Nova Scotia Nouvelle-Écosse, Alba Nuadh
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Munit Hae et Altera Vincit (Latin: "One defends and the other conquers")
Capital	Halifax
Largest city	Halifax Regional Municipality
Largest metro	Halifax Regional Municipality
Official languages	English (de facto), French
Government
Lieutenant-Governor	Mayann E. Francis
Premier	Rodney MacDonald (PC)
Federal representation	in Canadian Parliament
House seats	11
Senate seats	10
Confederation	July 1, 1867 (1st)
Area	Ranked 12th
Total	55,283 km² (21,345 sq mi)
Land	53,338 km² (20,594 sq mi)
Water (%)	1,946 km² (751 sq mi) (3. The Flag of Nova Scotia, created in 1858 is a banner of the provincial arms. The Coat of Arms of the Province of Nova Scotia (formally known as The Arms of Her Majesty in Right of Nova Scotia) is the oldest provincial A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. See also Halifax Nova Scotia See also Halifax Regional Municipality municipal election 2008 Halifax Regional Municipality is the capital The table below lists the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population, using data from the Canada 2006 census for Census subdivisions This list See also Halifax Nova Scotia See also Halifax Regional Municipality municipal election 2008 Halifax Regional Municipality is the capital The table below lists the 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada by population using data from the Canada 2001 Census[http //www12 See also Halifax Nova Scotia See also Halifax Regional Municipality municipal election 2008 Halifax Regional Municipality is the capital An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia (Lieutenante-gouverneure de la Nouvelle-Écosse in French is the vice-regal representative of the Queen of Canada in the Mayann E Francis ONS is the Lieutenant Governor of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The Premier of Nova Scotia is the First minister for the Canadian province of Nova Scotia who presides over the Executive Council of Nova Rodney Joseph MacDonald MLA (born January 2 1972 is a politician and educator and the current Premier of Nova Scotia, Canada. The Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia, registered under the Nova Scotia Elections Act as the "Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia" is a moderate right-of-centre The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Canadian provinces 5%)
Population	Ranked 7th
Total (2008)	935,573 (est. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Canadian provinces )[1]
Density	17. 49 /km² (45. 3 /sq mi)
GDP	Ranked 7th
Total (2006)	C$31. This article lists Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product. 966 billion[2]
Per capita	C$34,210 (11th)
Abbreviations
Postal	NS
ISO 3166-2	CA-NS
Time zone	UTC-4
Postal code prefix	B
Flower	Mayflower
Tree	Red Spruce
Bird	Osprey
Web site	www.gov.ns.ca
Rankings include all provinces and territories

Nova Scotia (IPA: /ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə/) (Latin for New Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba Nuadh; French: Nouvelle-Écosse) is a Canadian province located on Canada's southeastern coast. This article lists Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product. This is a list of Canadian provincial and territorial postal abbreviations. ISO 3166-2CA is an ISO standard which defines Geocodes it is the subset of ISO 3166-2 which applies to Canada. Postal codes by province and territoryA Canadian postal code Nova Scotia - 77 FSAs B7* and B8* codes are not used Epigaea repens ( Mayflower or Trailing Arbutus) is a low spreading Shrub in the Ericaceae family Picea rubens ( Red Spruce) is a species of Spruce native to eastern North America. The Osprey (Pandion haliaetus, also called Sea Hawk, is a diurnal, fish-eating Bird of prey. The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page It is the most populous province in the Maritimes. The Maritime provinces, called the Maritimes in local English (or the Canadian Maritimes by non-Canadians is a region of Eastern Canada Its capital, Halifax, is a major economic centre of the region. See also Halifax Nova Scotia See also Halifax Regional Municipality municipal election 2008 Halifax Regional Municipality is the capital Nova Scotia is the second smallest province in Canada, with an area of 55,284 km². Its population of 935,573^[3] makes it the fourth least populous province of the country, though second most densely populated.

Nova Scotia's economy is traditionally largely resource-based, but has diversified since the middle of the 20th century. Industries such as fishing, mining, forestry and agriculture remain very important and have been joined by tourism, technology, film, music, and finance. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Music is a part of the warp and weft of the fabric of Nova Scotia 's cultural life The field of finance refers to the concepts of Time, Money and Risk and how they are interrelated

The province includes several regions of the Mi'kmaq nation of Mi'gma'gi, which covered all of the Maritimes, as well as parts of Maine, Newfoundland and the Gaspé Peninsula. The Míkmaq or Mi'kmaq (miːgmax sometimes spelled Micmac in English and formerly Mìgmaq ( Mi'gmaq) in Míkmaw) are a The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation The Gaspésie (official name or also Gaspé Peninsula or the Gaspé is a Peninsula constituting part of the south shore of the Saint Lawrence Nova Scotia was already home to the Mi'kmaq people when the first European colonists arrived. In 1604, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement north of Florida at Port Royal, founding what would become known as Acadia. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Port Royal is a small rural community in the western part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture ( ACADIA) is a Non-profit organization active in the area of Computer-aided architectural design The British Empire obtained control of the region between 1713 and 1760, and established a new capital at Halifax in 1749. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. In 1867 Nova Scotia was one of the founding provinces of the Canadian Confederation, along with New Brunswick, and the Province of Canada (which became the separate provinces of Quebec and Ontario). Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally The Province of Canada or the United Province of Canada was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867 Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec

Geography

Main article: Geography of Nova Scotia

The province's mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nova Scotia is a province located in eastern Canada fronting the Atlantic Ocean. The Nova Scotia peninsula * is a Peninsula on the Atlantic coast of North America. No where in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km (40 mi) from the ocean. ^[4] Cape Breton Island, a large island to the northeast of the Nova Scotia mainland, is also part of the province, as is Sable Island, a small island notorious for its shipwrecks, approximately 175 km (95 nm) from the province's southern coast. Cape Breton Island ( French: île du Cap-Breton - formerly île Royale, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant Sable Island (French île de Sable) is a small Canadian island situated 180 km southeast of mainland Nova Scotia A shipwreck can refer to a wrecked ship or to the event that caused the wreck such as the striking of something that causes the ship to sink the stranding of the ship on rocks A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of Length. It corresponds approximately to one minute of Latitude along any meridian. Nova Scotia is Canada's second smallest province in area (after Prince Edward Island). Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P Nova Scotia is also Canada's most southern province even though it does not have the most southern location in Canada. That is held by Ontario. Northern Ontario keeps the central region of Ontario farther north than Nova Scotia.

