Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev
Нұрсұлтан Әбішұлы Назарбаев
Nursultan Nazarbayev
Incumbent
Assumed office 
16 December 1991
From 22 June 1989 in the Kazakh SSR
Prime Minister Sergey Tereshchenko
Akezhan Kazhegeldin
Nurlan Balgimbayev
Kasymzhomart Tokayev
Imangali Tasmagambetov
Daniyal Akhmetov
Karim Masimov
Preceded by Gennady Kolbin (as the Kazakh SSR)
Born 6 July 1940 (1940-07-06) (age 67)
Chemolgan, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union
Political party Nur-Otan
Spouse Sara Nazarbayeva
Religion Islam[1]

Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev (Kazakh: Нұрсұлтан Әбішұлы Назарбаев [Nûrsûltan Äbîshûly Nazarbayev]; Russian: Нурсултан Абишевич Назарбаев [Nursultan Abishyevich Nazarbayev) (born 6 July 1940 in Chemolgan, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union) has served as the President of Kazakhstan since the Fall of the Soviet Union and the nation's independence in 1991. Leaders of Kazakhstan since 1919 Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920-1925 Secretaries of the Kirghiz Regional Committee of the Communist Party Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Akezhan Kazhegeldinov (born on 2 March, 1952) served as the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan until he resigned in October 1997 ostensibly for health reasons Nurlan Utebovich Balgimbayev ( Russian: Нурлан Утебович Балгимбаев Nurlán Uté'bovich Balgimbáyev; born 20 November 1947 Kassym-Jomart Kemeluly Tokayev or Qasymzhomart Kemelevich Toqaev ( Kazakh: Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев; Russian: Imangali Nurgaliuly Tasmagambetov (Иманғали Нұрғалиұлы Тасмағамбетов Имангали Нургалиевич Тасмагамбетов Nurgaliyevich Tasmagambetov Daniyal Kenzhetayuly Akhmetov ( Дaниал Кенжетaйұлы Ахметов) (born 15 June, 1954 in Pavlodar, Kazakh SSR) Karim Kajymqanuly Massimov ( Мәсімов Кәрім Қажымқанұлы, See also Kazakhstan political shakeup of 2007 See also Kazakhstan political Gennady Kolbin (Геннадий Колбин 1927-1998 was the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakh SSR from December Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Chemolgan is a rural community near Almaty in Kazakhstan. It is notable as the birthplace of current Kazakhstani president Nursultan Nazarbayev The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (Қазақ Кеңестік Социалистік Республикасы Qazaq Keñestik Socialistik Respublikasi; Казахская The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Nur-Otan ( Kazakh: Нұр Отан - Fatherland 's ray of light is the largest Political party in Kazakhstan with over 762000 members Sara Alpysqyzy Nazarbayeva (Сара Алпысқызы Назарбаева (born 9 January, 1941 in Kzyl-Zhar, Kazakhstan) is the First Lady For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Kazakh (also Qazaq and variants natively kk Qazaq tili, kk Қазақ тілі; pronounced tˈlə is a Turkic language closely related to Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Chemolgan is a rural community near Almaty in Kazakhstan. It is notable as the birthplace of current Kazakhstani president Nursultan Nazarbayev The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (Қазақ Кеңестік Социалистік Республикасы Qazaq Keñestik Socialistik Respublikasi; Казахская The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Leaders of Kazakhstan since 1919 Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920-1925 Secretaries of the Kirghiz Regional Committee of the Communist Party The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 He is criticised by some for slow action on widespread corruption, suppression of opposition, unfair elections and insufficient freedom of speech [2].

