Numismatics Terminology Portal

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Exonumia Credit cards, Medals, Tokens Notaphily Banknotes Scripophily Stocks, Bonds v • d • e

Numismatics (Latin: numisma, nomisma, "coin"; from the Greek: νομίζειν nomízein, "to use according to law") is the scientific study of currency and its history in all its varied forms. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The history of money is a story spanning thousands of years Related to this Numismatics is the scientific study of Money and its History in all its varied While numismatists are often characterized as students or collectors of coins, the discipline also includes a much larger study of payment media used to resolve debts and the exchange of goods. main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review A payment is the transfer of wealth from one party (such as a person or company to another Debt is that which is owed usually referencing Assets owed but the term can cover other obligations Lacking a structured monetary system, people in the past as well as some today lived in a barter society and used locally found items of inherent or implied value. A monetary system secures the proper functioning of Money by regulating economic agents transaction types and Money supply. Barter is a type of Trade in which goods or services are directly exchanged Early money used by primitive people is referred to as "Odd and Curious", but the use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating currency (e. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is g. , prison cigarettes). A cigarette ( French "small Cigar " from cigar + -ette) is a product consumed through Smoking and manufactured The Kyrgyz people used horses as the principal currency unit and gave small change in lambskins. The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. ^[1] The lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horse is not. Sheepskin is the hide of a sheep, sometimes also called lambskin or lambswool. Many objects have been used for centuries, such as conch shells, precious metals and gems. A conch (pronounced in the USA as "konk" or "konch" ˈkɒŋk or /ˈkɒntʃ/ is one of a number of different Species Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. A gemstone or gem, also called a precious or semi-precious stone, is a piece of attractive Mineral, which &mdash when cut and polished &mdash

Today, most transactions take place by a form of payment with either inherent, standardized or credit value. Credit is the provision of resources (such as granting a Loan) by one party to another party where that second party does not reimburse the first party immediately thereby generating Numismatic value may be used to refer to the value in excess of the monetary value conferred by law. This is also known as the "collector's value" or "intrinsic value. "

Economic and historical studies of money's use and development are separate to the numismatists' study of money's physical embodiment (although the fields are related; economic theories of money's origin depend upon numismatics, for example). An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology

History of money

Main article: History of money

Money itself must be a scarce good. The history of money is a story spanning thousands of years Related to this Numismatics is the scientific study of Money and its History in all its varied Scarcity (also called paucity) is the problem of Infinite human needs and Wants, in a world of Finite Resources In other Many items have been used as money, from naturally scarce precious metals and conch shells through cigarettes to entirely artificial money such as banknotes. Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. A conch (pronounced in the USA as "konk" or "konch" ˈkɒŋk or /ˈkɒntʃ/ is one of a number of different Species A cigarette ( French "small Cigar " from cigar + -ette) is a product consumed through Smoking and manufactured A banknote (often known as a bill, paper money or simply a note) is a kind of Negotiable instrument, a Promissory note made by a Modern money (and most ancient money too) is essentially a token - an abstraction. Paper currency is perhaps the most common type of physical money today. However, goods such as gold or silver retain many of the essential properties of money. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen

History of numismatics

A Roman denarius, a standardized silver coin. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Roman Currency system included the denarius (plural denarii) after 211 BC a small Silver coin, Silver coins are possibly the oldest mass form of Coinage Silver has been used as a coinage Metal since the times of the Greeks Their silver drachmas

Coin Collecting may have existed in ancient times. Caesar Augustus gave "coins of every device, including old pieces of the kings and foreign money" as Saturnalia gifts. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Saturnalia is the feast with which the Romans commemorated the dedication of the temple of the god Saturn ^[2]

Petrarch, who wrote in a letter that he was often approached by vinediggers with old coins asking him to buy or to identify the ruler, is credited as the first Renaissance collector. Francesco Petrarca ( July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374) known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Petrarch presented a collection of Roman coins to Emperor Charles IV in 1355. Charles IV ( Czech: Karel IV, German: Karl IV, Hungarian: IV Károly; 14 May 1316 &ndash

The first book on coins was De Asse et Partibus (1514) by Guillaume Budé. ^[3]. During the early Renaissance ancient coins were collected by European royalty and nobility. Collectors of coins were Pope Boniface VIII, Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV of France, Ferdinand I, Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg who started the Berlin coin cabinet and Henry IV of France to name a few. Pope Boniface VIII (c 1235 &ndash October 11, 1303) born Benedetto Caetani, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294 Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Joachim II Hector (Joachim II Hector or Hektor; 13 January 1505 &ndash 3 January 1571) was a Prince-elector of the Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III Numismatics is called the "Hobby of Kings", due to its most esteemed founders.