Map of Nova Scotia

Climate

Nova Scotia lies in the northern temperate zone and, although the province is almost surrounded by water, the climate is continental rather than maritime. Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the Climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes The temperature extremes of the continental climate are moderated by the ocean.

Described on a provincial vehicle licence plate as Canada's Ocean Playground, the sea is a major influence on Nova Scotia's climate. Nova Scotia is known to have cold winters and warm summers. The province is surrounded by three major bodies of water, the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the north, the Bay of Fundy to the west, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and east. Gulf of Saint Lawrence (French golfe du Saint-Laurent) the world's largest Estuary, is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint Tides Folklore in the Mi'kmaq First Nation claims that the tides in the Bay of Fundy are caused by a giant whale splashing in the water

Over its 350-mile (565 kilometres) length, Nova Scotia has a modified continental climate, comparable to that of northern Europe. Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland The southwestern and southern shores of Nova Scotia have both milder and wetter climates than the rest of the province. Rainfall varies from 140 centimetres (55 in) in the south to 100 centimetres (40 in) elsewhere. Nova Scotia is also very foggy in places, with Halifax averaging 196 foggy days per year^[5] and Yarmouth 191. Yarmouth is a town and major fishing and ferry port located on the Gulf of Maine in southwestern Nova Scotia, ^[6]

The average annual temperatures are:

• Spring from 1° to 17°C
• Summer from 14° to 39°C
• Fall about 3° to 16°C
• Winter about -1° to -21°C

Because of the ocean's effect on the weather Nova Scotia is the warmest of the provinces in the Atlantic region. Nova Scotia also has a fairly wide but not extreme temperature range, a late and short summer, skies that are often cloudy or overcast; frequent coastal fog and marked changeability of weather from day to day. The main reasons of Nova Scotia's climate can be related to four basic factors:

• The effects of the westerly winds
• The interaction between three main air masses which converge on the east coast
• Nova Scotia's location on the routes of the major eastward-moving storms
• And the modifying influence of the sea.

Because Nova Scotia juts out into the Atlantic, it is prone to tropical storms and hurricanes in the summer and autumn. There have been 33 such storms, including 12 hurricanes, since records were kept in 1871—about once every four years. The last hurricane was category-two Hurricane Juan in September 2003, and the last tropical storm was in Tropical Storm Noel in 2007. Hurricane Juan was a significant hurricane that struck the southern part of Atlantic Canada in late September 2003

History

Main article: History of Nova Scotia

Paleo-Indians camped at locations in present-day Nova Scotia approximately 11,000 years ago. Nova Scotia is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Maritimes. Paleo-Indians or Paleo-Americans were the ancient peoples of the Americas who were present at the end of the last Ice Age. Archaic Indians are believed to have been present in the area between 1,000 and 5,000 years ago. In the sequence of North American Pre-Columbian cultural stages first proposed by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips in 1958 the Archaic period Mi'kmaq, the First Nations of the province and region, are their direct descendants. The Míkmaq or Mi'kmaq (miːgmax sometimes spelled Micmac in English and formerly Mìgmaq ( Mi'gmaq) in Míkmaw) are a First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people

Some believe that the Vikings may have settled in Nova Scotia at some time, though there is little evidence of this, and the claim is disputed by historians. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The only authenticated Viking settlement in North America is L'Anse aux Meadows, which establishes the fact that Vikings explored the continent 500 years before Christopher Columbus. L'Anse aux Meadows (from the French L'Anse-aux-Méduses or "Jellyfish Cove" is an Archaeological site on the northernmost tip of the island Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer

While there is some debate over where he landed, it is most widely believed that the Italian explorer John Cabot visited present-day Cape Breton in 1497. Giovanni Caboto ( c 1450 - c 1498 known in English as John Cabot, was an Italian Navigator and explorer commonly credited as the Cape Breton Island ( French: île du Cap-Breton - formerly île Royale, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, [1]. The first European settlement in Nova Scotia was established more than a century later in 1604. The French, led by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts established the first capital for the colony Acadia at Port Royal that year at the head of the Annapolis Basin. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Pierre du Gua de Monts, (c 1558 - 1628 was a French merchant explorer and colonizer Port Royal is a small rural community in the western part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The Annapolis Basin is a sub-basin of the Bay of Fundy, located on the southwestern shores of the bay along the northwestern shore of Nova Scotia and at the western Also, French fishermen established a settlement at Canso the same year.