In 1984 Nazarbayev became the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, working under Dinmukhamed Kunayev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. Dinmukhamed (Dimash Akhmeduly Konayev (Дінмұхаммед (Димаш Ахметұлы Қонаев Динмухаммед Ахмедович Кунаев born in Verny now The Communist Party of Kazakhstan ( Qazaqstan Kommunistik Partiyasi) is a Political party in Kazakhstan. [3] He served as First Secretary of the Kazakh Communist Party from 1989 to 1991. While previously having atheistic views in the Soviet era, Nazarbayev has exerted effort to highlight his Muslim heritage by traveling on a hajj[4] and supporting mosque renovations[5] and at the same time attempting to combat Islamic terrorism in Kazakhstan. Atheism A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger The threat of terrorism in Kazakhstan plays an increasingly important role in Kazakhstan 's relations with the United States which in 2006 were at an all time high [6]

Contents

Rise to power

Main article: Zheltoqsan

Nazarbayev criticized Askar Kunayev, head of the Academy of Sciences, at the 16th session of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in January 1986 for not reforming his department. Jeltoqsan ( Желтоқсан; English: December) Riot of 1986 was a spontaneous nationwide In the following days protests spread to Dinmukhamed Kunayev, Nazarbayev's boss and Askar's brother, felt deeply angered and betrayed. Kunayev went to Moscow and demanded Nazarbayev's dismissal while Nazarbayev's supporters campaigned for Kunayev's dismissal and Nazarbayev's promotion. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Mikhail Gorbachev ignored them both, firing Kunayev but replacing him with Gennady Kolbin, an ethnic Russian, triggering three days of riots known as the Zheltoqsan. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician Gennady Kolbin (Геннадий Колбин 1927-1998 was the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakh SSR from December The term Russian diaspora refers to the global community of ethnic Russians. Jeltoqsan ( Желтоқсан; English: December) Riot of 1986 was a spontaneous nationwide In the following days protests spread to

Nazarbayev replaced Kolbin, who despite his office had little authority in Kazakhstan, on 22 June 1989. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) [3] He was Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (head of state) from 22 February, to 24 April 1990. Leaders of Kazakhstan since 1919 Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920-1925 Secretaries of the Kirghiz Regional Committee of the Communist Party Leaders of Kazakhstan since 1919 Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920-1925 Secretaries of the Kirghiz Regional Committee of the Communist Party Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Nazarbayev was elected President of Kazakhstan by the Supreme Soviet on 24 April. Leaders of Kazakhstan since 1919 Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920-1925 Secretaries of the Kirghiz Regional Committee of the Communist Party The Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Верхо́вный Сове́т СССР Verkhóvnyj Sovét SSSR) was the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to He won the 1991 presidential election on 1 December, winning 95% of the vote in an election in which no other candidate ran against him. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican [7]

Presidency

Nazarbayev at the White House in September, 2006
Nazarbayev at the White House in September, 2006

Nazarbayev renamed the State Defense Committee's to the Ministry of Defense and appointed Sagadat Nurmagambetov Defense Minister on 7 May 1992. A defence minister (or defense minister) is a Cabinet position which regulates the Armed forces in some sovereign nations Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The Supreme Council, under the leadership of Speaker Serikbolsyn Abdilin, began debating over a draft constitution in June 1992. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity

The constitution created a strong executive branch with limited checks on executive power. In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. Separation of powers, a term ascribed to French Enlightenment Political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu, is a model for the Governance Opposition political parties Azat, Zheltoqsan, and the Republican Party, held demonstrations in Almaty from 10 June-17 calling for the formation of a coalition government and the resignation of the government of Prime Minister Sergey Tereshchenko and the Supreme Council. Azat ( English: Freedom) is a Political party in Kazakhstan that is led by Chairman Toleubek Karamendin. Almaty ( Алматы; formerly known as Alma-Ata ( Алма-Ата) also Verniy, (Верный is the largest city in Kazakhstan Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a Cabinet of a parliamentary Government in which several parties cooperate Kazakh security personnel forcibly put down the protest on 18 June 1992. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The Parliament of Kazakhstan, composed of Communist Party legislators who had yet to stand in an election since the country gained its independence, adopted the constitution on 28 January 1993. The Parliament of Kazakhstan ( Parlamenti) is the Bicameral Legislature of the Government of Kazakhstan. A legislator (or lawmaker) is a person who writes and passes laws especially someone who is a member of a Legislature. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) [8]

