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"Battle for Ohio" redirects here;. Distinguish from Battle of Ohio, which is a nickname for a particular current running baseball and American football team rivalry.
Northwest Indian War

This depiction of the Treaty of Greenville negotiations may have been painted by one of Anthony Wayne's officers. The Treaty of Greenville was signed at Fort Greenville (now Greenville Ohio) on August 3, 1795, between a coalition of Native Americans Anthony Wayne (January 1 1745–December 15 1796 was a United States Army general and statesman
Date 1785–1795
Location Northwest Territory (United States)
Result U. For the Canadian territory see Northwest Territories. For the northwestern corner of the Lower 48 see Northwestern United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the S. victory, Treaty of Greenville
Belligerents
United States Western Confederacy
Commanders
Josiah Harmar
Arthur St. Clair
Anthony Wayne		 Blue Jacket
Little Turtle
Buckongahelas
Map of the Northwest Indian War
Map of the Northwest Indian War

The Northwest Indian War (1785–1795), also known as Little Turtle's War and by various other names, was a war fought between the United States and a large confederation of Indians for control of the Northwest Territory, which ended with a decisive U. The Treaty of Greenville was signed at Fort Greenville (now Greenville Ohio) on August 3, 1795, between a coalition of Native Americans The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Western Confederacy, also known as Western Indian Confederacy, was a loose confederacy of North American Indians in the Great Lakes region Josiah Harmar ( November 10, 1753 – August 20, 1813) was an officer in the United States Army during the American Revolution Arthur St Clair (March 23 1736 August 31 1818 was the ninth President of the Continental Congress under the Articles of Confederation, a general in the Anthony Wayne (January 1 1745–December 15 1796 was a United States Army general and statesman Blue Jacket or Weyapiersenwah (c 1743 &ndash c 1810 was a war chief of the Shawnee people known for his militant defense of Shawnee lands in the Ohio Country Little Turtle or Mishikinakwa (c 1747 &ndash July 14, 1812) was a chief of the Miami tribe in what is presently Indiana, and Buckongahelas (1720? - May 1805 was a regionally and nationally renowned Lenni-Lenape chief counselor and warrior The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States For the Canadian territory see Northwest Territories. For the northwestern corner of the Lower 48 see Northwestern United States. S. victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. The Battle of Fallen Timbers ( August 20, 1794) was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between American Indians and As a result of the war, territory including much of present-day Ohio was ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The Treaty of Greenville was signed at Fort Greenville (now Greenville Ohio) on August 3, 1795, between a coalition of Native Americans

Contents

Background

Beaver Wars

Main article: French and Iroquois Wars

The land east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes had been fought over for centuries before the United States got involved. The French and Iroquois Wars, also called the Iroquois Wars or the Beaver Wars, commonly refer to a brutal series of conflicts fought in the mid-17th century in eastern The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the French explorer Samuel Champlain in 1608 had sided with the Wyandot (Huron) Indians living along the St. Lawrence River against the Iroquois Indians living in upper New York state. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Samuel de Champlain (c 1575 - 25 December 1635) "The Father of New France " was a French navigator geographer cartographer "Huron" redirects here For other uses see Huron (disambiguation. Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The result was the bitter enmity of the Iroquois against the French, which resulted in the Iroquois siding with the Dutch traders coming up the Hudson River in about 1626. The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands. The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois, or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami The Dutch eventually traded the Iroquois furs for firearms and hatchets and knives, which the Iroquois used to nearly eliminate the Hurons and all of the Indians west of their territories in the Northwest Territory or Ohio country in the Beaver Wars starting in the 1650s. A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion See Hatchet (novel for the Young adult novel. See Hatchet (film for the Horror film. A knife is a handheld sharp-edged instrument consisting of handle attached to a Blade used for cutting The Ohio Country (sometimes called the Ohio Territory) was the name used in the 18th century for the regions of North America west of the Appalachian Mountains The French and Iroquois Wars, also called the Iroquois Wars or the Beaver Wars, commonly refer to a brutal series of conflicts fought in the mid-17th century in eastern The enemies of the Iroquois were weakened with European disease and faced with fierce enemies armed with steel knives, steel hatchets, and muskets; the wars were of extreme brutality, considered among the bloodiest conflicts in the history of North America. The resultant enlargement of Iroquois territory realigned the tribal geography of North America, destroying several large tribal confederacies (including the Wyandot (Huron), Neutrals, Eries, and Susquehannocks) and pushing several other eastern tribes west to or across the Mississippi River. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse "Huron" redirects here For other uses see Huron (disambiguation. The Neutrals, also known as the Attawandaron, were an Iroquoian nation of North American native people who lived near the shores of Lake Ontario The Erie (also Erieehronon, Eriechronon, Riquéronon, Erielhonan, Eriez, Nation du Chat) were an Iroquoian pre- The Susquehannock people were natives of areas adjacent to the Susquehanna River and its Tributaries from the southern part of what is now New York The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to The Ohio country was virtually emptied of native people, as Indian refugees fled west to escape Iroquois warriors who eventually returned to their homes, leaving the Kentucky and Ohio Territory nearly empty behind them. The Ohio Country (sometimes called the Ohio Territory) was the name used in the 18th century for the regions of North America west of the Appalachian Mountains The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. The Ohio Country (sometimes called the Ohio Territory) was the name used in the 18th century for the regions of North America west of the Appalachian Mountains Subsequently in about 1655, the Iroquois became trading partners with the British who took over the New Netherlands territory of the Dutch. The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast After about 1700, tribes began straggling back into the Northwest Territory but seldom as coherent tribes, often as conglomerations of several tribes.