In 1620, the Plymouth Council for New England, under King James I (of England) & VI (of Scots) designated the whole shorelines of Acadia and the Mid-Atlantic colonies south to the Chesapeake Bay as New England. The Plymouth Council for New England was the name of a 17th century English Joint stock company that was granted a royal charter to found colonial settlements James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James The Chesapeake Bay is the largest Estuary in the United States. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the The first documented Scottish settlement in the Americas was of Nova Scotia in 1621. On 29 September 1621, the charter for the foundation of a colony was granted by James VI to William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling and, in 1622, the first settlers left Scotland. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. For others with similar names see William Alexander (disambiguation. The Kingdom of Scotland ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba, Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) was a State in northwest Europe This settlement initially failed because of difficulties in obtaining a sufficient number of skilled emigrants, and in 1624 James VI created a new order of baronets. A baronet (traditional abbreviation Bart, modern abbreviation Bt) or the rare female equivalent a baronetess (abbreviation Btss) is the holder Admission to this order was obtained by sending six labourers or artisans, sufficiently armed, dressed and supplied for two years, to Nova Scotia, or by paying 3,000 merks to William Alexander. A merk was a Scottish Silver Coin. Originally the same word as a mark of silver the merk was in circulation at the end of the 16th century and For six months, no one took up this offer until James compelled one to make the first move.

In 1627, there was a wider uptake of baronetcies and thus more settlers available to go to Nova Scotia. However, in 1627, war broke out between England and France, and the French re-established a settlement at Port Royal which they had originally settled. The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Later that year, a combined Scottish and English force destroyed the French settlement, forcing them out. In 1629, the first Scottish settlement at Port Royal was inhabited. The colony's charter, in law, made Nova Scotia (defined as all land between Newfoundland and New England) a part of mainland Scotland, this was later used to get around the English navigation acts. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of The English Navigation Acts were a series of Laws which restricted the use of foreign Shipping and trade between England (later the Kingdom of Great However, this did not last long: in 1631, under King Charles I, the Treaty of Suza was signed which returned Nova Scotia to the French. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. The Treaty of Suza was a 1631 peace treaty which ended a war between England and France that had broken out in 1627. The Scots were forced by Charles to abandon their mission before their colony had been properly established, and the French assumed control of the Mi'kmaq and other First Nations territory.

In 1654, King Louis XIV of France appointed aristocrat Nicholas Denys as Governor of Acadia and granted him the confiscated lands and the right to all its minerals. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent English colonists captured Acadia in the course of King William's War, but England returned the territory to France in the Treaty of Ryswick at the end of the war. The first of the French and Indian Wars, King William's War ( 1689 – 1697) was the name used in the English colonies in America to refer to the North The Treaty of Ryswick was signed on 20 September 1697 and named after Ryswick (now known as Rijswijk) in the Dutch Republic. The territory was recaptured by forces loyal to Britain during the course of Queen Anne's War, and its was conquest confirmed by the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713. Queen Anne's War ( 1702 &ndash 1713) was the second in a series of four French and Indian Wars fought between France and England (later The Treaty of Utrecht that established the Peace of Utrecht, rather than a single document comprised a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch France retained possession of Île St Jean (Prince Edward Island) and Île Royale (Cape Breton Island), on which it established a fortress at Louisbourg to guard the sea approaches to Quebec. Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P Fortress of Louisbourg (in French, Forteresse de Louisbourg) is a Canadian National Historic Site and the location of a partial reconstruction This fortress was captured by American colonial forces, then returned by the British to France, then ceded again after the French and Indian War of 1755. The New Hampshire Militia was first organized in March 1680 by New Hampshire Colonial "President" John Cutt. The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War.

Thus mainland Nova Scotia became a British colony in 1713, although Samuel Vetch had a precarious hold on the territory as governor from the fall of Acadian Port-Royal (Annapolis Royal) in October 1710. Samuel Vetch ( December 9, 1668, Edinburgh, Scotland &ndash April 30, 1732) was an Scottish soldier and former Annapolis Royal ( 2006 Population 444 is a Canadian town located in the western part of Annapolis County British governing officials became increasingly concerned over the unwillingness of the French-speaking, Roman Catholic Acadians, who were the majority of colonists, to pledge allegiance to the British Crown, then George II. This article is about the Acadian people and culture The Acadians (Acadiens are the descendants of the seventeenth-century French TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( The colony remained mostly Acadian despite the establishment of Halifax as the province's capital, and the settlement of a large number of foreign Protestants (some French and Swiss but mostly German) at Lunenburg in 1753. The " Foreign Protestants " were a group of immigrants to Nova Scotia in the mid-18th century and the ethnonymical basis behind the name " New Brunswick In 1755, the British forcibly expelled over 12,000 Acadians in what became known as the Grand Dérangement, or Great Expulsion. The Great Upheaval, also known as the Great Expulsion, The Deportation, the Acadian Expulsion, or to the deportees Le Grand Dérangement, was

The colony's jurisdiction changed during this time. Nova Scotia was granted a supreme court in 1754 with the appointment of Jonathan Belcher and a Legislative Assembly in 1758. Jonathan Belcher ( January 8, 1682 August 31, 1757) was colonial Governor of Massachusetts, New Hampshire The Nova Scotia Legislature, consisting of the Lieutenant Governor (sometimes referred to as the Governor) and the House of Assembly, is the In 1763 Cape Breton Island became part of Nova Scotia. In 1769, St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony. The county of Sunbury was created in 1765, and included all of the territory of current day New Brunswick and eastern Maine as far as the Penobscot River. Sunbury County was a County in the Crown colony of Nova Scotia. New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean In 1784 the western, mainland portion of the colony was separated and became the province of New Brunswick, and the territory in Maine entered the control of the newly independent American state of Massachusetts. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Cape Breton became a separate colony in 1784 only to be returned to Nova Scotia in 1820.

During the colonial period, Nova Scotia issued its own postage stamps printed in England. This distinctive diamond shape (issued between 1851 and 1857) was also used by neighbouring New Brunswick.

Nova Scotia stamp issued 1860.