An April 1995 referendum extended his term until 2000. A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita He was re-elected in January 1999 and again in December 2005. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe criticized the last presidential election as falling short of international democratic standards. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system [9] On May 18, 2007, the Parliament of Kazakhstan approved a constitutional amendment which would allow Nazarbayev to seek re-election as many times as he wishes. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Parliament of Kazakhstan ( Parlamenti) is the Bicameral Legislature of the Government of Kazakhstan. The 2007 amendment to the Constitution of Kazakhstan modified Kazakhstan's basic law, on May 18, 2007. This amendment applies specifically and only to Nazarbayev: the original constitution's proscribed maximum of two presidential terms will still apply to all future presidents of Kazakhstan. [10]

Nazarbayev appointed Altynbek Sarsenbayev, who at the time served as the Minister of Culture, Information, and Concord, the Secretary of the Kazakh Security Council, replacing Marat Tazhin, on 4 May 2001. Altynbek Sarsenbayev ( Алтынбек Сәрсенбаев; or Алтынбек Сәрсенбайұлы; Sarsenbaiuly 1962 - February 13, Marat Muhanbetuly Tazhin ( Тәжин Марат Мұханбетқазыұлы; born in 1960 in Aktobe) is a Kazakh politician Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Tazhin became the Chairman of the National Security Council, replacing Alnur Musayev. A National Security Council (NSC is usually an Executive branch governmental body responsible for coordinating policy on national security issues and advising chief Musayev became the head of the Guards' Service of the President. [11]

His government's policies are considered moderate and maintain a balance between the United States and Russia. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Notwithstanding Kazakhstan's membership in the Organization of the Islamic Conference, under Nazarbayev the country has had good relations with Israel. The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC is an International organization with a permanent delegation to the United Nations. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Diplomatic relations were established in 1992 and President Nazarbayev paid official visits to Israel in 1995 and 2000. Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev ( Kazakh: Нұрсұлтан Әбішұлы Назарбаев æbəʃʊˈlɯ nɑzɑrˈbɑjəf Russian: Нурсултан [12][13][14] Bilateral trade between the two countries amounted to $724 million in 2005. [15] He initiated the move of the administration from Almaty to Astana. Almaty ( Алматы; formerly known as Alma-Ata ( Алма-Ата) also Verniy, (Верный is the largest city in Kazakhstan Astana ( Kazakh: Астана آستانه former names include Akmola, Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, and Aqmola) is the capital

A former minister in the Nazarbayev government, Zamanbek K. Nurkadilov, said that President Nazarbayev ought to answer allegations that Kazakh officials had accepted millions of US dollars in bribes from an intermediary for U. S. oil firms in the 1990's. [16]

Personal wealth

Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev (left) with billionaire Alexander Mashkevich
Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev (left) with billionaire Alexander Mashkevich

Transparency International ranked Kazakhstan 124th in its list of countries by corruption in 2004 with a score of 2. Transparency International ( TI) is a leading international Non-governmental organization addressing corruption Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain 2 (on a scale of 0-10 with 0 indicating a "highly corrupt" state). [17]. Nazarbayev himself has been called one of "ultimate oligarchs" of the post-Soviet central Asia states. [18] He is believed to have transferred at least $1 billion worth of oil revenues to his private bank accounts in other countries and his family controls many other key enterprises in Kazakhstan. [18] He is also said to have benefitted financially from his "special relations" with Kazakh-Israeli billionaire Alexander Mashkevich, who, as of 2004, was believed to control as much as one-fourth of Kazakhstan's economy. A billionaire is a person who has a Net worth of at least one billion units of currency such as United States dollars ( USD /US$ U Alexander Mashkevich (אלכסנדר משקביץ also Transliterated Alexandr Mashkevic; Russian: Александр Машкевич) born [19][20][21]

