The o-yatoi gaikokujin (お雇い外国人 hired foreigners?) were foreign advisors hired by the Japanese government for their specialized knowledge to assist in the modernization of Japan at the end of the Bakufu and during the Meiji Era. is a Japanese word meaning "foreigner" or "non-Japanese" Japan no longer officially has the traditional Federal system, and its 47 prefectures, and prefectural and municipal assembly members are popularly elected for The idea of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard Evolutionary pattern as described in the Social evolutionism theories For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July The total number is uncertain, but is estimated to have reached more than 3,000 (with thousands more in the private sector).
The goal in hiring the foreign advisors was to obtain transfer of technology. Technology transfer is the process of sharing of skills knowledge technologies methods of manufacturing samples of manufacturing and facilities among industries universities governments The foreign advisors were highly paid; in 1874, they numbered 520 men, during which time their salaries came to ¥2. 272 million, or 33. 7 percent of the annual budget. Despite the value they provided in the modernization of Japan, the Japanese government did not consider it prudent for them to settle in Japan permanently. After training Japanese replacements to take over their places, many found that their contracts (typically for three years) were not renewed.
Some foreign advisors supplemented their activities as government employees by undertaking Christian missionary activities. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes.
The system was officially terminated in 1899 when extraterritoriality came to an end in Japan. Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempt from the Jurisdiction of local law usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations Nevertheless similar employment of foreigners persists in Japan, particularly within the national education system and professional baseball. In successive international tests of Mathematics, Japanese children consistently rank at or near the top (see TIMSS) The sport of Baseball was introduced to Japan in 1872 by Horace Wilson, and the first formal team was established in 1878 Until 1899, more than 800 hired foreign experts continued to be employed by the government, and many others were employed privately.
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Notable o-yatoi gaikokujin
Agriculture
Medical Science
- Erwin von Bälz, physician [1] (in Japanese)
- Leopold Müller
- Johannes Ludwig Janson
- Oskar Kellner, [2] (in Japanese)
- Theodor Eduard Hoffmann
- Ferdinand Adalbert Junker von Langegg
Law, Administration and Economics
- Gustave Emile Boissonade — Hosei University
- Hermann Roesler, jurist and economist
- Georg Michaelis, jurist
- Ottmar von Mohl, master of ceremonies
- Albert Mosse, jurist
- Ottfried Nippold, jurist
- Heinrich Waentig, economist and jurist
- Ludwig Loenholm, jurist
Military
- Jules Brunet, French artillery officer. William Smith Clark ( July 31, 1826 – March 9, 1886) was a Professor, Massachusetts State Senator, third president Edwin Dun ( June 19, 1848 &ndash May 15, 1931) was a Rancher from Ohio who was employed as an O-yatoi gaikokujin Max Fesca (1846 – 1917 was a German specialist in Agricultural science and Agronomy, hired by the Meiji government of Japan as Erwin Bälz ( 13 January 1849 - 31 August 1913) was a German Internist, Anthropologist, personal physician to Oskar (Oscar Johann Kellner ( 13 May 1851, Tillowitz, Upper Silesia - 12 September 1911, Karlsruhe) was a Gustave Emile Boissonade de Fontarabie ( 7 June 1825 – 27 June 1910) was a French Legal scholar, responsible for is a Private university based in Tokyo, Japan. Its baseball team plays as one of the Tokyo Big Six league. Karl Friedrich Hermann Roesler ( 18 December 1834 - 2 December 1894) was a German Legal scholar, Economist, and Georg Michaelis ( September 8, 1857 – July 24, 1936) was the first Chancellor of Germany of non-noble background Ottmar von Mohl ( 17 January 1846 - 23 March 1922) was a German Diplomat and government advisor in Meiji period Isaac Albert Mosse ( 1 October, 1846 &ndash 31 May 1925) was a German Judge and legal scholar Ottfried Nippold ( May 21, 1864 - July 27, 1938) was a German-Swiss jurist Heinrich Eugen Waentig ( March 21, 1870 December 22, 1943) was a German Economist and Politician. Jules Brunet (2 January 1838-12 August 1911 was a French officer who played an active role in Mexico and Japan, and later became a General and Chief of
- Léonce Verny, French constructor of the Yokosuka arsenal. François Léonce Verny, ( December 2 1837 - May 2 1908) was a French Civil engineer who directed the construction of is a city located in Kanagawa, Japan. It is located at the mouth of Tokyo Bay in the Miura Peninsula, and the city stretches across
- Klemens Wilhelm Jakob Meckel
Natural Science and mathematics
- William Edward Ayrton, British physicist
- Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, American physicist. Klemens Wilhelm Jacob Meckel ( March 28 1842 - July 5 1905) was a General in the Prussian army and foreign advisor William Edward Ayrton FRS ( 14 September 1847 - 8 November 1908) was an English Physicist and Electrical Thomas Corwin Mendenhall ( October 4, 1841 &ndash March 23, 1924) was an Autodidact US Physicist and Meteorologist A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning
- Edward S. Morse, zoologist. Edward Sylvester Morse ( June 18, 1838 &ndash December 20, 1925) was an American Zoologist and Orientalist Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of
