|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Northumbria (sometimes spelled Northhumbria) is primarily the name of both a medieval petty kingdom of Angles, in what is now north east England and southern Scotland, and of the earldom which succeeded it when a united Anglo-Saxon kingdom became England. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. Northumbrian, also known as Ynglis and Inglis, is a Dialect of the Old English language spoken in the Angle Kingdom of Northumbria A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially The Synod of Whitby was a seventh century Northumbrian Synod where King Oswiu of Northumbria ruled that his kingdom would calculate Easter and Celtic Christianity, or Insular Christianity (sometimes called the Celtic Church or the British Church) broadly refers to the Early Medieval For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Northumbria, a kingdom of Angles in northern England, was initially divided into two kingdoms Bernicia and Deira. Oswiu (c 612&ndash 15 February 670) also known as Oswy, was King of Bernicia. Ecgberht was a king in Northumbria in the later Ninth century. A petty kingdom is an independent realm recognizing no suzerain and controlling only a portion of the territory held by a particular ethnic group or nation The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in Earl was the Anglo-Saxon form and jarl the Scandinavian form of a title meaning " Chieftain " and referring especially to chieftains The name reflects the approximate southern limit to the kingdom's territory: the Humber estuary. The Humber is a large tidal Estuary on the east coast of northern England
Northumbria was formed in central Great Britain in Anglo-Saxon times. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands At the beginning of the 7th century the two kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira were unified. Bernicia was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now the South-East of Scotland and the North-East of Deira was a kingdom in Northern England during the 6th century AD (In the 12th century writings of Henry of Huntingdon the kingdom was defined as one of the Heptarchy of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. For Earl Henry father of two Scottish kings see Henry of Scotland 3rd Earl of Huntingdon Henry of Huntingdon (c Heptarchy ( Greek: seven + realm) is a collective name applied to the Anglo-Saxon ancient kingdoms of south east and central For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south ) At its greatest the kingdom extended at least from just south of the Humber, to the River Mersey and to the Forth (roughly, Sheffield to Runcorn to Edinburgh) - and there is some evidence that it may have been much greater (see map). The Humber is a large tidal Estuary on the east coast of northern England The Firth of Forth ( Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the Estuary or Firth of Scotland's River Forth, where it flows
The later (and smaller) earldom came about when the southern part of Northumbria (ex-Deira) was lost to the Danelaw. The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; Danish: The northern part (ex-Bernicia) at first retained its status as a kingdom but when it become subordinate to the Danish kingdom it had its powers curtailed to that of an earldom, and retained that status when England was reunited by the Wessex-led reconquest of the Danelaw. The earldom was bounded by the River Tees in the south and the River Tweed in the north (broadly similar to the modern North East England). The Tees is a river in Northern England. It rises on the eastern slope of Cross Fell in the Pennines, and flows eastwards for about 85 miles There are other rivers with this name see Tweed River The River Tweed ( Uisge Thuaidh in Gaelic (156 kilometres or long flows primarily through the North-East England is one of the nine official Regions of England and comprises the combined area of Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear Much of this land was "debated" between England and Scotland, but the Earldom of Northumbria was eventually recognised as part of England by the Anglo-Scottish Treaty of York in 1237. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Treaty of York was signed by Henry III of England and Alexander II of Scotland in 1237. On the northern border, Berwick-upon-Tweed, which is north of the Tweed but had changed hands many times, was defined as subject to the laws of England by the Wales and Berwick Act of 1746. Berwick-upon-Tweed ( ˈbɛrɪk- ( Scots: Berwick or historically South Berwick) situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost The Wales and Berwick Act 1746 (20 Geo II c 42 was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain explicitly expressing that all future laws applying to England
The land once part of Northumbria at its peak is now divided by modern administrative boundaries.
