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A nuclear explosion occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from an intentionally high-speed nuclear reaction. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. The history of nuclear weapons chronicles the development of Nuclear weapons. The nuclear Arms race was a competition for supremacy in Nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective Nuclear weapon designs are physical chemical and engineering arrangements that cause the physics package of a nuclear weapon to detonate Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness yield and explosive capability of Nuclear weapons Throughout the twentieth century most nations Underground nuclear testing refers to test detonations of Nuclear weapons that are performed underground The energy released from a nuclear weapon detonated in the Troposphere can be divided into four basic categories Blast &mdash40-50% of total energy Nuclear weapons delivery is the technology and systems used to place a Nuclear weapon at the position of Detonation, on or near its intended target Nuclear espionage is the purposeful giving of state secrets regarding Nuclear weapons to other states without authorization ( Espionage) Nuclear proliferation is a term now used to describe the spread of Nuclear weapons, fissile material and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations This is a list of Nuclear weapons ordered by state and then type within the states Nations that are known or believed to possess Nuclear weapons are sometimes referred to as the nuclear club. The United States was the first country in the world to develop Nuclear weapons, and is the only country to have used them as actual weapons, Russia possesses the largest stockpile of Weapons of mass destruction in the world The United Kingdom was the third state to test an independently developed Nuclear weapon in October 1952 France is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty but is not known to possess or develop any chemical or The People's Republic of China is estimated by the US Government to have an arsenal of about 150 Nuclear weapons as of 1999, which matches India is believed to possess an arsenal of Nuclear weapons and maintains intermediate-range Ballistic missiles to deliver them Israel is widely believed to be the sixth country in the world to develop Nuclear weapons and to be one of four nuclear-armed countries not recognized The Islamic Republic of Pakistan began focusing on nuclear development in January 1972 under the leadership of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali North Korea claims to possess Nuclear weapons and the CIA asserts that it has a substantial arsenal of Chemical weapons. In Nuclear physics, a nuclear reaction is the process in which two nuclei or nuclear particles collide to produce products different from the initial particles The driving reaction may be nuclear fission, nuclear fusion or a multistage cascading combination of the two, though to date all fusion based weapons have used a fission device to initiate fusion, and a pure fusion weapon remains a hypothetical device. Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into parts (lighter nuclei) often producing Free neutrons and other smaller nuclei which may In Physics and Nuclear chemistry, nuclear fusion is the process by which multiple- like charged atomic nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus
Atmospheric nuclear explosions are associated with "mushroom clouds" although mushroom clouds can occur with large chemical explosions and it is possible to have an air burst nuclear explosion without these clouds. A mushroom cloud is a distinctive Mushroom -shaped Cloud of condensed Water vapor or Debris resulting from a very large Explosion. Atmospheric nuclear explosions produce large amounts of radiation and radioactive debris. Radiation, as in Physics, is Energy in the form of waves or moving Subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation.
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History
In 1963, all nuclear and many non-nuclear states signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty, pledging to refrain from testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, underwater, or in outer space. The Treaty banning Nuclear Weapon Tests In The Atmosphere In Outer Space And Under Water, often abbreviated as the Partial Test Ban Treaty ( PTBT) The treaty permitted underground tests.
The primary application to date has been military (i. e. nuclear weapons). A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. However, there are other potential applications, which have not yet been explored, or have been considered but abandoned. They include:
- Nuclear pulse propulsion, including using a nuclear explosion as asteroid deflection strategy. Asteroid deflection strategies are methods by which Near-Earth objects could be diverted preventing potentially catastrophic Impact events A sufficiently large
- Power generation; see PACER
- Peaceful nuclear explosions
Milestone nuclear explosions
The following list is of milestone nuclear explosions. The PACER project carried out at Los Alamos National Laboratory in the mid-1970s explored the possibility of a Fusion power system that would involve exploding small Peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs are Nuclear explosions conducted for non-military purposes such as activities related to Economic development including the In addition to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the first nuclear test of a given weapon type for a country is included, and tests which were otherwise notable (such as the largest test ever). The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at All yields (explosive power) are given in their estimated energy equivalents in kilotons of TNT (see megaton). Trinitrotoluene ( TNT) is a Chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO23CH3
| Date | Name | Yield (kT) | Country | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 Jul 1945 | Trinity | 19 |  USA |
First fission device test, first plutonium implosion detonation |
| 6 Aug 1945 | Little Boy | 15 | USA |
Bombing of Hiroshima, Japan, first detonation of an enriched uranium gun-type device |
| 9 Aug 1945 | Fat Man | 21 | USA |
Bombing of Nagasaki, Japan |
| 29 Aug 1949 | RDS-1 | 22 |  USSR |
First fission weapon test by the USSR |
| 3 Oct 1952 | Hurricane | 25 |  UK |
First fission weapon test by the UK |
| 1 Nov 1952 | Ivy Mike | 10,400 | USA |
First "staged" thermonuclear weapon test (not deployable) |
| 12 Aug 1953 | Joe 4 | 400 | USSR |
First fusion weapon test by the USSR (not "staged", but deployable) |
| 1 Mar 1954 | Castle Bravo | 15,000 | USA |