French and British occupation

Main articles: French and Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion

Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, both Britain and France claimed ownership of the Ohio Country along with the Iroquois Confederacy. The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. Pontiac's Rebellion was a war launched in 1763 by North American Indians who were dissatisfied with British policies in the Great Lakes region after The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse By the mid-1700s, both nations had sent merchants and fur traders into the area to trade with local Indians, and violence quickly erupted. This was finally resolved in the French and Indian War, in which France relinquished any claims on the area with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain

The British still faced numerous Indian tribes living there, including those in the Great Lakes region: the Ottawas, Ojibwas, Pottawatomis, and Hurons; those from eastern Illinois Country, which included the Miami, Wea, Kickapoo, Mascouten, and Piankashaw; and those from the Ohio Country: the Delawares (Lenape), Shawnee, Mingo, and Wyandot, among others. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. The Ojibwa or Chippewa (also Ojibwe, Ojibway, Chippeway) is the largest group of Native Americans - First Nations The Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie and Pottawatomi, among many variations) are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi The Illinois Country ( Pays des Illinois) was the name used in the 17th century and afterwards to refer to an undefined region centered around present day southwest The Miami are a Native American tribe originally found in Indiana, southwest Michigan and Ohio, and now living also in Oklahoma The name 'Wea' is used today as the a shortened version of the many recorded names it is suggested and written that waayaahtanwa, is derived from waayaahtanonki, 'place The Kickapoos ( Kickapoo: Kiikaapoa or Kiikaapoi) are one of the Algonquian speaking Native American Tribes The Mascouten (also Mascoutin, Mathkoutench, or Musketoon) were a tribe of Algonquian-speaking native Americans who are believed to The Piankeshaw (or Piankashaw) Indians were Native Americans, and members of the Miami Indians who lived apart from the Miami nation The shannon (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans were in the 17th century organized bands of Native American peoples with shared cultural and linguistic The Shawnee, or Shaawanwaki, Shaawanooki and Shaawanowi lenaweeki, are a people native to North America. The Mingo are an Iroquois group of Native Americans that migrated west to the Ohio Country in the mid-eighteenth century The tribes were not happy with British settlers moving into the area. This unhappiness erupted in Pontiac's Rebellion of 1763-66, where the Indians burned several forts. Pontiac's Rebellion was a war launched in 1763 by North American Indians who were dissatisfied with British policies in the Great Lakes region after They also killed and drove many settlers out of the Northwest Territory. The British had to send troops to reinforce Fort Pitt. The Indians were defeated in the minor Battle of Bushy Run. The Battle of Bushy Run which happened during Pontiac's Rebellion was fought between a British relief column under the command of Colonel Henry Bouquet and a In the end the war fizzled with almost nothing resolved.

Great Britain officially closed the area of the Northwest Territories to European settlement by the Proclamation of 1763, which arose as part of the British desire to have peaceful relations with the Shawnee and other tribes in the region. The Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763 by King George III following Great Britain 's acquisition of French territory On June 22, 1774, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act, which annexed this region to the province of Quebec. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories The Quebec Act of 1774 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (citation 14 Geo Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The act was referred to as one of the Intolerable Acts leading to the American Revolution. The Intolerable Acts or the Coercive Acts are names used to describe a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 relating to Britain's colonies In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots"

American Revolution

Main article: American Revolutionary War

During the American Revolution, four tribes in the Iroquois Confederation sided with the British. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" They fought in the Battle of Oriskany, aided the British in the Battle of Saratoga, and committed the Wyoming Valley massacre in Pennsylvania and the Cherry Valley Massacre in New York as well as numerous other attacks throughout New York and Pennsylvania. Background See also [[Battle of Saratoga]] [[Battle of Bennington]] A two-pronged attack known as the Saratoga Campaign of 1777, was launched by the Background See also Saratoga campaign The British plan and Howe's blunder The original conception of the campaign had been for Burgoyne with some eight Background In 1777 after a British Army surrendered at Saratoga in Upstate New York, Loyalists and their Iroquois allies in the region The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Aftermath Butler purchased the captured officers from the Indians and arranged for some of the women and children prisoners to be freed As the British concentrated on the southern United States in 1779, General George Washington finally had an opportunity to do something about the Iroquois actions; he instructed General John Sullivan and about 5,000 men to attack and destroy Iroquois villages in upper New York. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Background When the American Revolutionary War began British officials as well as the colonial Continental Congress sought the allegiance (or at least the neutrality For other men with the same name see John Sullivan (disambiguation. He succeeded after defeating the Iroquois in the Battle of Newtown in destroying over 40 Iroquois villages and all their associated crops in the fall of 1779. Battle This battle which was the most significant military engagement of the Sullivan Campaign of 1779 and played a crucial role in America’s Revolutionary War took place His army destroyed over 10 more in other parts of New York. Most of the Iroquois retreated to Canada where they spent a cold and hungry winter. Their power in the United States was severely limited after this, and their claims to the Northwest Territories were voided.

In 1778, American General George Rogers Clark and 178 men captured the British forts on the Ohio River, giving the United states control of the Ohio river and a claim to all the land north of the Ohio River. George Rogers Clark (November 19 1752 – February 13 1818 was a soldier from Virginia and the highest ranking American military officer on the northwestern frontier during The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River.

The Battle of Blue Licks was the last battle of the American Revolutionary War fought in Kentucky. Background Caldwell's expedition Although a British army under Lord Cornwallis had surrendered at Yorktown in October 1781 the war on the western frontier continued The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. On a hill next to the Licking River in what is now Robertson County, Kentucky, a force of about 50 British rangers and 300 American Indians ambushed and routed 182 Kentucky militiamen. Robertson County is a County located in the US state of Kentucky.

The Treaty of Paris (1783) gave the United States independence and control of the Northwest Territories, on paper. The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, and approved by the Congress of the Confederation on January 14, 1784, formally The territory was subject to overlapping and conflicting claims by the states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and Virginia. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state While the British Crown had suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Yorktown (1781), there had been no decisive defeat for their Indian allies in the Northwest Territories. The Siege of Yorktown or Battle of Yorktown in 1781 was a decisive victory by a combined assault of American forces led by General George Washington The Indian tribes in the Old Northwest, however, were not parties to this treaty, and many of them, especially leaders such as Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, refused to recognize American claims to the area northwest of the Ohio River. For the Canadian territory see Northwest Territories. For the northwestern corner of the Lower 48 see Northwestern United States. Little Turtle or Mishikinakwa (c 1747 &ndash July 14, 1812) was a chief of the Miami tribe in what is presently Indiana, and Blue Jacket or Weyapiersenwah (c 1743 &ndash c 1810 was a war chief of the Shawnee people known for his militant defense of Shawnee lands in the Ohio Country Even after losing their Ohio River forts the British remained in possession of their Great Lakes forts through which they continued to supply their Indian allies with trade items and weapons in exchange for furs. This lingering British presence that was not settled until the War of 1812 finally drove the British out of the Northwest Territories. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies

The Continental Congress sought to stabilize the dollar and pay down some of its war debt through the sale of western lands. The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the The Land Ordinance of 1785 gave encouragement to land speculators, surveyors, and settlers who sought to gain new land from the Indians who may or may not have had a claim to it. The Land Ordinance of 1785 was adopted by the United States Congress on May 20, 1785. Congress had negotiated the Treaty of Fort McIntosh in 1785 with several Indian tribes to acquire most of the eastern portion of the Ohio Country. The Treaty of Fort McIntosh was a treaty between the United States government and representatives of the Wyandotte Delaware, Chippewa and Ottawa However Connecticut settlers were already streaming into the Western Reserve which extended into part of a reservation set aside for some of the tribes.