- North East England includes Anglian Bernicia
- Yorkshire and the Humber includes Danish Deira
- North West England includes Cumbria, though Cumbria was more of a Northumbrian colony with its own client kings for most of its history in the Early Medieval era
- Scottish Borders, West Lothian, Edinburgh, Midlothian and East Lothian cover the extreme north
In a modern sense, Northumbria is mainly used as a romantic tourist name for the North East of England, or, often, just for Northumberland, though the regional tourist organisation refers to North East England. North-East England is one of the nine official Regions of England and comprises the combined area of Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in Bernicia was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now the South-East of Scotland and the North-East of Yorkshire and the Humber is one of the nine government office Regions of England. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Deira was a kingdom in Northern England during the 6th century AD North West England is one of the nine official Regions of England. Boundaries and divisions Cumbria is neighboured by Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, and the Lieutenancy This article is about the phrase "Dark Age(s" as a characterization of the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe The Scottish Borders, often referred to simply as the Borders, is one of 32 local government council areas of Scotland. West Lothian ( Lodainn an Iar in Gaelic) is one of the 32 unitary Council areas in Scotland, and a Lieutenancy area. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Midlothian ( Meadhan Lodainn in Gaelic) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. East Lothian ( Lodainn an Ear in Gaelic) is one of 32 Unitary council areas in Scotland, and a lieutenancy Area. It is also used in the names of some regional institutions : particularly the police force (Northumbria Police) which covers Northumberland and Tyne and Wear) and a university Northumbria University based in Newcastle. Northumbria Police is the Home Office Police force responsible for policing the areas of Northumberland and Tyne and Wear in England. Northumbria University is a modern university located in Newcastle upon Tyne in North East England. The local Environment Agency office, located in Newcastle Business Park, also uses the term Northumbria to describe its patch. Otherwise, the term is not used in everyday conversation, and is not the official name for the UK and EU region of North East England.
Contents |
Kingdom (654 – 878)
- See also: List of monarchs of Northumbria and Timeline of Northumbria
Northumbria was originally composed of the union of two independent kingdoms, Bernicia and Deira. Northumbria, a kingdom of Angles in northern England, was initially divided into two kingdoms Bernicia and Deira. This Timeline summarizes significant events in the history of Northumbria and Northumberland. Bernicia was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now the South-East of Scotland and the North-East of Deira was a kingdom in Northern England during the 6th century AD Bernicia covered lands north of the Tees, whilst Deira corresponded roughly to modern-day Yorkshire. The Tees is a river in Northern England. It rises on the eastern slope of Cross Fell in the Pennines, and flows eastwards for about 85 miles Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Bernicia and Deira were first united by Aethelfrith, a king of Bernicia who conquered Deira around the year 604. Æthelfrith (died c 616 was King of Bernicia from c 593 until c He was defeated and killed around the year 616 in battle at the River Idle by Raedwald of East Anglia, who installed Edwin, the son of Aella, a former king of Deira, as king. The River Idle is a River in Nottinghamshire, England. Its source is the confluence of the River Maun and River Meden, near Rædwald, son of Tytila, was King of the East Angles from c 600 AD until his death in c 624 AD Saint Edwin (alternately Eadwine or Æduini) (c 586 &ndash 12 October 632/633 was the King of Deira and Bernicia - which would Ælla ( Ella, Ille) (died 588 is the first known king of Deira.