- Charles Otis Whitman, zoologist, successor of Edward S. Morse. Charles Otis Whitman (1842 – 1910 was an American Zoologist, who introduced modern zoological studies to Japan, and was influential to the founding of classical Edward Sylvester Morse ( June 18, 1838 &ndash December 20, 1925) was an American Zoologist and Orientalist
- Heinrich Edmund Naumann, geologist. Arrived in August 1875 at the age of 21. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Teaching in the University of Tokyo, he became the first professor of geology in Japan. The, abbreviated as, is a major Research university located in Tokyo, Japan. His achievements include, among others, the first tectonic map of the country. Fossa Magna Museum (in Japanese)
- Curt Netto
- Gottfried Wagener
- Sir James Alfred Ewing, Scottish physicist and engineer who founded Japanese seismology. Sir James Alfred Ewing KCB ( 27 March 1855 - 7 January 1935) was a Scottish Physicist and Engineer, best known Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes
- Cargill Gilston Knott, succeeding J. Cargill Gilston Knott ( June 30, 1856 &mdash October 26, 1922) was born at Penicuik, Scotland. A. Ewing
- Oskar Löw
- Benjamin Smith Lyman
Engineering
- Wilhelm Boeckmann, architect
- William Brooks, agriculture
- Richard Henry Brunton - builder of lighthouses
- Josiah Conder [3] (in Japanese)[4] (in Japanese) pictures
- Horace Capron, agriculture, road construction
- Henry Dyer
- Hermann Ende, architect
- George Arnold Escher
- John Milne, geologist
- Edmund Morel, railway engineer
- John Alexander Low Waddell, bridge engineer
- Thomas James Waters
Art and Music
- Edoardo Chiossone
- Luther Whiting Mason, Western music
- Ernest Fenollosa, educator
- Franz von Eckert, Western music
- Rudolf Dittrich, Western music
Liberal Arts, Humanities and Education
- Basil Hall Chamberlain, Japanologist and Professor of Japanese, Tokyo Imperial University
- Antonio Fontanesi, painter
- Emil Hausknecht, pedagogue
- Lafcadio Hearn, Japanologist
- Viktor Holtz, educator
- Raphael von Koeber, philosopher and musician
- Vincenzo Ragusa, sculptor
- Ludwig Riess, historian. Benjamin Smith Lyman ( 11 December 1835 – 30 August 1920) was an American mining engineer surveyor and amateur linguist William Brooks may refer to William Brooks of Blackburn (1762-1846 cotton supplier Sir William Cunliffe Brooks 1st Baronet (1819-1900 Richard Henry Brunton ( 26 December 1841 - 24 April 1901) FRGS from Scotland was the so-called " Father of Josiah Conder ( September 28 1852 - June 21 1920) was named the "father of Japanese architecture" Horace Capron ( August 31, 1804 – February 22, 1885) was an American businessman and agriculturalist a founder of Laurel Maryland Henry Dyer (1848 - 1918 was a Scottish Engineer who contributed much to founding Western-style Technical education in Japan and Anglo-Japanese relations George Arnold Escher ( May 10 1843, Leeuwarden – June 14 1939, Arnhem) was a Dutch Civil engineer John Milne (1850 &ndash 31 July 1913) was the British Geologist and mining Engineer who invented the Seismograph. For the British engineer see John Waddell For the American sculptor see John Henry Waddell John Alexander Low Edoardo Chiossone (born in Arenzano 1833 died April 11, 1898 in Kōjimachi) was an Italian O-yatoi gaikokujin. Luther Whiting Mason ( 3 April 1818 - 14 July 1896) was an American Music educator who was hired by the Meiji period Ernest Francisco Fenollosa (February 18 1853 – September 21 1908 was an American professor of Philosophy and Political economy at Tokyo Imperial University This is a list of educators. See also Education, List of education topics. Franz Eckert ( 5 April 1852 - 8 August 1916) was a German musician who composed the Harmony for Japan 's Basil Hall Chamberlain ( 18 October 1850 &ndash 15 February 1935) was a professor of Tokyo Imperial University and one of the foremost The, abbreviated as, is a major Research university located in Tokyo, Japan. Antonio Fontanesi ( 23 February 1818 – 17 April 1882) was an Italian painter who lived in Meiji period Japan Patrick Lafcadio Hearn ( June 27, 1850 - September 26, 1904) also known as after gaining Japanese citizenship was an author best known Viktor Holtz (b 3 May 1846 in Stolberg (Rheinland &ndash d 3 September 1919 in Poznań) was a German educator and a Raphael von Koeber ( 15 January 1848 in Nizhny Novgorod - 14 June 1923 in Yokohama) was a notable German Vincenzo Ragusa ( 8 July 1841 – 13 May 1927) was an Italian sculptor who lived in Meiji period Japan Ludwig Riess ( December 1, 1861 - December 27, 1928) was a German -born Historian and educator noted for his work in
Missionaries
- William Elliot Griffis (1843–1928), American clergymen, author. William Elliot Griffis ( September 17, 1843 – February 5, 1928) was an American orientalist, Congregational minister lecturer Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. Taught in Japan 1870–1874. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
- Guido Verbeck
- Horace Wilson, U. Guido Herman Fridolin Verbeck (or Verbeek) ( 28 January 1830 – 10 May 1898) was a Dutch political advisor Educator Horace Wilson ( February 10, 1843 – March 4, 1927) was an American expatriate educator in late 19th century Empire of Japan S. missionary and teacher credited with introducing baseball to Japan. Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each
Others
- Captain Francis Brinkley
- Johannis de Rijke
- William S. Clark — Sapporo Agricultural College (Hokkaidō University)
- Charles Edouard Gabriel Leroux
- Thomas Alexander
- Charles Dickinson West
- Henry Walton Grinnell
- William Gowland
See also
- Anglo-Japanese relations
- Foreign cemeteries in Japan
- Franco-Japanese relations
- German-Japanese relations
- Working Holiday Program
- JET Programme
- Russian people in Japan
External links
- Dentsu Advertising Museum
- [5] (in Japanese)
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