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 passed under the Articles of Confederation gave Indians title, under U. The Northwest Ordinance (formally An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States North-West of the River Ohio, and also known as the Freedom S. law, to enjoy whatever lands they lived on, but it continued to encourage the influx of U. S. settlers north of the Ohio River. Localized ambushes and engagements between those settlers and Indians continued to rage. The failure of the 1789 Treaty of Fort Harmar to address underlying grievances between the two sides exacerbated the problems. The Treaty of Fort Harmar was an agreement between the United States government and several Native American tribes with claims to the Ohio Country.

Formation of the confederacy

Co-operation among the Indian nations forming the Western Confederacy had gone back to the French colonial era and was renewed during the American Revolutionary War. The Western Confederacy, also known as Western Indian Confederacy, was a loose confederacy of North American Indians in the Great Lakes region French colonization of the Americas began in the 14th century and continued in the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western The Confederacy first came together in the autumn of 1785 at Fort Detroit, proclaiming that the parties to the Confederacy would deal jointly with the United States, rather than individually. Fort Shelby was a Military Fort in Detroit Michigan that played a significant role in the War of 1812. This determination was renewed in 1786 at the village of the Hurons, where the Confederacy further insisted on the Ohio River as the boundary between their lands and those of the American settlers. The Hurons were the nominal "fathers" or senior guaranteeing nation of the Confederacy, but Shawnees and Miamis provided the greatest share of the fighting force.

The Confederacy included warriors from a wide variety of sources:

In most cases, an entire "tribe" or "nation" was not involved in the war; Indian societies were not centralized, and involvement in warfare was decided on a village or even individual basis. "Huron" redirects here For other uses see Huron (disambiguation. The Shawnee, or Shaawanwaki, Shaawanooki and Shaawanowi lenaweeki, are a people native to North America. The Council of Three Fires, also known as the People of the Three Fires, the Three Fires Confederacy, the United Nations of Chippewa Ottawa and Potawatomi The Ojibwa or Chippewa (also Ojibwe, Ojibway, Chippeway) is the largest group of Native Americans - First Nations The Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie and Pottawatomi, among many variations) are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi The shannon (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans were in the 17th century organized bands of Native American peoples with shared cultural and linguistic The Miami are a Native American tribe originally found in Indiana, southwest Michigan and Ohio, and now living also in Oklahoma The Kickapoos ( Kickapoo: Kiikaapoa or Kiikaapoi) are one of the Algonquian speaking Native American Tribes The Kaskaskia were one of the several Cognate tribes that made up the Illiniwek Confederation. The Wabash Confederacy, also referred to as the Wabash Indians or the Wabash tribes, is a term used to describe a number of 18th century Native American The Chickamauga wars (1776&ndash1794 were a series of back-and-forth raids campaigns ambushes minor skirmishes and several full-scale frontier battles that were a continuation of The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Nearly two hundred Cherokee from two bands of the group called Chickamauga by the Americans lived and fought with the Shawnee from the time of the Revolution through the time of the Confederacy. In addition, in at least one case, the Cherokee leader Dragging Canoe sent a contingent of warriors (in this instance under his brother The Badger) for a specific action. Dragging Canoe (c 1738 &ndash March 1 1792 was an American Indian war leader who led a dissident band of young Cherokees against the United States in Some bands of Choctaws and Chickasaws, southern tribes traditionally unfriendly with the Indians of the Northwest, served as scouts for the Americans in the war. The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States ( Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana) The Chickasaw' are Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States (Mississippi Alabama Tennessee

Course of the war

Some British agents in the region, still stinging from their defeat in the Revolution, sold the Indians weapons and ammunition and encouraged the tribes to attack American settlers. War parties launched a series of isolated raids in the mid-1780s, resulting in escalating bloodshed and mistrust. In the fall of 1786, General Benjamin Logan led a force of Federal soldiers and mounted Kentucky militia against several Shawnee towns along the Mad River, protected primarily by noncombatants while the warriors were raiding forts in Kentucky. Benjamin Logan (c1742 &ndash December 11, 1802) was an American pioneer soldier and politician from Shelby County Kentucky. The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary Citizens to provide defense emergency law enforcement or Paramilitary service The Mad River is a river located in the west central part of the U Logan burned the Indian towns and food supplies and killed or captured numerous Indians, including their chief, who was soon murdered by one of Logan's men. Logan's Raid and the death of the chief angered the Shawnees, who retaliated by further escalating their attacks on the whites.

