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For other uses, see Odessa (disambiguation).

ODESSA, which stands for the German phrase Organisation der ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen, which in turn translates as “Organization of Former Members of the SS,” is the name given to an international Nazi network alleged to have been set up towards the end of World War II by a group of SS officers in order to prevent their prosecutions for war crimes. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the This half-fictional organization, only partially based on real events, takes its name from Frederick Forsyth's 1972 best-seller thriller The Odessa File, which fictionalized an SS network named ODESSA (the above cited Organisation der ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen) that smuggled war criminals to Latin America. Frederick Forsyth, CBE (born August 25, 1938) is an English author and occasional political commentator For the 1974 film adaption see The ODESSA File (film The ODESSA File is a "thriller" novel by Frederick Forsyth,

The purpose of such networks was to establish and facilitate secret escape routes, later known as ratlines, out of Germany to South America and the Middle East for hunted members. Ratlines were systems of escape routes for Nazis and other Fascists fleeing Europe at the end of World War II. With alleged ties to Argentina, Egypt, Brazil, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and the Vatican, they operated out of Buenos Aires and helped such World War II war criminals as Adolf Eichmann, Josef Mengele, Erich Priebke, Aribert Heim, Edward Roschmann, and many other SS members to find refuge in Latin America and the Middle East. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Dr Josef Mengele ( March 16, 1911 – February 7, 1979) was a German SS officer and a Physician in the Erich Priebke (born July 29, 1913 at Hennigsdorf, Brandenburg, Germany) was a Hauptsturmführer Aribert Heim (born) is a former Austrian doctor also known as "Dr Edward Roschmann (also Eduard Roschmann) ( 25 August 1908 - 10 August 1977) was an SS commander holding the rank of The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East.

SS-Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny and Sturmbannführer Alfred Naujocks were both believed to have been active in such organizations, but positive proof for these suppositions has not yet been produced. Obersturmbannführer was a Paramilitary Nazi Party rank used by both the SA and the SS. Otto Skorzeny ( June 12 1908 – July 6 1975) was an Obersturmbannführer in the German Waffen-SS Sturmbannführer was a paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party which was used by both the Sturmabteilung (SA and the Schutzstaffel Alfred Helmut Naujocks ( September 20 1911 in Kiel - April 4 1966 in Hamburg alias Hans Müller, alias Alfred Bonsen Similarly, General Reinhard Gehlen’s entire intelligence organisation, which was employed and protected by U. Reinhard Gehlen ( April 3, 1902 - June 8, 1979) was a Generalmajor ( Major-General) in the German Army ( Wehrmacht S. intelligence within a few months after the end of the war, came under suspicion of being a satellite group of the ODESSA. In Argentina, Rodolfo Freude was allegedly a member of the network. Rodolfo Freude (1922-2003 was a close advisor of Argentine President Juan Perón and served as his Director of the Information Division ( División de Informaciones It is alleged that Hans-Ulrich Rudel was active in the Argentina group of the ODESSA. Hans-Ulrich Rudel ( July 2, 1916 – December 18, 1982) was a Stuka dive-bomber pilot during World War II. Alois Brunner is alleged to have escaped to Syria using the resources of the ODESSA. Alois Brunner (born April 8 1912, reports of death contested is an Austrian Nazi War criminal.

Persons claiming to represent the ODESSA claimed responsibility in a note for the 9 July 1979 car bombing in France aimed at anti-Nazi activists Serge and Beate Klarsfeld. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) A car bomb is an explosive device placed in a car or other Vehicle and then detonated. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Serge (born September 17, 1935, Bucharest Romania) and Beate (born February 13, 1939, Berlin Germany)

Contents

History

According to Simon Wiesenthal, the ODESSA was set up in 1946 to aid fugitive Nazis. Simon Wiesenthal ( Buczacz, December 31, 1908 &ndash Vienna, September 20, 2005) was an Austrian Jewish But other sources, such as many interviews by the ZDF German TV station with former SS men, suggested that the ODESSA was never the single world-wide secret organization that Wiesenthal described, but instead that there were several organizations, both overt and covert (including the CIA, several Latin American governments and an Italy based network of Catholic clerics), that helped ex-SS men. Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ("Second German Television" ZDF, is a public service German Television channel based in Mainz. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all

Long before the ZDF TV network, historian Gitta Sereny wrote in her 1974 book Into That Darkness, based on interviews with the former commandant of the Treblinka extermination camp, Franz Stangl (see References following), that the ODESSA had never existed. Gitta Sereny (born March 13 1921) is an Austrian -born British Biographer, Historian and journalist whose writing focuses mainly on Treblinka II was a German Extermination camp in occupied Poland during World War II. Franz Stangl ( March 26, 1908 &ndash June 28, 1971) was an SS officer commandant of the Sobibór and of Treblinka She wrote: “The prosecutors at the Ludwigsburg Central Authority for the Investigation into Nazi Crimes, who know precisely how the postwar lives of certain individuals now living in South America have been financed, have searched all their thousands of documents from beginning to end, but say they are totally unable to authenticate (the) ‘Odessa. ’ Not that this matters greatly: there certainly were various kinds of Nazi aid organisations after the war—-it would have been astonishing if there hadn’t been. ”[1]

