Novartis International AG
Type	Public (NYSE: NVS), (virt-x:NOVN)
Founded	1996 (from merger)
Headquarters	Basel, Switzerland
Key people	Daniel Vasella (CEO)
Industry	Pharmaceuticals
Products	Diovan, Exelon, Lamisil, Gleevec, Lotrel, Zometa, Neoral, Femara Zelnorm, Benefiber, Clomicalm, Voltaren, Tegretol, etc. The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Daniel Lucius Vasella MD (born 1953 is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO of the Swiss Pharmaceutical company Novartis AG. A chief executive officer ( CEO) or chief executive is typically the highest-ranking corporate officer ( executive) or administrator For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" In Marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a Market that might satisfy a want or need Valsartan is an Angiotensin II receptor antagonist (more commonly called an "ARB" which stands for Angiotensin Receptor Blocker acting on the AT1 Rivastigmine (sold under the trade name Exelon) is a parasympathomimetic or Cholinergic agent that was developed by Novartis for the treatment Terbinafine hydrochloride ( Lamisil in Australia Belgium Brazil Canada France Germany Hungary Romania United Kingdom and United States also sold under the name Imatinib is a drug used to treat certain types of Cancer. It is currently marketed by Novartis as Gleevec ( USA) or Glivec Amlodipine/benazepril, marketed in the US as Lotrel by Novartis and manufactured as a Generic drug by Teva, is an Antihypertensive Ciclosporin (ˌsaɪkləˈspɔrən cyclosporine ( USAN) or cyclosporin (former BAN) is an Immunosuppressant drug widely Letrozole ( INN, trade name Femara) is an oral non-steroidal Aromatase inhibitor that has been introduced for the adjuvant treatment of hormonally-responsive Tegaserod is a 5-HT 4 Agonist manufactured by Novartis and used for the management of Irritable bowel syndrome and Constipation
Revenue	US$ 37 billion (2006)
Employees	100,735 (as of December 31, 2006)
Website	www.novartis.com

Novartis headquarters in Basel

Suffern, New York: the sole Novartis pharmaceutical production facility in the United States. In business revenue or revenues is Income that a company receives from its normal business activities usually from the sale of goods and services The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages Suffern is a village in the Town of Ramapo Rockland County, New York, United States located north of the State of New Jersey

Novartis International AG (NYSE: NVS) is a multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel, Switzerland that manufactures drugs such as clozapine (Clozaril), diclofenac (Voltaren), carbamazepine (Tegretol), valsartan (Diovan), imatinib mesylate (Gleevec / Glivec), cyclosporin A (Neoral / Sandimmun), letrozole (Femara), methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin), terbinafine (Lamisil), etc. The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Clozapine (sold as Clozaril, Leponex, Fazaclo, Froidir; Gen-Clozapine in Canada Clozaril, Denzapine, Diclofenac (marketed as Flector patch, Voltaren, Voltarol, Diclon, Dicloflex Difen, Difene, Cataflam Carbamazepine ("CBZ" is an Anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug used primarily in the treatment of Epilepsy and Bipolar disorder Valsartan is an Angiotensin II receptor antagonist (more commonly called an "ARB" which stands for Angiotensin Receptor Blocker acting on the AT1 Imatinib is a drug used to treat certain types of Cancer. It is currently marketed by Novartis as Gleevec ( USA) or Glivec Ciclosporin (ˌsaɪkləˈspɔrən cyclosporine ( USAN) or cyclosporin (former BAN) is an Immunosuppressant drug widely Letrozole ( INN, trade name Femara) is an oral non-steroidal Aromatase inhibitor that has been introduced for the adjuvant treatment of hormonally-responsive Terbinafine hydrochloride ( Lamisil in Australia Belgium Brazil Canada France Germany Hungary Romania United Kingdom and United States also sold under the name Novartis owns Sandoz, a large manufacturer of generic drugs. Sandoz is the generics subsidiary of Novartis, a multinational Pharmaceutical company. A generic drug (generic drugs short generics is a drug which is produced and distributed without Patent protection The company formerly owned the Gerber Products Company, a major infant and baby products producer, but announced in April 2007 it was selling Gerber to Nestlé. Gerber Products Company is a purveyor of Baby food and baby products Nestlé is a multinational packaged food company founded and headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland Legal responsibility for Gerber was transferred from Novartis to Nestlé on 1 September 2007. ^[1]