Professional societies organized in the 19th century. The Royal Numismatic Society was founded in 1836 and immediately begin publishing the journal that became the Numismatic Chronicle. Royal Numismatic Society is a Learned society and charity based in London, United Kingdom which promotes research into all branches of Numismatics Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The American Numismatic Society was founded in 1858 and began publishing the American Journal of Numismatics in 1866. The American Numismatic Society (or ANS) is a New York City -based organization dedicated to the study of Coins and Medals ANS should not be Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

In 1931 the British Academy launched the Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum publishing collections of Ancient Greek coinage. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The British Academy is the United Kingdom 's National academy for the Humanities and the Social sciences It was established by Royal Charter The history of Ancient Greek coinage can be divided (along with most other Greek art forms into three periods the Archaic the Classical and the Hellenistic The first volume of Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles was published in 1958. The Sylloge of the Coins of the British Isles ( SCBI) is an ongoing project to publish all major Museum collections and certain important private collections of Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In the 20th century as well the coins were seen more as archaeological objects. After World War II in Germany a project, Fundmünzen der Antike (Coin finds of the Classical Period) was launched, to register every coin found within Germany. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including This idea found successors in many countries.

In the United States, the US mint established a coin Cabinet in 1838 when chief coiner Adam Eckfeldt donated his personal collection. ^[4] William E. Du Bois’ Pledges of History. . . (1846)) describes the cabinet. For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display

C. Wyllys Betts' American colonial history illustrated by contemporary medals (1894) set the groundwork for the study of American historical medals. Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Modern numismatics

Modern numismatics is the study of the coins of the mid 17th to the 21st century, the period of machine struck coins. Their study serves more the need of collectors than historians and it is more often successfully pursued by amateur aficionados than by professional scholars. The focus of modern numismatics lies frequently in the research of production and use of money in historical contexts using mint or other records in order to determine the relative rarity of the coins they study. Varieties, mint-made errors, the results of progressive die wear, mintage figures and even the socio-political context of coin mintings are also matters of interest. Mint-made errors are Errors in a Coin made by the mint during the minting process

Subfields

Main articles: Exonumia, Notaphily, and Scripophily

Exonumia is the study of coin-like objects such as token coins and medals, and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration. Exonumia is the study of Coin -like objects such as Token coins and Medals and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration Notaphily is the study of paper Money or Banknotes A notaphilist is a collector of banknotes paper money paper currency or plastic notes Scripophily is the study and collection of Stocks and bonds A specialized field of Numismatics, scripophily is an interesting area of collecting due to both Exonumia is the study of Coin -like objects such as Token coins and Medals and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review In the study of Numismatics, token coins or tokens are coin-like objects used instead of Coins The field of tokens is part of Exonumia. A medal is usually a Coin -like sculpted object of metal or other material that has been engraved with an Insignia, Portrait or other artistic rendering This includes elongated coins, encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags, badges, counterstamped coins, wooden nickels, credit cards, and other similar items. Elongated coins are Coins that have been flattened stretched and imprinted with a new design with the purpose of creating a commemorative or souvenir token A wooden nickel, in the United States, is wood Token coin, which are usually issued by a merchant or bank as a promotion sometimes redeemable for a specific item A credit card is part of a system of Payments named after the small Plastic card issued to users of the system It is related to numismatics proper (concerned with coins which have been legal tender), and many coin collectors are also exonumists. Legal tender or forced tender is Payment that by Law, cannot be refused in settlement of a Debt ( Debtor cannot successfully be sued Coin collecting is the Collecting or trading of Coins or other forms of legally minted currency