Indian raids on both sides of the Ohio River grew increasingly dangerous. During the mid and late 1780s, white settlers south of the Ohio River in Kentucky and travelers on and north of the Ohio River suffered approximately 1,500 casualties during the ongoing hostilities, during which whites often retaliated against Indians. In 1790, President George Washington and Secretary of War Henry Knox ordered General Josiah Harmar to launch a major western offensive into the Shawnee and Miami Indian country. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration Henry Knox ( July 25, 1750 &ndash October 25, 1806) was an American Bookseller from Boston who became the chief Josiah Harmar ( November 10, 1753 – August 20, 1813) was an officer in the United States Army during the American Revolution In October 1790, a force of 1,453 men under Brigadier General Josiah Harmar was assembled near present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana. Josiah Harmar ( November 10, 1753 – August 20, 1813) was an officer in the United States Army during the American Revolution Fort Wayne is a City in northeastern Indiana, United States and the County seat of Allen Harmar committed only 400 of his men under Colonel John Hardin to attack an Indian force of some 1,100 warriors who defeated him badly. John Hardin (1753&ndash1792 was a Continental Army officer in the American Revolutionary War and a Kentucky Militia commander in the Hardin's Defeat was a battle in the Ohio Country on October 19, 1790, between the United States Army and two tribes of Indians. At least 129 soldiers were killed.

Washington then ordered Major General Arthur St. Clair, who served as governor of the Northwest Territory, to mount a more vigorous effort by summer 1791. Arthur St Clair (March 23 1736 August 31 1818 was the ninth President of the Continental Congress under the Articles of Confederation, a general in the After considerable trouble finding men and supplies, St. Clair was finally ready. At dawn on November 4, 1791, St. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Clair's poorly trained force, accompanied by about 200 camp followers, was camped near the present-day location of Fort Recovery, Ohio, with poor defenses set up around their camp. Fort Recovery is a village in Mercer County, Ohio, United States. An Indian force consisting of around 2,000 warriors led by Little Turtle, Blue Jacket, and Tecumseh, struck quickly and, surprising the Americans, soon overran their poorly prepared perimeter. Tecumseh (March 1768 – October 5, 1813) also Tecumtha or Tekamthi, was a famous Native American leader of the Shawnee The barely trained recruits panicked and were slaughtered along with many of their officers who attempted to restore some kind of order and stop the rout. The Battle of the Wabash, also known as St Clair's Defeat and the Battle of Wabash River, was fought on November 4, 1791, in the Northwest The American casualty rate included 632 of 920 soldiers and officers killed (69%) and 264 wounded. Nearly all of the 200 camp followers were slaughtered, for a total of about 832—the highest casualty rate in any United States Indian war. In 1792 occurred the separate killing of Washington's emissaries Colonel John Hardin in Shelby County, Ohio and Major Alexander Truman in Ottawa, Ohio on peace missions. John Hardin (1753&ndash1792 was a Continental Army officer in the American Revolutionary War and a Kentucky Militia commander in the Shelby County is a County located in the state of Ohio, United States. Ottawa is a village in and the County seat of Putnam County, Ohio, United States.

After St Clair's disaster, Washington ordered General “Mad” Anthony Wayne to form a new well trained force. Anthony Wayne (January 1 1745–December 15 1796 was a United States Army general and statesman Wayne was given command of the new Legion of the United States late in 1793. The Legion of the United States was a reorganization and extension of the United States Army in 1792 under the command of Major General Anthony Wayne. After extensive training, his troops advanced into Indian country and built Fort Recovery on the site of St. Fort Recovery was a United States Army fort begun in late 1793 and completed in March 1794 under orders by General "Mad" Anthony Wayne Clair's defeat. In June 1794, Little Turtle again led the attack on the Americans at Fort Recovery but without success, and Wayne's well trained Legion advanced deeper into the territory of the Wabash Confederacy. Blue Jacket replaced Little Turtle in overall command but could not prevent the Indians' defeat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794. The Battle of Fallen Timbers ( August 20, 1794) was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between American Indians and