History

Novartis was created in 1996 from the merger of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz Laboratories, both Swiss companies with long histories. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) At the time it was said to be the largest corporate merger in history. Ciba-Geigy was formed in 1970 by the merger of J. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. R. Geigy (founded in Basel in 1758) and Ciba (founded in Basel in 1859). Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Considering the histories of the merger partners, the company's history spans 250 years. ^[2]

Ciba-Geigy

Johann Rudolf Geigy-Gemuseus (1733 – 1793) began trading in 1758 in "materials, chemicals, dyes and drugs of all kinds" in Basel, Switzerland. "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Johann Rudolf Geigy-Merian (1830 – 1917) and Johann Muller-Pack acquire a site in Basel in 1857, where they build a dyewood mill and a dye extraction plant. Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Brazilwood or Pau-Brasil, sometimes known as Pernambuco ( Caesalpinia echinata Syn Two years later, they begin the production of synthetic fuchsine. Fuchsine or rosaniline hydrochloride is a magenta Dye with Chemical formula C20H19N3·HCl In 1901 Geigy is transformed into a public limited company and in 1914, the name of the company is changed to J. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting A Public Limited Company ( PLC, plc or plc or p l c is a type of Limited company in the United Kingdom or the Republic of Ireland which is R. Geigy Ltd.

In 1859 Alexander Clavel (1805 – 1873) takes up the production of fuchsine in his factory for silk dyeing works in Basel. Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Fuchsine or rosaniline hydrochloride is a magenta Dye with Chemical formula C20H19N3·HCl Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons In 1864, a new site for the production of synthetic dyes is constructed, and in 1873, Clavel sells his dye factory to the new company Bindschedler & Busch. In 1884 Bindschedler & Busch is transformed into a joint-stock company with the name "Gesellschaft für Chemische Industrie Basel" (Company for Chemical Industry Basel). The abbreviation CIBA becomes so widespread that it was adopted as the company's name in 1945. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar

In 1925 J. R. Geigy Ltd. starts producing textile auxiliaries, an activity which Ciba takes up in 1928.

In 1939, Geigy chemist Paul Hermann Müller discovered that DDT was effective against malaria-bearing insects. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Paul Hermann Müller also known as Pauly Mueller ( January 12, 1899 &ndash October 12, 1965) was a Swiss Chemist and Nobel DDT (from its trivial name D ichloro- D iphenyl- T richloroethane is one of the best known synthetic Pesticides It is a chemical with a long He received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this work in 1948. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin is awarded once a year by the Swedish Karolinska Institute. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Ciba and Geigy merged in 1971 to form Ciba‑Geigy Ltd. , and this company merged with Sandoz in 1996 to form Novartis.

Sandoz

Sandoz is perhaps best known for synthesizing LSD in 1938. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This was later marketed under the trade name Delysid as a psychiatric treatment from 1947 through the early 1960s. Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric The Chemiefirma Kern & Sandoz ("Kern & Sandoz Chemistry Firm") was founded in 1886 by Dr. Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Alfred Kern (1850-1893) and Edouard Sandoz (1853-1928). For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The first dyes manufactured there were alizarine blue and auramine. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied Auramine O, also called Basic yellow 2, Pyocatanium aureum, aizen auramine, Pyoktanin Yellow, Canary Yellow, Pyoktanin After Kern's death, the partnership was changed to the corporation Chemische Fabrik vormals Sandoz in 1895. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The company began producing the fever-reducing drug antipyrin in the same year. Phenazone, or phenazon, is an Analgesic. It was first synthesised by Ludwig Knorr in 1883