Ancestors of more than half of present-day Nova Scotians arrived in the period following the Acadian Expulsion. The Great Upheaval, also known as the Great Expulsion, The Deportation, the Acadian Expulsion, or to the deportees Le Grand Dérangement, was Between 1759 and 1768, about 8,000 New England Planters responded to Governor Charles Lawrence's request for settlers from the New England colonies. The New England Planters were settlers from the New England colonies who responded to invitations by the Lieutenant governor and subsequently Governor of Brigadier-General Charles Lawrence ( December 14, 1709 &ndash October 19, 1760) was a British military officer who as Lieutenant governor Several years later, approximately 30,000 United Empire Loyalists (American Tories) settled in Nova Scotia (when it comprised present-day Maritime Canada) following the defeat of the British in the American Revolutionary War. The name United Empire Loyalists is a honorific name which has been given after the fact to those American Loyalists who resettled in British North America and other The Maritime provinces, called the Maritimes in local English (or the Canadian Maritimes by non-Canadians is a region of Eastern Canada The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Of these 30,000, 14,000 went to New Brunswick and 16,000 went to Nova Scotia. Approximately 3,000 of this group were Black Loyalists (slaves of African ancestry), about a third of whom soon relocated themselves to Sierra Leone in 1792 via the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor, becoming the Original settlers of Freetown. A Black Loyalist or African American Loyalist was a formerly enslaved African American or Free Negro who escaped to the British during the Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. The Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor was a charitable organization founded in London in 1786 to provide sustenance for distressed people of African and The Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor was a charitable organization founded in London in 1786 to provide sustenance for distressed people of African and Freetown is the Capital and largest City of Sierra Leone, and a major Port on the Atlantic Ocean. Large numbers of Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots emigrated to Cape Breton and the western part of the mainland during the late 18th century and 19th century. Canadian Gaelic (Gaelic gd ''Gàidhlig Chanaideanach'' locally just Gaelic or The Gaelic) is the dialect of Scots Gaelic that has been spoken continuously The Scottish Highlands ( Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, Scots: Hielans) include the rugged and Mountainous About one thousand Ulster Scots settled in mainly central Nova Scotia during this time, as did just over a thousand farming migrants from Yorkshire and Northumberland between 1772 and 1775. Ulster Scots, also known as Ullans, Hiberno-Scots, or Scots-Irish, refers to the variety of Scots (sometimes referred to as Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west

Nova Scotia was the first colony in British North America and in the British Empire to achieve responsible government in January-February 1848 and become self-governing through the efforts of Joseph Howe. British North America consisted of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Responsible government is a conception of a System of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of the Westminster A self-governing colony is a Colony with an elected Legislature, in which Politicians are able to make most decisions without reference to the Joseph Howe, PC ( December 13, 1804 – June 1, 1873) was a Nova Scotia journalist politician and public servant Pro-Confederate premier Charles Tupper led Nova Scotia into the Canadian Confederation in 1867, along with New Brunswick and the Province of Canada. Not to be confused with Sir Charles Hibbert Tupper who was Charles Tupper's son Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the The Province of Canada or the United Province of Canada was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867

In the provincial election of 1868, the Anti-Confederation Party won 18 out of 19 federal seats, and 36 out of 38 seats in the provincial legislature. Anti-Confederation was the name used in what is now Atlantic Canada by several parties opposed to Canadian confederation. For seven years, William Annand and Joseph Howe led the ultimately unsuccessful fight to convince British imperial authorities to release Nova Scotia from Confederation. William Annand ( April 10, 1808 &ndash October 12, 1887) was a Nova Scotia Publisher and Politician. The government was vocally against Confederation, contending that it was no more than the annexation of the province to the pre-existing province of Canada:

". . . the scheme [confederation with Canada] by them assented to would, if adopted, deprive the people [of Nova Scotia] of the inestimable privilege of self-government, and of their rights, liberty, and independence, rob them of their revenue, take from them the regulation of trade and taxation, expose them to arbitrary taxation by a legislature over which they have no control, and in which they would possess but a nominal and entirely ineffective representation; deprive them of their invaluable fisheries, railroads, and other property, and reduce this hitherto free, happy, and self-governed province to a degraded condition of a servile dependency of Canada. "

– from Address to the Crown by the Government (Journal of the House of Assembly, Province of Nova Scotia, 1868)

A motion passed by the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in 1868 refusing to recognise the legitimacy of Confederation has never been rescinded. Repeal, as anti-confederation became known, would rear its head again in the 1880s, and transform into the Maritime Rights Movement in the 1920s. Some Nova Scotia flags flew at half mast on Dominion Day as late as that time. Dominion Day is or was a commemoration day of the granting of national status in various Commonwealth countries

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Nova Scotia

According to the 2001 Canadian census^[7] the largest ethnic group in Nova Scotia is Scottish (29. Nova Scotia ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's southeastern The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. 3%), followed by English (28. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English 1%), Irish (19. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate 9%), French (16. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( 7%), German (10. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as 0%), Dutch (3. The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands. 9%), First Nations (3. First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people 2%), Welsh (1. The Welsh people ( Welsh: Cymro ("Welshman" Cymraes ("Welsh woman" Cymry ("Welshmen/women" Cymry 4%), Italian (1. The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging 3%), and Acadian (1. This article is about the Acadian people and culture The Acadians (Acadiens are the descendants of the seventeenth-century French 2%). Almost half of all respondents (47. 4%) identified their ethnicity as "Canadian. "

Top Ten Counties by Population

Language

The 2006 Canadian census showed a population of 913,462. See also Halifax Nova Scotia See also Halifax Regional Municipality municipal election 2008 Halifax Regional Municipality is the capital Cape Breton Regional Municipality (2006 population 102250 often shortened to simply CBRM, is a Regional municipality in Nova Scotia Kings County is a County in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Colchester County is a County in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Lunenburg County is a County located on the South Shore of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia Pictou County is a County in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Hants County is a County in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Cumberland County is a County in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Yarmouth County is a County in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Annapolis County ( 2006 population 21438 is a County in the Canadian province of Nova The Canada 2006 Census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population
Of the 899,270 singular responses to the census question concerning 'mother tongue' the most commonly reported languages were:

Peggys Cove Harbour

In addition, there were also 105 responses of both English and a 'non-official language'; 25 of both French and a 'non-official language'; 495 of both English and French; 10 of English, French, and a 'non-official language'; and about 10,300 people who either did not respond to the question, or reported multiple non-official languages, or else gave some other unenumerated response. Peggys Cove (2001 population approx 50 also known as Peggy's Cove from 1961 to 1976 is a small rural community located on the eastern shore of St Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses. ^[8]

Economy

Nova Scotia's economy has traditionally been largely resource-based but has in recent decades become more diverse.

