standards for Data Communication Networks for Message Handling Systems (MHS — more commonly known as " E-mail X500 is a series of computer networking standards covering electronic Directory services The X Directory Access Protocol (DAP is a Computer networking standard promulgated by ITU-T and ISO in 1988 for accessing an X In Computing, Advanced Program to Program Communication or APPC is a protocol which Computer programs can use to communicate over a network In the area of Graphical user interfaces a tabbed document interface ( TDI) is one that allows multiple Documents to be contained within a single window American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII) Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ( EBCDIC) is an 8- Bit Character encoding ( Code page) used on IBM mainframe Operating MIDI ( Musical Instrument Digital Interface, ˈmɪdi is an industry-standard protocol that enables Electronic musical instruments Computers The Moving Picture Experts Group, commonly referred to as simply MPEG, is a Working group of ISO / IEC charged with the development of video and Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions ( MIME) is an Internet standard that extends the format of e-mail to support text in Character eXternal Data Representation (XDR is an IETF standard from 1995 of the Presentation layer in the OSI model. Transport Layer Security ( TLS) and its predecessor Secure Sockets Layer ( SSL) are Cryptographic protocols that provide secure Transport Layer Security ( TLS) and its predecessor Secure Sockets Layer ( SSL) are Cryptographic protocols that provide secure The Apple Filing Protocol ( AFP) is a layer 6 ( Presentation layer) network protocol that offers file services for Mac OS X and original Mac 226
5 Session Named Pipes, NetBIOS, SAP, Half Duplex,Full Duplex,Simplex,SDP Sockets. In Computing, a named pipe (also FIFO for its behaviour is an extension to the traditional pipe concept on Unix and Unix-like NetBIOS ( is an acronym for Network Basic Input/Output System. Session Announcement Protocol ( SAP) is a protocol for broadcasting Multicast session information A duplex Communication system is a system composed of two connected parties or devices which can communicate with one another in both directions In Geometry, a simplex (plural simplexes or simplices) or n -simplex is an n -dimensional analogue of a triangle Session Description Protocol ( SDP) is a format for describing Streaming media initialization parameters in an Session establishment in TCP. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. SIP. The Session Initiation Protocol ( SIP) is a signalling protocol widely used for setting up and tearing down Multimedia Communication sessions (Not a separate layer with standardized API. ) ASP, ADSP, PAP ISO 8327, X. AppleTalk is a proprietary suite of protocols developed by Apple Inc for networking computers AppleTalk is a proprietary suite of protocols developed by Apple Inc for networking computers 225 NWLink DLC?
4 Transport NBF, nanoTCP, nanoUDP TCP, UDP,PPTP, L2TP, SCTP, SCCP, RTP DDP TP0, TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4 SPX
3 Network NBF, Q.931 IP, IPsec, ARP, ICMP, RIP, OSPF, BGP, IGMP, IS-IS MTP-3 ATP (TokenTalk or EtherTalk) X.25 (PLP), CLNP IPX RRC (Radio Resource Control) PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) and Broadcast/Multicast Control (BMC)
2 Data Link 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11a/b/g/n MAC/LLC, 802.1Q (VLAN), ATM, HDP, FDDI, Fibre Channel, Frame Relay, HDLC, ISL, PPP, Q. NWLink is Microsoft 's implementation of Novell's IPX/SPX protocols. In the OSI networking model Data Link Control ( DLC) is the service provided by the Data link layer. NetBIOS Frames or NBF protocol is a non- Routable network- and transport-level data protocol most commonly used as one of the layers of Microsoft Windows The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. User Datagram Protocol ( UDP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. The Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP is a method for implementing Virtual private networks Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP or IPSec are the standards-based In Computer networking the Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol ( L2TP) is a Tunneling protocol used to support Virtual private networks (VPNs In Computer networking, the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP is a Transport Layer protocol, serving in a similar role as the popular protocols The Signalling Connection Control Part ( SCCP) is a Network layer protocol that provides extended Routing The Real-time Transport Protocol (or RTP) defines a standardized packet format for delivering audio and video over the Internet Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP is a member of the AppleTalk networking protocol suite IPX/SPX stands for Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange. NetBIOS Frames or NBF protocol is a non- Routable network- and transport-level data protocol most commonly used as one of the layers of Microsoft Windows ITU-T Recommendation Q931 is ISDN 's connection control protocol, roughly (not at the same layer comparable to TCP in the Internet The Internet Protocol ( IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across a Packet-switched Internetwork using the Internet Protocol Internet Protocol Security ( IPsec) is a suite of protocols for securing Internet Protocol (IP communications by authenticating and/or encrypting In Computer networking the Address Resolution Protocol ( ARP) is the method for finding a host's hardware address when only its Network Layer address is The Internet Control Message Protocol ( ICMP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. The Routing Information Protocol (RIP is a dynamic routing protocol used in local area networks Open Shortest Path First ( OSPF) is a dynamic Routing protocol for use in Internet Protocol (IP networks The Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP) is the core routing protocol of the Internet. The Internet Group Management Protocol ( IGMP) is a Communications protocol used to manage the membership of Internet Protocol Multicast groups Intermediate system to intermediate system ( IS-IS) is a protocol used by network devices ( Routers to determine the best way to forward datagrams or packets through The Message Transfer Part (MTP is part of the Signaling System 7 (SS7 used for communication in Public Switched AppleTalk is a proprietary suite of protocols developed by Apple Inc for networking computers AppleTalk is a proprietary suite of protocols developed by Apple Inc for networking computers AppleTalk is a proprietary suite of protocols developed by Apple Inc for networking computers X25 is an ITU-T standard Network layer protocol for packet switched Wide area network (WAN communication CLNS is an abbreviation of C onnection' l' ess N etwork S ervice Internetwork Packet Exchange ( IPX) is the OSI-model Network layer protocol in the IPX/SPX Protocol stack. The Radio Resource Control (RRC belong to the UMTS WCDMA protocol stack and handles the control plane signalling of Layer 3 between the UEs (User Equipments and UTRAN and perform The Radio Resource Control (RRC belong to the UMTS WCDMA protocol stack and handles the control plane signalling of Layer 3 between the UEs (User Equipments and UTRAN and perform Ethernet is a family of frame -based Computer networking technologies for Local area networks (LANs IEEE 80211 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN computer communication developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 IEEE 8021Q (also known as VLAN Tagging was a project in the IEEE 802 standards process to develop a mechanism to allow multiple bridged networks to transparently In electronic digital data transmission systems the Network protocol Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM encodes data traffic into small fixed-sized cells Fiber distributed data interface ( FDDI) provides a standard for Data transmission in a Local area network Fibre Channel, or FC, is a Gigabit -speed network technology primarily used for Storage networking. In the context of Computer networking, frame relay consists of an efficient Data transmission technique used to send digital information High-Level Data Link Control ( HDLC) is a bit-oriented Synchronous Data link layer protocol developed by the International Organization Cisco Inter-Switch Link ( ISL) is a Cisco Systems proprietary protocol that maintains VLAN information as traffic flows between switches and routers In networking, the Point-to-Point Protocol, or PPP, is a data link protocol commonly used to establish a direct connection between two nodes 921, Token Ring, CDP PPP, SLIP MTP-2 LocalTalk,AppleTalk Remote Access, PPP X.25 (LAPB), Token Bus IEEE 802.3 framing, Ethernet II framing SDLC LLC (Logical Link Control), MAC (Media Access Control)
1 Physical RS-232, V.35, V.34, I. Token ring Local area network (LAN technology is a local area network protocol which resides at the Data link layer The Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP is a proprietary Layer 2 Network protocol developed by Cisco Systems that runs on most Cisco equipment and is used to In networking, the Point-to-Point Protocol, or PPP, is a data link protocol commonly used to establish a direct connection between two nodes The Serial Line Internet Protocol ( SLIP) is a mostly Obsolete encapsulation of the Internet Protocol designed to work over Serial ports The Message Transfer Part (MTP is part of the Signaling System 7 (SS7 used for communication in Public Switched LocalTalk is a particular implementation of the Physical layer of the AppleTalk networking system from Apple Computer. AppleTalk Remote Access, or ARA, was a Protocol stack that allowed AppleTalk to be run over Modems It became a fairly major product for In networking, the Point-to-Point Protocol, or PPP, is a data link protocol commonly used to establish a direct connection between two nodes X25 is an ITU-T standard Network layer protocol for packet switched Wide area network (WAN communication LAPB ( Link Access Procedure Balanced) is a Data link layer protocol in the X Token bus is a network implementing the Token ring protocol over a "virtual ring" on a Coaxial cable. IEEE 8023 is a collection of IEEE standards defining the Physical layer, and the media access control (MAC sublayer of the Data link layer, Ethernet v2 framing, also known as DIX Ethernet (named after the major participants in the framing of the protocol Digital Equipment Corporation, Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC is a Computer Communications protocol. According to the IEEE 802 family of standards Logical Link Control ( LLC) is the upper sublayer of the OSI Data Link Layer. According to the IEEE 802 family of standards Logical Link Control ( LLC) is the upper sublayer of the OSI Data Link Layer. The Media Access Control (MAC Data communication protocol sub-layer also known as the Medium Access Control is a sublayer of the Data Link Layer specified in the The Media Access Control (MAC Data communication protocol sub-layer also known as the Medium Access Control is a sublayer of the Data Link Layer specified in the In Telecommunications, RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232 is a standard for serial binary data signals connecting between a DTE ( Data Terminal Equipment V90 redirects here For the automobile see Volvo V90. The ITU-T V-Series Recommendations on Data communication over the telephone network V90 redirects here For the automobile see Volvo V90. The ITU-T V-Series Recommendations on Data communication over the telephone network 430, I. 431, T1, E1, 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, POTS, SONET, SDH,DSL, 802.11a/b/g/n PHY MTP-1 RS-232, RS-422, STP, PhoneNet X.25 (X.21bis, EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-449, EIA-530, G.703) Twinax UMTS L1 (UMTS Physical Layer)

External links

References

  1. ^ a b Bachman, Charles. Charles William Bachman (Dec 11 1924 Manhattan Kansas) is a American Computer scientist, who spent his entire career as an industrial researcher rather than in Charles W. Bachman Papers, 1951-1996. Finding Aid. ANSI/SPARC/DISY, 1978-1981. Charles Babbage Institute Center for the History of Information Technology. University of Minnesota. . Retrieved on 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
  2. ^ Stallings, William Richard (1998). The Origins of OSI. Retrieved on 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
  3. ^ ISO-TP: OSI Transport Layer Protocols: TP0, TP1, TP2, TP3,TP4. Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger
  4. ^ ISO Document 8073. Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor
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