Notaphily is the study of paper money or banknotes. Notaphily is the study of paper Money or Banknotes A notaphilist is a collector of banknotes paper money paper currency or plastic notes A banknote (often known as a bill, paper money or simply a note) is a kind of Negotiable instrument, a Promissory note made by a It is believed that people have been collecting paper money for as long as it has been in use. Paper Money is the second album by the band Montrose. It was released in 1974 and was the last album to feature Sammy Hagar as lead vocalist However, people only started collecting paper money systematically in Germany in the 1920s, particularly the Serienscheine (Series notes) Notgeld. The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada Notgeld ( German for "Emergency Money " or "necessity money" During the early 20th century special money was issued in several countries but The turning point occurred in the 1970s, when notaphily was established as a separate area by collectors. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. At the same time, some developed countries such as the USA, Germany and France began publishing their respective national catalogues of paper money, which represented major points of reference literature. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Scripophily is the study and collection of stocks and Bonds. Scripophily is the study and collection of Stocks and bonds A specialized field of Numismatics, scripophily is an interesting area of collecting due to both Software for Fixed assets management and Stock control developed in 2004. In Finance, a bond is a Debt security, in which the authorized issuer owes the holders a debt and is obliged to repay the principal and Interest It is an interesting area of collecting due to both the inherent beauty of some historical documents as well as the interesting historical context of each document. Some stock certificates are excellent examples of engraving. Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it Occasionally, an old stock document will be found that still has value as a stock in a successor company.

Numismatists

The term numismatist applies to collectors and coin dealers as well scholars using coins as source or studying coins.

The first group chiefly derive pleasure from the simple ownership of monetary devices and studying these coins as private amateur scholars. In the classical field amateur collector studies have achieved quite remarkable progress in the field. Examples are Walter Breen, a well-known example of a noted numismatist who was not an avid collector, and King Farouk I of Egypt was an avid collector who had very little interest in numismatics. Walter H Breen ( September 5, 1928 &ndash April 28, 1993) was an American author Farouk I of Egypt ( Arabic: فاروق الأول Fārūq al-Awwal) ‎ (February 11 1920 &ndash March 18 1965 was the tenth ruler from the Muhammad Harry Bass by comparison was a noted collector who was also a numismatist.

The second group are the coin dealers. These often called professional numismatists authenticate or grade coins for commercial purposes. In Coin collecting, coin grading is the process of determining the grade or condition of a Coin, one of the key factors in its value as a Collector's The buying and selling of coin collections by numismatists who are professional dealers advances the study of money, and expert numismatists are consulted by historians, museum curators, and archaeologists.

The third category are scholar numismatists working in public collections, universities or as independent scholars acquiring knowledge about monetary devices, their systems, their economy and their historical context. Coins are especially relevant as source in the pre-modern period.

See also

• Coin collecting
• Coin grading
• American Numismatic Association
• Joseph Pellerin
• Commodity money
• Money creation
• Where's George?
• Where's Willy?
• Auction catalog
• Currency Trading
• Manillas - a form of primitive or archaic money. Coin collecting is the Collecting or trading of Coins or other forms of legally minted currency In Coin collecting, coin grading is the process of determining the grade or condition of a Coin, one of the key factors in its value as a Collector's The American Numismatic Association was founded by Dr George F pellerin piecesjpg|right|250 px|thumb|Pellerin surrounded by some of his coins]] Joseph Pellerin (1684-1782 French Intendant-General of the Navy first Commissioner Commodity money is Money whose value comes from a Commodity out of which it is made Money creation is the process by which Money is produced or issued Where's George? (abbreviated WG?) is a Website that tracks the natural geographic circulation of American paper money. Where's Willy?, is a Website that tracks Canadian paper money &mdash most commonly five dollar bills but also higher denominations An auction catalog is a catalog that lists items to be sold at an Auction. In Finance, the exchange rates (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies specifies how Manillas are penannular (almost ring-like armlets mostly in Bronze or Copper, very rarely Gold, which served as a form of Money or Barter

Notes