The rise of Nova Scotia as a viable jurisdiction in North America was driven by the ready availability of natural resources, especially the fish stocks off the Scotian shelf. The fishery was pillar of the economy since its development by the French in the 17th century, but it has suffered a steady decline because of overfishing in the late twentieth century. The collapse of the cod stocks and the closure of this particular sector resulted in a loss of approximately 20,000 jobs in 1992. ^[9]

The per capita GDP in 2005 was $31,344,^[10] lower than the national GDP of $34,273 and less than half that of Canada's richest province, Alberta. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905

Mining is also a significant sector, especially of gypsum, salt and barite. Gypsum is a very soft Mineral composed of Calcium sulfate dihydrate with the Chemical formula Ca[[sulfur S]] O 4·2 Baryte ( Ba[[Sulfur S]] O 4 is a Mineral consisting of Barium sulfate. Since 1991, offshore oil and gas has become a more important part of the economy. Agriculture remains an important sector in the province. Around the central part of Nova Scotia, lumber and paper industries are responsible for much of the employment opportunities.

The Nova Scotia tourism industry includes more than 6,500 direct businesses, supporting nearly 40,000 jobs. [2]

Government and politics

Further information: Politics of Nova Scotia, Monarchy in Nova Scotia, and Government of Nova Scotia

The government of Nova Scotia is a parliamentary democracy. Nova Scotia is a parliamentary democracy Its unicameral legislature the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, consists of fifty-two members The Monarchy in Nova Scotia is the Constitutional system of government in which a hereditary Monarch is the sovereign and Head of state of See also Nova Scotia The Government of Nova Scotia refers to the provincial government of the province of Nova Scotia. Its unicameral legislature, the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, consists of fifty-two members. The Nova Scotia Legislature, consisting of the Lieutenant Governor (sometimes referred to as the Governor) and the House of Assembly, is the As Canada's head of state, Queen Elizabeth II is the head of Nova Scotia's Executive Council, which serves as the Cabinet of the provincial government. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. Her Majesty's duties in Nova Scotia are carried out by her representative, the Lieutenant-Governor, currently Mayann E. Francis. In Canada, the Lieutenant-Governor (lɛfˈtɛnənt often without a Hyphen) ( French: lieutenant-gouverneur, or: lieutenant-gouverneure Mayann E Francis ONS is the Lieutenant Governor of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The government is headed by the Premier, Rodney MacDonald, who took office February 22, 2006. A premier is a title for the Head of government in some countries Rodney Joseph MacDonald MLA (born January 2 1972 is a politician and educator and the current Premier of Nova Scotia, Canada. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Halifax is home to the House of Assembly and Lieutenant-Governor.

The province's revenue comes mainly from the taxation of personal and corporate income, although taxes on tobacco and alcohol, its stake in the Atlantic Lottery Corporation, and oil and gas royalties are also significant. The Atlantic Lottery Corporation (ALC is an organization which operates Lottery games in Atlantic Canada. In 2006-07, the Province passed a budget of $6. 9 billion, with a projected $72 million surplus. Federal equalization payments account for $1. 385 billion, or 20. 07% of the provincial revenue. While Nova Scotians have enjoyed balanced budgets for several years, the accumulated debt exceeds $12 billion (including forecasts of future liability, such as pensions and environmental cleanups), resulting in slightly over $897 million in debt servicing payments, or 12. 67% of expenses. ^[11] The province participates in the HST, a blended sales tax collected by the federal government using the GST tax system. In Canada, the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST combines the Goods and Services Tax (GST and Provincial Sales Tax (PST into a single sales tax The Canadian Goods and Services Tax ( GST) ( French:) is a multi-level Value-added tax introduced in Canada on January 1, 1991

Nova Scotia has elected three minority governments over the last decade. A minority government or a minority cabinet is a Cabinet of a Parliamentary system formed when the governing Political party or The Progressive Conservative government of John Hamm, and now Rodney MacDonald, has required the support of the New Democratic Party or Liberal Party since the election in 2003. John Frederick Hamm, MLA (born April 8 1938 is a Canadian Physician and Politician and was the 32nd Premier of Nova Rodney Joseph MacDonald MLA (born January 2 1972 is a politician and educator and the current Premier of Nova Scotia, Canada. The Nova Scotia New Democratic Party is a social democratic party in Nova Scotia, Canada. The Liberal Party of Nova Scotia is a political party in Nova Scotia, Canada. Nova Scotia's politics are divided on regional lines in such a way that it has become difficult to elect a majority government. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Rural mainland Nova Scotia has largely been aligned behind the Progressive Conservative Party, Halifax Regional Municipality has overwhelmingly supported the New Democrats, with Cape Breton voting for Liberals with a few Progressive Conservatives and New Democrats. Cape Breton Island ( French: île du Cap-Breton - formerly île Royale, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Cheap Breatuinn, This has resulted in a three-way split of votes on a province-wide basis for each party and difficulty in any party gaining a majority. Progressive Conservative Premier Dr. Hamm announced his retirement in late 2005 and was replaced by Rodney MacDonald after MacDonald won a closely contested leadership convention, defeating former finance minister, and the race's frontrunner, Neil LeBlanc on the first ballot and Halifax businessman Bill Black on the second. MacDonald is the second youngest premier in Nova Scotia's history.