Fleeing from the battlefield to regroup at the British-held Fort Miami (Ohio), Blue Jacket's forces found that the British had locked them out of the fort. Fort Miami was a fort built on the Maumee River at the eastern edge of the present-day city of Maumee Ohio and southwest of the present-day city of Toledo The British and Americans were reaching a close rapprochement at this time to counter Jacobin France in its French Revolution. This page describes the political term "Jacobin" For discussion of the political organization of the French Revolution era see Jacobin Club. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an

Two treaties in 1795 sealed the new state of affairs between the Indians and the United States. The Treaty of Greenville required the tribes to cede most of Ohio and a slice of Indiana to the U. The Treaty of Greenville was signed at Fort Greenville (now Greenville Ohio) on August 3, 1795, between a coalition of Native Americans The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union S. ; to recognize the U. S. , rather than Britain, as the ruling power in the Old Northwest; and to give ten chiefs to the U. S. as hostages until all white prisoners were returned in guarantee. Jay's Treaty, which had already been signed, provided for the British withdrawal from the western forts. The Jay Treaty, also known as the Treaty of London of 1794, between the United States and Great Britain averted war solved many issues left over from

Legacy

The war has no widely accepted name; other names include the "Old Northwest Indian War", the "Ohio War", the "Ohio Indian War", and the "War for the Ohio River Boundary". In U.S. Army records, it is known as the "Miami Campaign". The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. One historian has recently suggested naming it the "Miami Confederacy War", but other scholars have resisted naming the war after the Miamis (or Little Turtle, as was once common), arguing that this overlooks the centrality of Blue Jacket and the Ohio Country Indians in the war. Many books avoid the problem of what to call the war by describing it without putting a name to it or ignoring it. Likewise, the battles and expeditions of the war do not have "standard" names in U. S. history books, except for the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

Although this war was the first major military endeavor of the post-Revolutionary United States, and a major crisis of President George Washington's Administration, it is not well known and is often overlooked in U. With inauguration on April 30 1789 the presidency of George Washington initiated a significant leadership role over the United States S. history books. Similarly, although later Indian Wars became more famous in American popular culture, the Northwest Indian War inflicted more casualties on the United States military than the wars of Geronimo, Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, Cochise, and Red Cloud combined. Geronimo ( Chiricahua: Goyaałé, "one who yawns" often spelled Goyathlay or Goyahkla in English ( June 16 1829 Crazy Horse ( Lakota: Thašuŋka Witko, literally "His-Horse-is-Crazy" (ca Sitting Bull ( Lakota: Tȟatȟaŋka Iyotȟaŋka or Ta-Tanka I-Yotank, also nicknamed Slon-he or "Slow" Ca Cochise (koˈʧis ( K'uu-ch'ish = "firewood" (c 1815&ndash June 8, 1874) was a chief (a nantan) Red Cloud ( Lakota: Makhpiya Luta) (1822? &ndash December 10, 1909) was a war leader of the Oglala Lakota ( Sioux The Battle of the Wabash (St. The Battle of the Wabash, also known as St Clair's Defeat and the Battle of Wabash River, was fought on November 4, 1791, in the Northwest Clair's Defeat) was the most overwhelming slaughter ever achieved by American Indians against the United States Army.

Often regarded as one of the seemingly self-contained Indian Wars that occurred throughout early American history, the Northwest Indian War was actually part of a long frontier struggle in the Ohio Country that included the French and Indian War (1754–1763), Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1764), Lord Dunmore's War (1774) and the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). Dunmore's War (or Lord Dunmore's War) was a war from 1773 to 1774 between the Colony of Virginia and the Indian nations of the Shawnee and Mingo Indeed, for many Indian communities, these wars were part of a single war that spanned several generations. For example, historian Francis Jennings suggested that the Northwest Indian War was, for the Delaware (Lenape) people, the end of a Forty Years' War that began soon after the Braddock Expedition in 1755. The Braddock expedition (also called "Braddock's campaign" was a failed British attempt to capture the French Fort Duquesne in the summer of For some American Indians, the conflict resumed a generation later with Tecumseh's War (1811) and the War of 1812 (hence the term Sixty Years' War) and came to an end in the era of Indian removals. Tecumseh's War or Tecumseh's Rebellion are terms sometimes used to describe a conflict in the Old Northwest between the United States and an American The Sixty Years' War (1754&ndash1814 was a military struggle for control of the Great Lakes region in North America, encompassing a number of wars over several generations Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States to ethnically cleanse Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi

Key figures

United States

Indian Confederacy

References

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