First deployable "staged" thermonuclear weapon; fallout accident where some people were radiation-poisoned |
| 22 Nov 1955 | RDS-37 | 1,600 | USSR |
First "staged" thermonuclear weapon test by the USSR (deployable) |
| 8 Nov 1957 | Grapple X | 1,800 | UK |
First (successful) "staged" thermonuclear weapon test by the UK |
| 13 Feb 1960 | Gerboise Bleue | 70 |  France |
First fission weapon test by France |
| 31 Oct 1961 | Tsar Bomba | 50,000 | USSR |
Largest thermonuclear weapon ever tested |
| 16 Oct 1964 | 596 | 22 |  PR China |
First fission weapon test by the People's Republic of China |
| 17 Jun 1967 | Test No. 6 | 3,300 | PR China |
First "staged" thermonuclear weapon test by the People's Republic of China |
| 24 Aug 1968 | Canopus | 2,600 | France |
First "staged" thermonuclear test by France |
| 18 May 1974 | Smiling Buddha | 12 |  India |
First fission nuclear explosive test by India |
| 11 May 1998 | Shakti I | 43 | India |
First potential fusion/boosted weapon test by India (exact yields disputed, between 25kt and 45kt) |
| 11 May 1998 | Shakti II | 12 | India |
First deployable fission weapon test by India |
| 28 May 1998 | Chagai-I | 9-12 |  Pakistan |
First fission weapon test by Pakistan. The explosive yield of a nuclear weapon is the amount of Energy, called the Yield, discharged when a Nuclear weapon is detonated expressed usually Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Trinity was the first test of technology for a Nuclear weapon. The United States was the first country in the world to develop Nuclear weapons, and is the only country to have used them as actual weapons, Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Little Boy was the Codename of the Atomic bomb, developed via the "Manhattan Project" which was dropped on Hiroshima, on August 6 1945 by the The United States was the first country in the world to develop Nuclear weapons, and is the only country to have used them as actual weapons, The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at The Japanese city of ( is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū, the largest of Japan 's For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar "Fat Man" is the codename for the Atomic bomb that was detonated over Nagasaki, Japan, by the United States on August 9 The United States was the first country in the world to develop Nuclear weapons, and is the only country to have used them as actual weapons, The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The RDS-1 (РДС-1 also Joe-1, was the USSR's first Nuclear weapon test, named in reference to Joseph Stalin. The Soviet project to develop an atomic bomb began during World War II in the Soviet Union. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the Allied air forces show of force over Germany during World War II see Operation Hurricane (1944 Operation Hurricane was the test of the first The United Kingdom was the third state to test an independently developed Nuclear weapon in October 1952 Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ivy Mike was the codename given to the first US test of a fusion device where a major part of the explosive yield came from fusion The United States was the first country in the world to develop Nuclear weapons, and is the only country to have used them as actual weapons, Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Joe 4 (Warhead name RDS-6s ( Reaktivnyi Dvigatel Stalina; Stalin's Reaction Engine was an American nickname for the first Soviet test of a Thermonuclear The Soviet project to develop an atomic bomb began during World War II in the Soviet Union. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Castle Bravo was the Code name given to the first US test of a so-called dry fuel thermonuclear Hydrogen bomb device detonated on March 1, The United States was the first country in the world to develop Nuclear weapons, and is the only country to have used them as actual weapons, Fallout is the residual radiation hazard from a Nuclear explosion, so named because it "falls out" of the atmosphere into which it is spread during the explosion Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) RDS-37 was the Soviet Union's first "true" (staged Hydrogen bomb, first tested on November 22, 1955. The Soviet project to develop an atomic bomb began during World War II in the Soviet Union. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Operation Grapple, and operations Grapple X, Grapple Y and Grapple Z, were the names of British nuclear tests The United Kingdom was the third state to test an independently developed Nuclear weapon in October 1952 Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Gerboise Bleue ("blue jerboa" was the name of the first French nuclear test. France is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty but is not known to possess or develop any chemical or Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tsar Bomba (ru Царь-бомба literally " King Bomb" is the Western name for the RDS-220 hydrogen bomb (codenamed "Иван" (Ivan by its The Soviet project to develop an atomic bomb began during World War II in the Soviet Union. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. 596 is the codename of the People's Republic of China 's first Nuclear weapons test, detonated on October 16[[ 964]] The People's Republic of China is estimated by the US Government to have an arsenal of about 150 Nuclear weapons as of 1999, which matches Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. The People's Republic of China is estimated by the US Government to have an arsenal of about 150 Nuclear weapons as of 1999, which matches The People's Republic of China is estimated by the US Government to have an arsenal of about 150 Nuclear weapons as of 1999, which matches Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Canopus (also Opération Canopus in French) was the code name for France's first two-stage France is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty but is not known to possess or develop any chemical or Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The Smiling Buddha was the first nuclear test explosion by India on May 18, 1974 at Pokhran. India is believed to possess an arsenal of Nuclear weapons and maintains intermediate-range Ballistic missiles to deliver them Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Pokharan-II refers to test explosions of five Nuclear devices three on 11 May and two on 13 May 1998 conducted by India India is believed to possess an arsenal of Nuclear weapons and maintains intermediate-range Ballistic missiles to deliver them Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Pokharan-II refers to test explosions of five Nuclear devices three on 11 May and two on 13 May 1998 conducted by India India is believed to possess an arsenal of Nuclear weapons and maintains intermediate-range Ballistic missiles to deliver them Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Chagai-I refers to the nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan in 1998. The Islamic Republic of Pakistan began focusing on nuclear development in January 1972 under the leadership of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali |
| 9 Oct 2006 | Hwadae-ri | <1 |  North Korea |
First fission device tested by North Korea; resulted as a fizzle |
"Deployable" refers to whether the device tested could be hypothetically used in actual combat (in contrast with a proof-of-concept device). Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The 2006 North Korean nuclear test was the detonation of a nuclear device conducted on October 9, 2006 by the Democratic People's Republic North Korea claims to possess Nuclear weapons and the CIA asserts that it has a substantial arsenal of Chemical weapons. In Nuclear weapons a fizzle occurs when the testing of a nuclear bomb fails to meet its expected yield. "Staging" refers to whether it was a "true" hydrogen bomb of the so-called Teller-Ulam configuration or simply a form of a boosted fission weapon. The Teller–Ulam design is a Nuclear weapon design which is used in Megaton -range Thermonuclear weapons and is more colloquially referred to as "the The Teller–Ulam design is a Nuclear weapon design which is used in Megaton -range Thermonuclear weapons and is more colloquially referred to as "the A boosted fission weapon usually refers to a type of Nuclear bomb that uses a small amount of fusion fuel to increase the rate and thus yield of a fission For a more complete list of nuclear test series, see List of nuclear tests. See also Nuclear testing The following is a list of nuclear test series designations organized first by Country and then by date Some exact yield estimates, such as that of the Tsar Bomba and the tests by India and Pakistan in 1998, are somewhat contested among specialists. Tsar Bomba (ru Царь-бомба literally " King Bomb" is the Western name for the RDS-220 hydrogen bomb (codenamed "Иван" (Ivan by its
Peaceful nuclear explosions
Peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs) are nuclear explosions conducted for non-military purposes, such as activities related to economic development including the creation of canals. Peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs are Nuclear explosions conducted for non-military purposes such as activities related to Economic development including the Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Chagan was a Soviet Nuclear test during the Soviet atomic bomb project and was the most powerful test in the Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways During the 1960s and 1970s, both the United States and the Soviet Union conducted a number of PNEs. Six of the explosions by the Soviet Union are considered to have been of an applied nature, not just tests.
Subsequently the United States and the Soviet Union halted their programs. Definitions and limits are covered in the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty of 1976.
Nuclear weapons
In the history of warfare, two nuclear weapons have been detonated — both by the United States, during the closing days of World War II. Operation Plowshare, better known as Project Plowshare not to be confused with the anti-nuclear Plowshares Movement, was the overall United States term for the development of Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy was a Soviet program to investigate Peaceful nuclear explosions ( PNEs) A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. The history of nuclear weapons chronicles the development of Nuclear weapons. Military history is a Humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity The United States of America —commonly referred to as the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The first event occurred on the morning of 6 August 1945, when the United States dropped a uranium gun-type device code-named "Little Boy" on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the Little Boy was the Codename of the Atomic bomb, developed via the "Manhattan Project" which was dropped on Hiroshima, on August 6 1945 by the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Japanese city of ( is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū, the largest of Japan 's The second event occurred three days later when, again, the United States dropped a plutonium implosion-type device code-named "Fat Man" on the city of Nagasaki. "Fat Man" is the codename for the Atomic bomb that was detonated over Nagasaki, Japan, by the United States on August 9 ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. These bombings resulted in the immediate deaths of around 120,000 people and even more over time. A bomb is any of a range of devices that typically rely on the Exothermic Chemical reaction of an Explosive material to produce an extremely The use of these weapons was and remains controversial. (See Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki for a full discussion). The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at
Nuclear testing
Nuclear tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness, yield and explosive capability of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness yield and explosive capability of Nuclear weapons Throughout the twentieth century most nations A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Throughout the twentieth century, most nations that have developed nuclear weapons have staged tests of them. Testing nuclear weapons can yield information about how the weapons work, as well as how the weapons behave under various conditions and how structures behave when subjected to nuclear explosions. Additionally, nuclear testing has often been used as an indicator of scientific and military strength, and many tests have been overtly political in their intention; most nuclear weapons states publicly declared their nuclear status by means of a nuclear test. Nations that are known or believed to possess Nuclear weapons are sometimes referred to as the nuclear club.
Effects of nuclear explosions
The dominant effects of a nuclear weapon (the blast and thermal radiation) are the same physical damage mechanisms as conventional explosives, but the energy produced by a nuclear explosive is millions of times more per gram and the temperatures reached are in the tens of megakelvins. The energy released from a nuclear weapon detonated in the Troposphere can be divided into four basic categories Blast &mdash40-50% of total energy An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic
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