Halifax, provincial capital

The last election on June 13, 2006 elected 23 Progressive Conservatives, 20 New Democrats and 9 Liberals, leaving Nova Scotia with a Progressive Conservative minority government. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia, registered under the Nova Scotia Elections Act as the "Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia" is a moderate right-of-centre The Nova Scotia New Democratic Party is a social democratic party in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Nova Scotia no longer has any incorporated cities; they were amalgamated into Regional Municipalities in 1996. A Regional Municipality (or Region) is a type of Canadian Municipal Government similar to and at the same municipal government level as Halifax, the provincial capital, is now part of the Halifax Regional Municipality, as is Dartmouth, formerly the province's second largest city. The City of Halifax (est 1841 is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia and shire town of Halifax County See also Halifax Nova Scotia See also Halifax Regional Municipality municipal election 2008 Halifax Regional Municipality is the capital Dartmouth (2001 pop 65741 founded in 1750 is a community and planning area of the Halifax Regional Municipality, a provincially The former city of Sydney is now part of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality. See also Sidney Sydney (2001 population 24115 is an urban community in Nova Scotia, Canada 's Cape Breton Regional Municipality (2006 population 102250 often shortened to simply CBRM, is a Regional municipality in Nova Scotia

The House of Assembly passed a motion in 2004 inviting the Turks and Caicos Islands to join the province, should these Caribbean islands renew their wish to join Canada. The Turks and Caicos Islands ( TCI) (ˈtɜːks ænd ˈkeɪkəs are a British Overseas Territory consisting of two groups of tropical islands in the West Indies The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page [3]

See also: List of Nova Scotia Premiers

Education

A satellite photo of Nova Scotia. This is a list of the premiers of Nova Scotia, both as a colony and as a province of Canada.

The Minister of Education is responsible for the administration and delivery of education, as defined by the Education Act^[12] and other acts relating to colleges, universities and private schools. The powers of the Minister and the Department of Education are defined by the Ministerial regulations and constrained by the Governor-In-Council regulations.

Nova Scotia has more than 450 public schools for children. The public system offers primary to Grade 12. There are also some private schools in the province. Public education is administered by seven regional school boards, responsible primarily for English instruction and French immersion, and also province wide by the Conseil Scolaire Acadien Provincial, which administer French instruction to students for whom the primary language is French. The Conseil scolaire acadien provincial is the Francophone school board for Nova Scotia.

The Nova Scotia Community College system has 13 campuses around the province. The Nova Scotia Community College ( NSCC) is the Community college of Nova Scotia. The community college, with its focus on training and education, was established in 1988 by amalgamating the province's former vocational schools.

The province has 11 universities and colleges, including Dalhousie University, University of King's College, Saint Mary's University (Halifax), Mount Saint Vincent University, Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, Acadia University, Université Sainte-Anne, Saint Francis Xavier University, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Cape Breton University. Dalhousie University is a University located in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The University of King's College is a post-secondary institution in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Saint Mary's University (SMU is located in Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada. Mount Saint Vincent University is a University located in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The Nova Scotia College of Art and Design (NSCAD University is a post-secondary Art school located in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Acadia University is a non-denominational predominantly undergraduate University located in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada with some graduate Université Sainte-Anne is a Francophone University in Pointe-de-l'Église Nova Scotia. St Francis Xavier University is a University located in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada. The Nova Scotia Agricultural College ( NSAC) is a Canadian University college located in Bible Hill, Nova Scotia, a village near the Cape Breton University (CBU formerly the "University College of Cape Breton" (UCCB is a Canadian university in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality

Culture

Despite the small population of the province, Nova Scotia's music and culture is influenced by several well established cultural groups, that are sometimes referred to as the "founding cultures. "

Originally populated by the Mi'kmaq First Nation, the first European settlers were the French, who founded Acadia in 1604. The Míkmaq or Mi'kmaq (miːgmax sometimes spelled Micmac in English and formerly Mìgmaq ( Mi'gmaq) in Míkmaw) are a First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people The Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture ( ACADIA) is a Non-profit organization active in the area of Computer-aided architectural design Nova Scotia was briefly colonized by Scottish settlers in 1620, though by 1624 the Scottish settlers had been removed by treaty and the area was turned over to the French until the mid-18th century. After the defeat of the French and prior expulsion of the Acadians, settlers of English, Irish, Scottish and African descent began arriving on the shores of Nova Scotia.

Settlement was greatly accelerated by the resettlement of Loyalists in Nova Scotia during the period following the end of the American Revolutionary War. This article concerns Loyalists in the American Revolution. For information on the role of those Loyalists in Canadian history after their emigration see United Empire In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" It was during this time that a large African Nova Scotian community took root, populated by freed slaves and Loyalist blacks and their families, who had fought for the crown in exchange for land. Black Nova Scotians' are the descendants of African American slaves and freemen who came to Nova Scotia, Canada during the A Black Loyalist or African American Loyalist was a formerly enslaved African American or Free Negro who escaped to the British during the This community later grew when the Royal Navy began intercepting slave ships destined for the United States, and deposited these free slaves on the shores of Nova Scotia. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Slave ships were cargo Ships specially converted for the purpose of transporting slaves, especially newly purchased African slaves

Later, in the 19th century the Irish Famine and, especially, the Scottish Highland Clearances resulted in large influxes of migrants with Celtic cultural roots, which helped to define the dominantly Celtic character of Cape Breton and the north mainland of the province. The Highland Clearances ( Scottish Gaelic: Fuadaich nan Gàidheal the expulsion of the Gael were Forced displacements of the population of the Scottish This Gaelic influence continues to play an important role in defining the cultural life of the province, though less than 500 Nova Scotians today are fluent in Scottish Gaelic. Nearly all live in Antigonish County or on Cape Breton Island. ^[13]

Modern Nova Scotia is a mix of many cultures. The government works to support Mi'kmaq, French, Gaelic and African-Nova Scotian culture through the establishment of government secretariats, as well as colleges, educational programs and cultural centres. The Province is also eager to attract new immigrants,^[14] but has had limited success. The major population centres at Halifax and Sydney are the most cosmopolitan, hosting large Arab populations (in the former) and Eastern European populations (in the latter). Halifax Regional Municipality hosts a yearly multicultural festival. ^[15]

Arts

Main article: Music of Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia has long been a centre for artistic and cultural excellence. Music is a part of the warp and weft of the fabric of Nova Scotia 's cultural life Halifax has emerged as the leading cultural centre in the Atlantic region. The city hosts such institutions such as NSCAD University, one of Canada's leading art, craft and design colleges, and the Symphony Nova Scotia, the only full orchestra performing in Atlantic Canada. The Nova Scotia College of Art and Design (NSCAD University is a post-secondary Art school located in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Symphony Nova Scotia is a Canadian Orchestra located in Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia. The province is home to avant guard visual art and traditional crafting, writing and publishing, and a film industry.

Nova Scotia is arguably best known for its music. While popular music from many genres has experienced almost two decades of explosive growth and success in Nova Scotia, the province remains best known for its folk and traditional based music. Nova Scotia's traditional (or folk) music is Scottish in character, and traditions from Scotland are kept true to form, in some cases more so than in Scotland. This is especially true of the island of Cape Breton, one of the major international centres for Celtic music. Celtic music is a term utilised by artists record companies music stores and music magazines to describe a broad grouping of Musical genres that evolved out of the Folk

On main land Nova Scotia, particularly in some of the rural villages throughout Guysborough County, Irish influenced styles of music are commonly played, due to the predominance of Irish culture in many of the county's villages. Guysborough County is a County in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

Current Current Nova Scotia licence plate

The lighthouse situated on Peggys Point, immediately south of Peggys Cove. The Canadian province of Nova Scotia requires its residents to register their vehicles and display licence plates. A lighthouse is a Tower, building or framework designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses or in older times from a fire and used as an Peggys Cove (2001 population approx 50 also known as Peggy's Cove from 1961 to 1976 is a small rural community located on the eastern shore of St

See also

Notes

Bibliography

Surveys

• Beck, J. Murray. The Government of Nova Scotia University of Toronto Press, 1957, the standard history
• Choyce, Lesley. Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea. A Living History. Toronto: Penguin Books Canada, 1996. 305 pp.
• Donovan, Kenneth, ed. Cape Breton at 200: Historical Essays in Honour of the Island's Bicentennial, 1785-1985. Sydney, N. S. : U. Coll. of Cape Breton Pr. , 1985. 261 pp.
• Fingard, Judith; Guildford, Janet; and Sutherland, David. Halifax: The First 250 Years Halifax: Formac, 1999. 192 pp.
• Girard, Philip; Phillips, Jim; and Cahill, Barry, ed. The Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1754-2004: From Imperial Bastion to Provincial Oracle U. of Toronto Press 2004.
• Johnson, Ralph S. Forests of Nova Scotia: A History. Tantallon: Nova Scotia Dept. of Lands and Forests; Four East Publ. , 1986. 407 pp.
• Loomer, L. S. Windsor, Nova Scotia: A Journey in History. Windsor, N. S. : West Hants Hist. Soc. , 1996. 399 pp.
• Robertson, Allen B. Tide & Timber: Hantsport, Nova Scotia, 1795-1995. Hantsport, N. S. : Lancelot, 1996. 182 pp.
• Robertson, Barbara R. Sawpower: Making Lumber in the Sawmills of Nova Scotia. Halifax: Nimbus; Nova Scotia Mus. , 1986. 244 pp.

Since 1900

• Beck, J. Murray. Politics of Nova Scotia. vol 2: 1896-1988. Tantallon, N. S. : Four East 1985 438 pp.
• Bickerton, James P. Nova Scotia, Ottawa and the Politics of Regional Development. U. of Toronto Press 1990. 412 pp.
• Creighton, Wilfred. Forestkeeping: A History of the Department of Lands and Forests in Nova Scotia, 1926-1969. Halifax: Nova Scotia Dept. of Lands and Forests, 1988. 155 pp.
• Earle, Michael, ed. Workers and the State in Twentieth Century Nova Scotia. Fredericton: Acadiensis, 1989.
• Frank, David. J. B. McLachlan: A Biography - the Story of a Legendary Labour Leader and the Cape Breton Coal Miners. Toronto: Lorimer, 1999. 592 pp.
• Fraser, Dawn. Echoes from Labor's Wars: The Expanded Edition, Industrial Cape Breton in the 1920's, Echoes of World War One, Autobiography and Other Writings. Wreck Cove, N. S. : Breton Books, 1992. 177 pp.
• McKay, Ian. The Quest of the Folk: Antimodernism and Cultural Selection in Twentieth-Century Nova Scotia. McGill-Queen's U. Pr. , 1994. 371 pp.
• McKay, Ian. The Craft Transformed: An Essay on the Carpenters of Halifax, 1885-1985. Halifax, N. S. : Holdfast, 1985. 148 pp.
• March, William DesB. Red Line: The Chronicle-Herald and Mail-Star, 1875-1954. Halifax, N. S. : Chebucto Agencies, 1986. 415 pp.
• Morton, Suzanne. Ideal Surroundings: Domestic Life in a Working-Class Suburb in the 1920s. U. of Toronto Pr. , 1995. 201 pp. about Richmond Heights
• Sandberg, L. Anders and Clancy, Peter. Against the Grain: Foresters and Politics in Nova Scotia. U. of British Columbia Pr. , 2000. 352 pp.
• Sandberg, L. Anders, ed. Trouble in the Woods: Forest Policy and Social Conflict in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Fredericton, N. B. : Acadiensis, 1992. 234 pp.

Pre 1900

• Beck, J. Murray. Joseph Howe Volumes I & II : Conservative Reformer 1804-1848; The Briton Becomes Canadian 1848-1873 (1984)
• Beck, J. Murray. Politics of Nova Scotia. vol 1 1710-1896 Tantallon, N. S. : Four East 1985 438 pp.
• Bell, Winthrop P. The "Foreign Protestants" and the Settlement of Nova Scotia: The History of a Piece of Arrested British Colonial Policy in the Eighteenth Century. (1961). reprint Fredericton, N. B. : Acadiensis for Mount Allison U. , Cen. for Can. Studies, 1990. 673 pp.
• Brebner, John Bartlet. New England's Outpost. Acadia before the Conquest of Canada (1927)
• Brebner, John Bartlet. The Neutral Yankees of Nova Scotia: A Marginal Colony During the Revolutionary Years (1937)
• Byers, Mary and McBurney, Margaret. Atlantic Hearth: Early Homes and Families of Nova Scotia. U. of Toronto Press, 1994. 364 pp.
• Campey, Lucille H. After the Hector: The Scottish Pioneers of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Toronto: Natural Heritage Books, 2004. 376 pp.
• J. A. Chisholm, ed. Speeches and Public Letters of Joseph Howe 2 vol Halifax, 1909
• Conrad, Margaret and Moody, Barry, ed. Planter Links: Community and Culture in Colonial Nova Scotia. Fredericton, : Acadiensis, 2001. 236 pp.
• Conrad, Margaret, ed. Intimate Relations: Family and Community in Planter Nova Scotia, 1759-1800. Fredericton, : Acadiensis, 1995. 298 pp.
• Conrad, Margaret, ed. Making Adjustments: Change and Continuity in Planter Nova Scotia, 1759-1800. Fredericton: Acadiensis, 1991. 280 pp.
• Cuthbertson, Brian. Johnny Bluenose at the Polls: Epic Nova Scotian Election Battles, 1758-1848. Halifax: Formac, 1994. 344 pp.
• Donald A. Desserud; "Outpost's Response: The Language and Politics of Moderation in Eighteenth-Century Nova Scotia" American Review of Canadian Studies, Vol. 29, 1999 online
• Faragher, John Mack. A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland (2006)
• Frost, James D. Merchant Princes: Halifax's First Family of Finance, Ships, and Steel Toronto: Lorimer, 2003. 376 pp.
• Gwyn, Julian. Excessive Expectations: Maritime Commerce and the Economic Development of Nova Scotia, 1740-1870 McGill-Queen's U. Pr. , 1998. 291 pp.
• Hornsby, Stephen J. Nineteenth-Century Cape Breton: A Historical Geography. McGill-Queen's U. Pr. , 1992. 274 pp.
• Johnston, A. J. B. Control and Order in French Colonial Louisbourg, 1713-1758. Michigan State U. Pr. , 2001. 346 pp.
• Krause, Eric; Corbin, Carol; and O'Shea, William, ed. Aspects of Louisbourg: Essays on the History of an Eighteenth-Century French Community in North America. Sydney, N. S. : U. Coll. of Cape Breton Pr. , 1995. 312 pp.
• Lanctôt, Léopold. L'Acadie des Origines, 1603-1771 Montreal: Fleuve, 1988. 234 pp.
• McKay, Ian. The Craft Transformed: An Essay on the Carpenters of Halifax, 1885-1985. Halifax, N. S. : Holdfast, 1985. 148 pp.
• MacKinnon, Neil. This Unfriendly Soil: The Loyalist Experience in Nova Scotia, 1783-1791. McGill-Queen's U. Pr. , 1986. 231 pp.
• Mancke, Elizabeth. The Fault Lines of Empire: Political Differentiation in Massachusetts and Nova Scotia, ca. 1760-1830 Routledge, 2005. 214 pp. online
• Marble, Allan Everett. Surgeons, Smallpox, and the Poor: A History of Medicine and Social Conditions in Nova Scotia, 1749-1799. McGill-Queen's U. Pr. , 1993. 356 pp.
• Pryke, Kenneth G. Nova Scotia and Confederation, 1864-74 (1979) (ISBN 0-8020-5389-0)
• Reid, John G. et al. The "Conquest" of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions. U. of Toronto Pr. , 2004. 297 pp.
• Waite, P. B. The Lives of Dalhousie University. Vol. 1: 1818-1925, Lord Dalhousie's College. McGill-Queen's U. Pr. , 1994. 338 pp.
• Walker, James W. St. G. The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783-1870. (1976). reprint U. of Toronto Pr. , 1992. 438 pp
• Whitelaw, William Menzies; The Maritimes and Canada before Confederation (1934) online

External links

Official links

• Government of Nova Scotia
• Nova Scotia - Come To Life (Main gateway website for tourism, immigration, business, etc. links)
• Tourism Nova Scotia
• Nova Scotia Provincial Parks
• Complete government directory
• Nova Scotia current weather
• Nova Scotia Climate

Other links

• Coastal Communities Network current issues and community profiles, coastal information, community development
• Acadian Ancestral Home - Acadian history and census records
• Photographs of War Memorials & Historic Monuments in Nova Scotia
• 360x180° Spherical Panoramic Images of Nova Scotia
• Little-Known Portions of Nova Scotia History
• Pitre Acadian genealogy