Between the World Wars, Gynergen (1921) and Calcium-Sandoz (1929) were brought to market. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sandoz also produced chemicals for textiles, paper, and leather beginning in 1929. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1939, they began producing agricultural chemicals. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

From 1899, the sugar substitute saccharin was produced. Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Saccharin is an Artificial sweetener. The basic substance Benzoic sulfinide, has effectively no Food energy and is about 300 times as sweet as Prior to the merger of Sandoz and Ciba-Geigy to form Novartis in 1996, Sandoz also engaged in drug development. Novartis International AG is a multinational Pharmaceutical company based in Basel Switzerland that manufactures drugs such as Clozapine Pharmaceutical research began in 1917 under Professor Arthur Stoll (1887-1971). Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. In 2005, Sandoz expanded significantly though the acquisition of Hexal, one of Germany’s leading generics company, and Eon Labs, a fast-growing U. S. generic pharmaceutical company.

The psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were discovered at the Sandoz laboratories in 1943 by Albert Hofmann. Modern psychedelia For "psychedelics" see Psychedelic drug. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Albert Hofmann ( January 11 1906 – April 29 2008) was a Swiss scientist best known for having been the first to synthesize Sandoz began clinical trials, and marketed the drug under the name Delysid as a psychiatric drug thought useful for treating a wide variety of mental ailments, from alcoholism to sexual deviancy. Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions Sandoz suggested in its literature that psychiatrists take LSD themselves^[3], to gain a better subjective understanding of the schizophrenic experience, and many did exactly that. A psychiatrist (also archaically called an alienist) is a Physician who specializes in Psychiatry and is certified in treating Mental disorders Schizophrenia ( from the Greek roots schizein (σχίζειν "to split" and phrēn For several years, the psychedelic drugs were also called "psychotomimetic" because they were thought to mimic psychosis. Modern psychedelia For "psychedelics" see Psychedelic drug. A drug with psychotomimetic actions mimics the symptoms of Psychosis, including Delusions and/or Hallucinations Some drugs of the Opioid class Psychosis (from the Greek ψυχή "psyche" for mind or soul and -οσις "-osis" for abnormal condition with adjective psychotic Later research caused this term to be abandoned, as neuroscientists gained a better understanding of psychoses, including schizophrenia. Schizophrenia ( from the Greek roots schizein (σχίζειν "to split" and phrēn Research on LSD peaked in the 1950s and early 1960s. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Sandoz withdrew the drug from the market in the mid 1960s.

Sandoz opened its first foreign offices in 1964. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar.

In 1967, Sandoz merged with Wander AG (known for Ovomaltine and Isostar). Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Isostar is a famous sports drink sold in Europe. It is similar to Gatorade and Powerade in that it hydrates Sandoz acquired the companies Delmark, Wasabröd (Swedish manufacturer of crisp bread), and Gerber Products Company baby food makers. Delmark Records is the oldest Independent record label in the United States. The Swedish company Wasabröd is the largest producer in the world of Scandinavian style Crisp bread ( Swedish: knäckebröd, Finnish "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Crisp bread ( Swedish: knäckebröd, hårt bröd, spisbröd, Danish: knækbrød, Norwegian: knekkebrød Gerber Products Company is a purveyor of Baby food and baby products

On November 1, 1986, a fire broke out in a production plant storage room, which led to a large amount of pesticide being released into the upper Rhine. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge This exposure killed many fish. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two

In 1995, Sandoz spun off its speciality chemicals business to form Clariant. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Clariant ( is a Swiss speciality Chemical company which was formed in 1995 as a spin off from Sandoz. Subsequently, in 1997, Clariant merged with the speciality chemicals business that was spun off from Hoechst in Germany. Hoechst AG was a German chemicals then life-sciences company that became Aventis after its merger with Rhône-Poulenc S Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

After the merger

After the merger, Novartis reorganized its activities, and spun out its chemicals activities as Ciba Specialty Chemicals. Ciba is a Chemical company based in and near Basel, Switzerland.