Family

He is married to Sara Alpysovna Nazarbayeva, with whom he has had three daughters; Dariga, Dinara and Aliya. Sara Alpysqyzy Nazarbayeva (Сара Алпысқызы Назарбаева (born 9 January, 1941 in Kzyl-Zhar, Kazakhstan) is the First Lady Dariga Nursultanqyzy Nazarbayeva ( Дариға Нұрсұлтанқызы Назарбаева) (born 7 May 1963 in Temirtau, Kazakh SSR Dariga is married to Rakhat Aliyev, son of a former minister of healthcare, who served as the First Deputy Foreign Minister and twice as the Kazakh Ambassador to Austria. Rakhat Mukhtaruly Aliyev (Рахат Мұхтарұлы Әлиев born 1962) served as the First Vice Foreign Minister in the Government of Kazakhstan until February Dinara is married to Timur Kulibayev, son of a former Minister of Construction, who serves as the First Deputy Chairman of the national holding company Samruk which manages several state-owned companies and, formerly, as the first Vice President of the state-owned petroleum company KazMunaiGas. Timur Askarovich Kulibayev (Тимур Құлыбаев Russian: Тимур Аскарович Кулибаев is a prominent Kazakh businessman and son-in-law KazMunayGas is the state-owned oil and gas company of Kazakhstan. Aliya is a prominent businesswoman. She was married to Aidar Akayev, the son of former Kyrgyz President, Askar Akaev. The President of Kyrgyzstan is the Head of state and the highest official of Kyrgyzstan. Askar Akayevich Akayev ( Аскар Акаевич Акаев) (born 10 November 1944 in Kyzyl-Bairak, Kirghiz SSR) served as the Now she is married Daniyar Khassenov, Kazakhstani businessman.

On 4 December 2005 new Presidential elections were held and President Nazarbayev won by an overwhelming majority of 91. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Elections in Kazakhstan are held on a national level to elect a President and the the Parliament, which is divided into two bodies the Majilis (Assembly 15% (from a total of 6,871,571 eligible participating voters) as reported by the Central Electoral Commission of Kazakhstan, an estimation criticized by the OSCE and other election watchdog organizations. Nazarbayev was sworn in for another seven-year term on 11 January 2006. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Other

Views on Iran

In a speech given on 15 December 2006 marking the 15th anniversary of Kazakhstan's independence Nazarbayev criticized actions taken by the Iranian government, saying Iran had become a center of growing insecurity in Asia by engaging in international terrorism, fundamentalism, the spread of weapons of mass destruction, illegal immigration, and weapons and drug trafficking. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The politics and government of Iran takes place in the framework of a Republic with an Islamic ideology Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Fundamentalism refers to a "deep and totalistic commitment" to a belief in and strict adherence to a set of basic principles (often Religious in nature a reaction A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD) is a weapon which can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country Illegal arms trafficking, also known as Gunrunning is trafficking in ( Smuggling) contraband Weapons and Ammunition. The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs The Kazakh Foreign Ministry however, released a statement on 19 December, saying his remarks were not "what he really meant," and his comments were "mistakes. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. "[22] In a recent announcement of a railway link, Nazarbayev expressed religious solidarity with Iran, as he was quoted as saying, "Today I will pay a visit to Turkmenistan where we will agree on the construction of a railway through Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to Iran with access to the Persian Gulf. Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the This will bring us closer to our Muslim brothers. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion "[23]

In April 2008, it was reported by The Observer that Nazarbayev's biography is being written by former UK cabinet minister Jonathan Aitken[24]. Jonathan William Patrick Aitken (born 30 August 1942 is a former Conservative Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom and British government minister

2007 presidential address

Nazarbayev delivered his annual presidential address on 28 February 2007. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. He advocated membership in the World Trade Organization, the establishment of a Eurasian Customs Union, and discussed cooperation with foreign states in the "fight against terrorism and fight against epidemics and environmental disasters. "[25]