In his interviews with Sereny, Stangl denied any knowledge of a group called the ODESSA. Recent biographies of Adolf Eichmann, who also escaped to South America, and Heinrich Himmler, the alleged founder of the ODESSA, made no reference to such an organisation. Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was a Nazi German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS. [2]

Sereny attributed the fact that SS members could escape more to postwar chaos and the inability of the Roman Catholic Church, the Red Cross, and the American military to verify the claims of people who came to them for help than to the activities of an underground Nazi organisation. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated She identified a Vatican official, Bishop Aloïs Hudal, not former SS men, as the principal agent in helping Nazis leave Italy for South America. Alois Hudal (also known as Luigi Hudal; 31 May, 1885 in Graz, Austro-Hungarian Empire – 13 May, 1963 in

Uki Goñi, in his 2002 book The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Perón’s Argentina (see References) suggested that Sereny’s more complex, less conspiratorial, story was closer to the truth. Writer Uki Goñi is known principally for his work documenting the escape of Nazi war criminals from Europe. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The book prompted a US House of Representatives resolution in 2003, urging Argentina to open their hitherto secret documents concerning this matter. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. This article concerns the legal meaning of the term resolution. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics.

Of particular importance in examining the postwar activities of high-ranking Nazis was Paul Manning’s book Martin Bormann: Nazi in Exile which detailed Martin Bormann’s rise to power through the Nazi Party and as Hitler’s Chief of Staff. Martin Ludwig Bormann (17 June 1900 – 2 May 1945 During the war, Manning himself was a correspondent for the fledgling CBS News along with Edward R. Murrow and Walter Cronkite in London, and his reporting and subsequent researches presented Bormann’s cunning and skill in the organization and planning for the flight of Nazi-controlled capital from Europe during the dimming years of the war--notwithstanding the possibility of Bormann’s death in Berlin on May 1, 1945. CBS News is the news division of American Television and Radio network CBS. Edward R Murrow (born Egbert Roscoe Murrow; April 25 1908 &ndash April 27 1965) was an American journalist Walter Leland Cronkite Jr (born November 4 1916) is a retired American broadcast journalist, best known as Anchorman for the London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar

According to Manning, “eventually, over 10,000 former German military made it to South America along escape routes set up by ODESSA and the Deutsche Hilfsverein…” (page 181). While in Manning ODESSA itself was incidental, the continuing existence of the Bormann Organization was, according to him, a much larger and more menacing fact. None of this had yet been convincingly proved.

Argentina’s pro-Nazi policies

See also: Juan Perón

In 1938, on the verge of World War II, and with Hitler’s policies on Jews in transit, Argentina’s government sanctioned a secret immigration law restricting access for any individual scorned or forsaken by his country’s government. Juan Domingo Perón (October 8 1895 &ndash July 1 1974 was an Argentine Colonel and Politician, elected three times as President of Argentina World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Immigration law refers to national Government policies which control the phenomenon of Immigration to their country This implicitly targeted Jews and other minorities fleeing Germany at the time. This law was discovered and denounced by Argentine writer Uki Goñi, who admits that his own grandfather had participated in upholding it. Writer Uki Goñi is known principally for his work documenting the escape of Nazi war criminals from Europe. Argentina, however, accepted more Jewish immigrants than any other Latin American country. This legislation, though already in disuse for many years, was repealed on 8 June 2005. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In 1946 the American diplomat Spruille Braden accused the Perón government of various pro-Axis and anti-United Nations policies in Argentina and neighboring countries and massive violations of human rights. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Spruille Braden ( March 13, 1894 - January 10, 1978) was an American Diplomat, businessman Lobbyist, and member The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled [3] The Jewish Virtual Library writes that while Juan Perón had sympathized with the Axis powers, "Perón also expressed sympathy for Jewish rights and established diplomatic relations with Israel in 1949. The Jewish Virtual Library is an online Encyclopedia published by the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE Since then, more than 45,000 Jews have immigrated to Israel from Argentina. " [4]

In December 2002, the Argentine government in Buenos Aires refused calls from the Wiesenthal Center for the release of 58 files dealing with the escape of Nazis to Argentina. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern The Simon Wiesenthal Center (often abbreviated SWC) with headquarters in Los Angeles However, two of the files were opened in July 2003 and the Argentine government since then has cooperated with the investigations.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Gitta Sereny, Into That Darkness (Pimlico 1974), 274
  2. ^ David Cesarini, Eichmann: His Life and Crimes (Vintage 2004); Peter Padfield: Himmler: Reichsfuhrer SS (Macmillan 1990)
  3. ^ Neighbor Accused, TIME Magazine, February 18, 1946
  4. ^ Jewish Virtual Library. For the 1974 film adaption see The ODESSA File (film The ODESSA File is a "thriller" novel by Frederick Forsyth, History The Secretariat of Intelligence was created in 1946 when Juan Perón 's first presidency established it by Executive Decree 337/46 under the denomination of Operation Paperclip (also Project Paperclip) was the code name for the O Ratlines were systems of escape routes for Nazis and other Fascists fleeing Europe at the end of World War II. HIAG ( German: Hi lfsgemeinschaft a uf G egenseitigkeit der Angehörigen der ehemaligen Waffen-SS, literally "Mutual Help Association David Emory (born New York City, 1949 also known as Dave Emory is an American Talk radio host based in the San Francisco Bay Area. The Office of Special Investigations operates under the auspices of the Criminal Division of the U Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Argentina.html#WW2

References

External links

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