| Nitrogenous base | Nucleoside | Deoxynucleoside |
|---|---|---|
 Adenine |
 Adenosine A |
 Deoxyadenosine dA |
 Guanine |
 Guanosine G |
 Deoxyguanosine dG |
 Thymine |
 5-Methyluridine m5U |
 Deoxythymidine dT |
 Uracil |
 Uridine U |
 Deoxyuridine dU |
 Cytosine |
 Cytidine C |
 Deoxycytidine dC |
Nucleosides are glycosylamines made by attaching a nucleobase (often referred to simply as base) to a ribose or deoxyribose ring. Adenine is a Purine with a variety of roles in Biochemistry including Cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich Adenosine Adenosine is a Nucleoside composed of a Molecule of Adenine attached to a Ribose sugar molecule ( Ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9- Deoxyadenosine is Deoxyribonucleoside and is considered a derivative of the Nucleoside Adenosine, differing from the latter by the replacement Guanine is one of the five main Nucleobases found in the Nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being Adenine, Cytosine, Guanosine is a Nucleoside comprising Guanine attached to a Ribose ( Ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9- Glycosidic bond. Deoxyguanosine is a compound and a Nucleoside. It is like Guanosine, but with one Oxygen atom removed at the 2' position of the ribose sugar Thymine is one of the four bases in the Nucleic acid of DNA that make up the letters ATGC The Chemical compound 5-methyluridine (also called ribosylthymine, thymine riboside, and m5u) is a Pyrimidine Thymidine (more precisely called deoxythymidine; can also be labelled deoxyribosylthymine, and thymine deoxyriboside) is a Chemical compound Uracil is a common and naturally occurring Pyrimidine derivative Uridine is a molecule (known as a Nucleoside) that is formed when Uracil is attached to a Ribose ring (also known as a Ribofuranose) via a β-N1- Deoxyuridine is a compound and a Nucleoside. It is similar in chemical structure to Uridine, but without the 2'-hydroxyl group Cytosine is one of the five main bases found in DNA and RNA. It is a Pyrimidine derivative with a Heterocyclic Aromatic ring Cytidine is a Nucleoside Molecule that is formed when Cytosine is attached to a Ribose ring (also known as a Ribofuranose) via Deoxycytidine is a Deoxyribonucleoside. It is like Cytidine, but with one Oxygen atom removed Glycosylamine is a biochemical compound consisting of an Amine with a β-N-glycosidic bond to a Carbohydrate. Structure The "skeleton" of adenine Ribose (ɹˈaɪbəʊs ɹˈaɪbəɹʊs primarily seen as D-ribose, is an Aldopentose — a Monosaccharide containing five Carbon Deoxyribose, also known as D-Deoxyribose and 2-deoxyribose, is an Aldopentose &mdash a Monosaccharide containing five Carbon Examples of these include cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine and inosine. Cytidine is a Nucleoside Molecule that is formed when Cytosine is attached to a Ribose ring (also known as a Ribofuranose) via Uridine is a molecule (known as a Nucleoside) that is formed when Uracil is attached to a Ribose ring (also known as a Ribofuranose) via a β-N1- Adenosine is a Nucleoside composed of a Molecule of Adenine attached to a Ribose sugar molecule ( Ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9- Guanosine is a Nucleoside comprising Guanine attached to a Ribose ( Ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9- Glycosidic bond. Thymidine (more precisely called deoxythymidine; can also be labelled deoxyribosylthymine, and thymine deoxyriboside) is a Chemical compound Inosine is a Nucleoside that is formed when Hypoxanthine is attached to a Ribose ring (also known as a Ribofuranose) via a β-N9- In short, a nucleoside is a base linked to sugar.
Nucleosides can be phosphorylated by specific kinases in the cell, producing nucleotides, which are the molecular building blocks of DNA and RNA. Phosphorylation is the addition of a Phosphate (PO4 group to a Protein molecule or a small molecule In Chemistry and Biochemistry, a kinase, alternatively known as a phosphotransferase, is a type of Enzyme that transfers Phosphate Nucleotides are Organic compounds that consist of three joined structures a nitrogenous base a Sugar, and a Phosphate group Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units
Nucleosides are produced as the second step in nucleic acid digestion, whereby nucleotidases break down nucleotides (such as the thymine nucleotide) into nucleosides (such as thymidine) and phosphate. A nucleotidase is a hydrolytic enzyme that catalyzes the Hydrolysis of a Nucleotide into a Nucleoside and a Phosphate. Nucleotides are Organic compounds that consist of three joined structures a nitrogenous base a Sugar, and a Phosphate group Thymine is one of the four bases in the Nucleic acid of DNA that make up the letters ATGC Thymidine (more precisely called deoxythymidine; can also be labelled deoxyribosylthymine, and thymine deoxyriboside) is a Chemical compound The nucleosides, in turn, are subsequently broken down
- in the lumen of the digestive system by nucleosidases into nitrogenous bases and ribose (or deoxyribose), and
- inside the cell by nucleoside phosphorylases into nitrogenous bases, and ribose-1-phosphate (or deoxyribose-1-phosphate). Ribose (ɹˈaɪbəʊs ɹˈaɪbəɹʊs primarily seen as D-ribose, is an Aldopentose — a Monosaccharide containing five Carbon Deoxyribose, also known as D-Deoxyribose and 2-deoxyribose, is an Aldopentose &mdash a Monosaccharide containing five Carbon Nucleoside phosphorylase, also known as NP, is a human Gene. Nitrogenous bases are Organic compounds that owe their basic properties to the Lone pair of Electrons of a Nitrogen Atom
Nucleosides can be produced by combining nucleobases with deoxyribose rings as well.
Nucleosides differ from nucleotides by having a hydroxyl group attached to carbon number 5 (the one that isn't in the ring) of the ribose, rather than one or more phosphate groups. Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond.
In medicine several nucleoside analogues are used as antiviral or anticancer agents. Nucleoside analogues are a range of antiviral products used to prevent Viral replication in infected cells The viral polymerase incorporates these compounds with non-canon bases. These compounds are activated in the cells by being converted into nucleotides, they are administered as nuclosides since charged nucleotides cannot easily cross cell membranes.
In molecular biology several analogues of the sugar back bone exist. Nucleic acid analogues are compounds structurally similar ( analog) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA used in medicine and in molecular biology research Due to the low stability of RNA, which is prone to hydrolysis, several more stable alternative nucleoside/nucleotide analogues are used which correctly bind to RNA. This is achieved by using a different backbone sugar. These analogues include LNA, morpholino, PNA. In Molecular biology, a Morpholino is a Molecule used to modify Gene expression.
In sequencing dideoxynucleotides are used. Dideoxynucleotides, or ddNTPs are Nucleotides lacking a 3'-hydroxyl (-OH group on their Deoxyribose sugar These nucleotides possess a non-canon sugar, dideoxyribose which lacks 3' hydroxyl group (which accepts the phosphate) and therefore cannot bond with the next base, terminating the chain as DNA polymerases mistake it for a regular deoxyribonucleotide.
See also
Dictionary
nucleoside
-noun
- (biochemistry) an organic molecule in which a nitrogenous heterocyclic base (or nucleobase), which can be either a double-ringed purine or a single-ringed pyrimidine, is covalently attached to a five-carbon pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA). When the phosphate group is covalently attached to the pentose sugar, it forms a nucleotide.
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