Olympic torchbearer

On April 2, 2008 Nursultan Nazarbayev became the first torchbearer of Kazakhstan part of the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay in Almaty. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics. Almaty ( Алматы; formerly known as Alma-Ata ( Алма-Ата) also Verniy, (Верный is the largest city in Kazakhstan [26]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ideology and National Identity in Post-Communist Foreign Policies By Rick Fawn, pg. The Government of Kazakhstan oversees a presidential Republic. The politics of Kazakhstan takes place in the framework of a presidential Republic, whereby the President of Kazakhstan is Head of state and Kazakhgate refers to the scandal surrounding James Giffen, an American businessman and former advisor of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of Kazakhstan This is a list of current heads of state and government, showing heads of state and heads of government where different mainly in Parliamentary systems Friedhelm Eronat (born 1953 in Prien (Germany the son of Anna and Josef Eronat is a Geneva-based millionaire business leader mainly involved in oil trading exploration and production Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan ( Vybor Kazakhstana Demokratiyalyk Tandau'' is a political party in Kazakhstan. Zharmakhan Aytbayuly Tuyakbay ( Kazakh: Жармахан Айтбайұлы Тұяқбай Jaramxan Aytbayulı Tuyaqbay, Russian: Жармаха‘н Айтба‘йулы‘ For a Just Kazakhstan (also known as For a Fair Kazakhstan) political movement was founded by the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, the Naghyz Ak Zhol Party Altynbek Sarsenbayev ( Алтынбек Сәрсенбаев; or Алтынбек Сәрсенбайұлы; Sarsenbaiuly 1962 - February 13, 147
  2. ^ BBC NEWS | Asia-Pacific | Country profiles | Country profile: Kazakhstan
  3. ^ a b Power and Change in Central Asia, pages 59-61 Google books
  4. ^ Ideology and National Identity in Post-Communist Foreign Policies By Rick Fawn, pg. 147
  5. ^ Moscow News - Local - Moscow’s Largest Mosque to Undergo Extension
  6. ^ Kazakstan - Government Mongabay
  7. ^ Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States, page 136 Google books
  8. ^ Russia and the New States of Eurasia: The Politics of Upheaval, pages 317-318 Google books
  9. ^ Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights - Elections
  10. ^ Kazakhstan lifts president's term limit LA Times
  11. ^ Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook: 2003 Edition, page 272 Google books
  12. ^ [1]
  13. ^ [2]
  14. ^ [3]
  15. ^ [4]
  16. ^ Ex-Kazakh Official Who Made a Threat Found Slain - New York Times
  17. ^ 3006681 TI Report Cover
  18. ^ a b Guriev, Sergei (October, 2006). The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed October events and holidays Children's Book Week ( England) - First Week of October National Day ( China People's Republic Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Evolution of Personal Wealth in the Former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe (PDF). www. wider. unu. edu. United Nations University - World Institute for Development Economics Research. Retrieved on 2006-02-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  19. ^ Kazhegeldin, Akezhan (December 24, 2004). Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The end of the "controlled" democracy (HTML). "Respublika". International Eurasian Institute for Economic and Political Research. Retrieved on 2006-02-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  20. ^ Rozen, Sami (March 9, 2006). Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Kazakh Historian Turned Deputy Minister After Stay in Israel (HTML). www. axisglobe. com. Axis. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  21. ^ Krichevsky, Lev (18 October 2004). Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Wealthy Kazakh businessman looks to make mark on Jewish world (HTML). www. ncsj. org. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. The Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA is an international News agency serving Jewish community Newspapers and media around the world Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  22. ^ Kazakhstan dismisses alleged anti-Iran comments from president IRNA
  23. ^ EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Construction Of Railway To Iran On Agenda Of Turkmenistan Visit - Kazakh Leader
  24. ^ Pendennis: 06 April 2008 | From the Observer | The Observer
  25. ^ Kazakh leader outlines development priorities in annual address BBC News
  26. ^ :: Liter.KZ

External links

Political offices
Preceded by
Bayken Ashimov		 Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR
1984 – 1989		 Succeeded by
Uzaqbay Qaramanov
New title President of Kazakhstan
1991 – present		 Incumbent
Party political offices
Preceded by
Gennady Kolbin		 First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan
1989 – 1991		 Title abolished
The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (Қазақ Кеңестік Социалистік Республикасы Qazaq Keñestik Socialistik Respublikasi; Казахская Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Leaders of Kazakhstan since 1919 Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920-1925 Secretaries of the Kirghiz Regional Committee of the Communist Party Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Gennady Kolbin (Геннадий Колбин 1927-1998 was the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakh SSR from December The Communist Party of Kazakhstan ( Qazaqstan Kommunistik Partiyasi) is a Political party in Kazakhstan. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic