Noucentisme (Noucentista being its adjective) was a Catalan cultural movement of the early 20th century that originated largely as a reaction against Modernisme, both in art and ideology, and was, simultaneously, a perception of art almost opposite to that of avantgardists. Catalan grammar is the Grammar of the Catalan language. Morphology For general discussion of morphology (not specific to Catalan see main article The Phonology of Catalan, a Romance language, has a certain degree of dialectal variation This article covers the Orthography of Catalan, a Romance language. The Institut d'Estudis Catalans (Institute for Catalan Studies or IEC is an academic institution which seeks to undertake research and study into "all elements of Catalan culture The Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua ( AVL) - Valencian Academy of the Language - is an institution created on September 16, 1998 by the For other perspectives on the History of Catalonia, see also History of Europe; History of Spain; History of France; Crown of Aragon The Count of Barcelona was the major ruler in Catalonia from the 9th until the 17th century The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. Origins The origins of the military force in Catalonia soar to the 13th century, with the Sagramental, the fraternity among several villages to guarantee their Origin The Corts of Barcelona The Catalan constitutions were promulgated by the Corts of Barcelona ( corts being the Catalan for courts Furs of Valencia ( Furs de València, in Valencian) were the laws of the Kingdom of Valencia during most of Middle Ages and The Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed in 1659 to end the war between France and Spain that had begun in 1635 during the Thirty Years' War. The Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta were a number of Decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V &mdashthe first Bourbon king of Different meanings Països Catalans is a polysemic expression and so it has different meanings depending on the context Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean The term La Franja ("The Strip" more properly Franja de Aragón or Franja de Poniente "Western Strip" in Spanish) Franja d'Aragó Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western Alghero ( l'Alguer in Catalan and S'Alighèra in Sardinian) is a town of about 42000 inhabitants (down from 54300 inhabitants since early El Carche ( el Carxe in Valencian) is a mountainous sparsely populated area in Murcia, Spain, lying between the municipalities Jumilla The Generalitat Valenciana is the generic name covering the different self government institutions under which the Spanish Autonomous community of Valencia is politically The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean The General Council of the Valleys (in Catalan, Consell General de les Valls) is the Unicameral Parliament of Andorra. Catalonia is a Spanish Autonomous Community with a high-level of self-government Catalan Nationalism, or Catalanism (from Catalanisme in Catalan) is a political movement advocating for either further political A castell is a human tower traditionally built during festivals in many places in Catalonia, Spain. Correfocs are amongst the most striking of Catalonia 's festive events " Devils quot play with Fire and with the people The Falles (in Valencian) are a Valencian traditional celebration in praise of Saint Joseph in Valencia Spain. The sardana (Catalan plural sardanes) is a type of Circle dance typical of Catalonia. Moros y Cristianos (in Spanish) or Moros i Cristians (in Valencian) literally means Moors and Christians, and A Caganer (kəɣəˈne is a little statue found in Catalonia, in neighbouring areas with Catalan culture such as Andorra, and in other parts of Spain Portugal and The Tió de Nadal (roughly "Christmas Log" also known as "Tió" (trunk or log a big piece of cut wood or "Tronca" ("log" Botifarra (butiˈfarə is the Catalan name for the Roman Sausage lucanica, made of raw pork and spicesthe recipe for which is still used today in Italy and other parts of the Fútbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan fudˈbɔɫ ˌklup bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish ˈfutβol ˌkluβ baɾθeˈlona known familiarly as Barça (Spanish ˈbaɾsa Catalan Paella (pa'eʎa is an internationally famous dish consisting of White rice, Meat, Seafood, Beans and Vegetables (depending on Catalan myths and legends are the traditional myths and Legends of the Catalan -speaking world especially Catalonia itself passed down for generations Catalan literature is the name conventionally used to refer to Literature written in the Catalan language. Catalan Modernisme (not to be confused with Modernism) was the Catalan equivalent to a number of fin-de-siècle movements such as Symbolism, The Renaixença (rənəˈʃɛnsə was an early 19th century late romantic revivalist movement in Catalan language and culture akin to the Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Joan Miró i Ferrà ( April 20, 1893 &ndash December 25, 1983) was an ethnic Catalan (of Spanish nationality Antoni Tàpies (born in Barcelona, December 13, 1923) is a Spanish Catalan painter Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Catalan Modernisme (not to be confused with Modernism) was the Catalan equivalent to a number of fin-de-siècle movements such as Symbolism, Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard In 1906, Eugeni d'Ors coined the term following the Italian tradition of naming styles after the centuries (for example, Quattrocento, Cinquecento, etc. Eugeni d’Ors i Rovira ( Barcelona, 1881 – Vilanova i la Geltrú, 1954 was a Spanish writer Essayist journalist, philosopher Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy are collectively referred to as the Quattrocento (from the Italian for '400 or from "millequattrocento" 1400 Cinquecento ( Italian for five hundred; short for "millecinquecento" 1500 is a term used to describe the Italian Renaissance of the ) and using the phonetically exact words nou (nine) and nou (new) to suggest it was a renovation movement. The same year two essential works for Noucentisme were published: "Els fruits saborosos" by poet Josep Carner and "La nacionalitat catalana" by the Conservative politician Enric Prat de la Riba. Josep Carner i Puig-Oriol (born Barcelona 1884 - died Brussels 1970 was a Catalan Poet, Journalist, playwright and Translator La nacionalitat catalana ( The Catalan nationality) is a book and political Manifesto written by the Conservative politician Enric Prat de la Riba in 1906 Enric Prat de la Riba i Sarrà ( Castellterçol, 1879 - 1917 was a Catalan politician
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In the arts
Despite sharing some similarities, it opposed Modernisme, the previous movement, and the radical and individualist views and Bohemian lifestyle most of its proponents engaged in. Political radicalism or simply radicalism is adherence to radical views and principles in Politics. The term bohemian, of French origin was first used in the English language in the nineteenth century to describe the untraditional lifestyles of marginalized and impoverished Artists Noucentisme glorified order and what they saw as the spirit of the 20th century and an idealist expectancy of change. Novel was largely excluded in favour of poetry, which was more useful to convey the spirit of the style. The style as a whole shows a predilection for a Classicist approach, Europeanism, Modernism and a struggle to perfect the literary style of language. Europeanism refers to the concept of or assertion that the people of Europe have a distinct collective Cultural identity within the larger context of Western Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Artists and politicians were close collaborators.
Its main defining features in poetry are a return to Apollonian classicism, a very refined and accurate language, objectivity and rejection of abrupt feelings and a particular interest in nature. For the works or study of works from classical antiquity see Classics Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to Its stylistical origins in the tradition started by Josep Torras i Bages, the Escola Mallorquina ("Majorcan School") leaded by the Conservative Joan Alcover and the priest Miquel Costa i Llovera, the French Parnassian poetry and the Symbolists are obvious in most of the works produced in the period that spans from 1906 to approximately 1923. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Parnassianism (or less commonly parnasism) was a literary style characteristic of certain French poetry during the positivist period of the 19th century Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts The Vienna Secession was a key influence to their ideal of beauty in architecture. The Vienna Secession (also known as the Union of Austrian Artists, or Vereiningung Bildender Künstler Österreichs) was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation
Its most prominent adherent, Josep Carner, known by his epithet of "prince of the Catalan poets" and produced very elaborate, ornate poetry, reminiscent of the baroque and still admired for his beautiful style and refined language. Josep Carner i Puig-Oriol (born Barcelona 1884 - died Brussels 1970 was a Catalan Poet, Journalist, playwright and Translator An epithet (from Greek ἐπίθετον - epitheton, neut of ἐπίθετος - epithetos, "attributed added" is a Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc
In the following decades, though, the name of the movement has acquired a negative connotation of an excessively affected and artificial literature, just the opposite of Moderniste Joan Maragall's Romantic theory of "the living word", that is, spontaneity in creation. Joan Maragall i Gorina (b October 10, 1860 in Barcelona - d December 20, 1911) was a Catalan Poet. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the
Painters and sculptors of the Noucentista period are Joaquim Sunyer, Joaquim Torres Garcia and Manolo Hugué (who was a close friend of Picasso). Joaquim Sunyer ( Sitges, 1875 - 1956 was a Catalan painter often linked to the Noucentisme movement Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973
In politics
Catalonia was the most industrialised and therefore wealthiest region of Spain at the time. A change of attitude towards politics among members of Catalan bourgeoisie helped develop the basis of political pragmatism and idealism in Noucentisme. Catalan nationalism was becoming seriously influential in politics for the first time, especially incarned in the right-wing and Catholic party Regionalist League, whose goal, despite having a full national conscience, was to achieve a number of reforms to reassure the hegemony of the Catalan principate within Spain and to become more influential in the decision-making in Spanish politics, instead of achieving formal independence. Catalan Nationalism, or Catalanism (from Catalanisme in Catalan) is a political movement advocating for either further political Regionalist League (in Catalan: Lliga Regionalista) was a political party of Catalonia, Spain, that appeared thanks to the triumph of the candidacy A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered
Following the disagreements that took place between Catalan politicians, intellectuals and, most prominently, the working class of Barcelona (after the "disaster" of 1898 and the Rif War, especially after what has come to be known as Setmana Tràgica or Tragic Week in 1909), a segment of the population wished to disengage from Spain. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia The second Rif War was a conflict in 1909 in Morocco around Melilla. Tragic Week (in Catalan la Setmana Tràgica, in Spanish la Semana Trágica) ( July 25 - August 2, 1909) is the The Catalan nationalist tradition in the 19th century had relied on protectionist views held by both the bourgeoisie and the working classes. For the protectionist Australian political party from the 1880s to 1909 see Protectionist Party On the other hand, an anti-liberal and reactionary Carlism that reclaimed its ancient rights and privileges still existed in the countryside and helped give birth, through Vigatanisme, to the emerging right-wing Catalanism. Reactionary (also reactionist) is a derogatory term usually used by the Left wing in regards to movements which oppose radical change in society and seeks a return Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on Fuero ( Spanish) is a Spanish legal term and conceptThe word comes from Latin forum, an open space used as market tribunal These new Noucentista views had partly assimilated and inherited these ideals, but were in favour of more modern values that represented their faith in (most probably far-fetched) idealist changes. A majority of members of the industrial bourgeoisie of the country supported the Regionalist League, which became the most influential party until about 1925.
Now that they had been given the chance, intellectuals of Noucentisme (itself a vehicle of this conservative, Catholic Catalanism), leaded by Eugeni d'Ors, advocated a project of cultural intervention based on four principles: Imperialism, Arbitrarism, Civility, and Classicism.
Noucentista imperialism was a conservative and up-to-date version of the principles of Spanish Regenerationism designed to make Catalonia the leading region of modernization of the Spanish state and society. The idea of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard Evolutionary pattern as described in the Social evolutionism theories
Arbitrarism was a philosophy naming literary creation a symbol of human will conquering reality. Their particular will could be summed up as an "ideal Catalonia" that would come to replace the "real Catalonia" through the remaining two precepts, Civility and Classicism.
Their concept of civility was rooted in a vision of an "ideal Catalonia" equalled to that of a Catalan polis ruled on the principles of culture, harmony, a democratic community life and order versus what they saw as the barbaric countryside. A polis ( πόλις, pronunciation, in English-- plural poleis ( πόλεις, pronunciation, in English --is a City, a Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system "Barbarian" is a pejorative term for an uncivilized person either in a general reference to a member of a nation or Ethnos perceived
Their interest in an Apollonian Classicism was not only of a literary nature: they desired formal perfection, harmony and flawless proportion to be everywhere. Mediterraneity came to be seen as a synthesis of the Noucentista ideal.
Their intervention in practice was carried out following three goals:
- A reform of the country based on their ideology.
- Orthographic reform of the Catalan language. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official
- Editorial support and cultural infrastructures for the Catalan language.
They chose Barcelona as the natural centre of all these institutional reforms. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia
Their project was never completely fulfilled, among other reasons because of disagreements between members of Noucentisme, anti-catalanist repression under the 1923-1930 dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, and the consequent rise to popularity and power of left-wing Catalan nationalist and independentist parties. Anti-Catalanism is the collective name given to various political attitudes nowadays particularly in Spain, that oppose Catalanism A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja 2 Marqués de Estella ( Jerez de la Frontera, January 8, 1870 - Paris, Catalan independentism is a Political movement which supports the independence of Catalonia from Spain and France, this is usually However, a large renovation of Catalan society took place, especially thanks to the reforms during the period of the Mancomunitat de Catalunya and Catalan got its first consisten spelling rules with the Fabrian reform. The Mancomunitat de Catalunya ( Catalan for "Commonwealth of Catalonia " was an institution which covered the four Catalan Pompeu Fabra i Poch, ( Barcelona 1868 - Prada de Conflent 1948 was a Catalan Grammarian, the main author of the normative reform of contemporary Catalan
They also promoted the creation of institutions in charge of the cultural and official development of Catalan. The Bernat Metge Foundation translated Greek and Latin language classics into Catalan and the Institut d'Estudis Catalans became a regulator body for Catalan. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Institut d'Estudis Catalans (Institute for Catalan Studies or IEC is an academic institution which seeks to undertake research and study into "all elements of Catalan culture This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language Also dating from the Noucentista era are other official institutions to promote culture and make it widely accessible were Network of Popular Libraries, the Catalan Drama School, the School of Librarians and the Library of Catalonia.
Prominent members
- Jaume Bofill i Mates
- Josep Carner
- Pompeu Fabra
- Guerau de Liost
- Josep Maria López-Picó
- Rafael Masó
- Eugeni d'Ors ("Xènius")
- Enric Prat de la Riba
- Josep Puig i Cadafalch
- Josep Puig Gairalt
- Ramon Puig Gairalt
- Joaquim Sunyer
See also
- Mancomunitat de Catalunya - Union of the four Catalan provinces (Barcelona, Lleida, Girona and Tarragona) for administrative purposes. Josep Carner i Puig-Oriol (born Barcelona 1884 - died Brussels 1970 was a Catalan Poet, Journalist, playwright and Translator Pompeu Fabra i Poch, ( Barcelona 1868 - Prada de Conflent 1948 was a Catalan Grammarian, the main author of the normative reform of contemporary Catalan Rafael Masó (b 1880 - d1935 was a Catalan Art Nouveau architect Eugeni d’Ors i Rovira ( Barcelona, 1881 – Vilanova i la Geltrú, 1954 was a Spanish writer Essayist journalist, philosopher Enric Prat de la Riba i Sarrà ( Castellterçol, 1879 - 1917 was a Catalan politician Josep Puig i Cadafalch ( Mataró, October 15, 1867 - Barcelona, December 21, 1956) was a Modernist Joaquim Sunyer ( Sitges, 1875 - 1956 was a Catalan painter often linked to the Noucentisme movement The Mancomunitat de Catalunya ( Catalan for "Commonwealth of Catalonia " was an institution which covered the four Catalan Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Lleida (Standard Central Catalan ˈʎejðə or North-Western Catalan; Spanish Lérida, though officially referred as Lleida Girona ( Catalan: Girona ʒiˈɾonə Spanish: Gerona xeˈɾona is a city located in the northeast of Catalonia, Spain Tarragona (tərəˈɣonə in Catalan) is a city located in the south of Catalonia and east of Spain, by the Mediterranean Sea.
- Lliga Regionalista - large Conservative party with close ties to Noucentisme. Regionalist League (in Catalan: Lliga Regionalista) was a political party of Catalonia, Spain, that appeared thanks to the triumph of the candidacy
- Modernisme - previous Catalan cultural movement. Catalan Modernisme (not to be confused with Modernism) was the Catalan equivalent to a number of fin-de-siècle movements such as Symbolism,
- Modernism - not to be confused with the above mentioned. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century
- Novecentismo - Spanish movement whose name shares the same root but is completely unrelated and more progressive.
References
- R. Armengol, M. C. Comet, A. Freixes, H. Hurtado, G. Pau Llengua catalana i literatura 2 - pag. 103-112 (El Noucentisme).
External links
- Noucentisme in Lletra at UOC.edu
- Noucentisme in xtec.es
- Article in Artnet
- Modernisme and Noucentisme
- Noucentisme (TV Catalunya)
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