In 1998 the company made headlines with its biotechnology licensing agreement with the UC Berkeley Department of Plant and Microbial Biology. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Critics of the agreement expressed concern over prospects that the agreement would diminish academic objectivity, or lead to the commercialization of genetically modified plants. Genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct The agreement expired in 2003.

Novartis combined its agricultural division with that of AstraZeneca to create Syngenta in November 2000. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture AstraZeneca PLC (,) is a large Anglo-Swedish Pharmaceutical company formed on 6 April 1999 by the remerger of Swedish Astra AB Syngenta AG is a large global Agribusiness which markets Seeds and crop protection products ( Pesticides) 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.

In 2003, Novartis created Sandoz, a subsidiary that bundles its generic drug production, reusing the brand of one of its predecessor companies. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Sandoz is the generics subsidiary of Novartis, a multinational Pharmaceutical company. A generic drug (generic drugs short generics is a drug which is produced and distributed without Patent protection

On April 20, 2006 Novartis acquired the California-based Chiron Corporation. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Chiron Corporation was a Multinational biotechnology firm based in Emeryville California that was acquired by Novartis International AG on April 20 Chiron was formerly divided into three units: Chiron Vaccines and Chiron Blood Testing, which now combine to form Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, and Chiron BioPharmaceuticals, to be integrated into Novartis Pharmaceuticals.

The ongoing Basel Campus Project has the aim to transform the St. Johann site - Novartis headquarters in Basel - "from an industrial complex to a place of innovation, knowledge and encounter". ^[4]

On 2005, Novartis introduced Certican (Everolimus), an immunosuppressant. Everolimus (RAD-001 (marketed as Certican by Novartis) is a derivative of Rapamycin (sirolimus and works similarly to Rapamycin as an mTOR

On October 2006, Novartis introduced Telbivudine, a new antiviral drug for hepatitis B. Telbivudine is an Antiviral drug used in the treatment of Hepatitis B infection

Challenge to India's patent laws

In 2006, Novartis launched a court case against India seeking to prohibit the country from developing generic drugs based on patented medicines. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A generic drug (generic drugs short generics is a drug which is produced and distributed without Patent protection A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the ^[5]Novartis had challenged a law that allows India to refuse to recognize a patent for an existing medicine if there is a modified formula resulting in a re-patent of the drug. ^[6] On August 5, 2007 an Indian court in Chennai ruled against Novartis saying that, "Novartis’ legal challenge - mounted to limit competition to its own patented medicines - was a threat to people suffering from cancer, HIV and AIDS, diabetes and other diseases who are too poor to pay for them. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly "^[7] The high court also claimed to have no jurisdiction on whether Indian Patent law complied with WTO patent guidelines.

In the months leading up to the hearing, over half a million people wrote to the CEO of Novartis expressing their opposition to the suit. A chief executive officer ( CEO) or chief executive is typically the highest-ranking corporate officer ( executive) or administrator Novartis has decided not to appeal the ruling. ^[8]

Relationship with Huntingdon Life Sciences

The company and its shareholders have been targeted by animal rights activists because it is a customer of Huntingdon Life Sciences, a controversial animal testing company that has been the subject of an international campaign by Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty and the Animal Liberation Front. "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS is a contract animal-testing company founded in 1952 in England now with facilities in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire and Eye Suffolk in the UK Animal testing or animal research is the use of non-human Animals in scientific experimentation. Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC is an international Animal rights campaign to close down Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS For other uses of the term 'ALF' see ALF (disambiguation. The Animal Liberation Front (ALF is a name used internationally by animal liberation activists After footage shot covertly by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) aired on British television showing HLS staff abusing animals, Novartis offices were vandalized, and its executives' homes picketed.

References

External links

• Novartis Official website
• Sandoz Official website
• Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
• Chiron Corporation Official website
• Novartis acquisition of Chiron approved by Chiron shareholders
• Basel Campus Project
• Novartis Employees Association (website in english)
• Novartis Anti-HLS Campaign Website