Edwin, who accepted Christianity in 627, soon grew to become the most powerful king in England: he was recognized as Bretwalda and conquered the Isle of Man and Gwynedd in northern Wales. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Bretwalda, also Brytenwalda, Bretenanwealda, is an Anglo-Saxon term the first record of which comes from the late ninth century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical Gwynedd (pr) is one of several Welsh Successor states that emerged in 5th-century post-Roman Britain. He was, however, himself defeated by an alliance of the exiled king of Gwynedd, Cadwallon ap Cadfan and Penda, king of Mercia, at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633. Cadwallon ap Cadfan (died 634 was the King of Gwynedd from around 625 until his death in battle Penda (died November 15 655 was a 7th-century King of Mercia, a kingdom in what is today the English Midlands. Mercia (ˈmɝsiə was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. AC = "according to the Annales Cambriae " The Battle of Hatfield (O
King Oswald
After Edwin's death, Northumbria was split between Bernicia, where Eanfrith, a son of Aethelfrith, took power, and Deira, where a cousin of Edwin, Osric, became king. Eanfrith (590-634 was briefly King of Bernicia from 633 to 634 Eanfrith married a Pictish princess and had a son Talorcan, who later became a king of the Osric (died 633 or 634 was a King of Deira (632&ndash633 or 633&ndash634 in northern England. Cumbria tended to remain a country frontier with the Britons. Both of these rulers were killed during the year that followed, as Cadwallon continued his devastating invasion of Northumbria. After the murder of Eanfrith, his brother, Oswald, backed warriors sent by Domnall Brecc of Dál Riata, defeated and killed Cadwallon at the Battle of Heavenfield in 634. Oswald (c 604 &ndash August 5, 642) was King of Northumbria from 634 until his death and is now venerated as a Christian Saint. Domnall Brecc ( Donald the Freckled) (d 642 in Strathcarron) was king of Dál Riata, in modern Scotland, from about 629 until 642 Dál Riata (also Dalriada or Dalriata) was a Gaelic overkingdom on the western seaboard of Scotland with some territory on the northern The Battle of Heavenfield was fought in 633 or 634 between a Northumbrian army under Oswald of Bernicia and a Welsh army under
Oswald expanded his kingdom considerably. He incorporated Gododdin lands northwards up to the Firth of Forth and also gradually extended his reach westward, encroaching on the remaining Cumbric speaking kingdoms of Rheged and Strathclyde. The Gododdin (goˈdoðin were a Brythonic people of north-eastern Britain (modern north-east England and south-east Scotland) in the sub-Roman The Firth of Forth ( Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the Estuary or Firth of Scotland's River Forth, where it flows Cumbric was the Brythonic Celtic language, often considered to be a Dialect of Welsh, spoken in Northern England and southern Rheged IPA r̥ɛgɛd was a Brythonic kingdom of Sub-Roman Britain, whose inhabitants spoke Cumbric, a dialect of Brythonic closely related Strathclyde ( Srath Chluaidh in Gaelic, meaning "valley of the River Clyde" is a Historic subdivision of Scotland, and was one of the regional Thus, Northumbria became not only part of modern England's far north, but also covered much of what is now the south-east of Scotland. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain.
King Oswald re-introduced Christianity to the Kingdom by appointing St. Aidan, an Irish monk from the Scottish island of Iona to convert his people. " Augustine was the Apostle of Kent but Aidan was the Apostle of the English MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Iona is a small island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland that has an important place in the history of Christianity in Scotland and is renowned for its tranquility This led to the introduction of the practices of Celtic Christianity. Celtic Christianity, or Insular Christianity (sometimes called the Celtic Church or the British Church) broadly refers to the Early Medieval A monastery was established on Lindisfarne. This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. Lindisfarne () (variant spelling Lindesfarne is a Tidal island off the north-east coast of England.
War with Mercia continued, however. In 642, Oswald was killed by the Mercians under Penda at the Battle of Maserfield. The Battle of Maserfield (or Maserfeld) Welsh: "Maes Cogwy", was fought on August 5, 641 or 642, between In 655, Penda launched a massive invasion of Northumbria, aided by the sub-king of Deira, Aethelwald, but suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of an inferior force under Oswiu, Oswald's successor, at the Battle of Winwaed. Œthelwald was a King of Deira (651&ndashc 655 He was the son of King Oswald of Northumbria, who was killed at the Battle of Maserfield in 642 Oswiu (c 612&ndash 15 February 670) also known as Oswy, was King of Bernicia. The Battle of the Winwaed was fought on November 15, 655 (or perhaps in 654, according to one interpretation of the chronology between King This battle marked a major turning point in Northumbrian fortunes: Penda died in the battle, and Oswiu gained supremacy over Mercia, making himself the most powerful king in England.
Religious union and eventual decline
In the year 664 a great synod was held at Whitby to discuss the controversy regarding the timing of the Easter festival. Much dispute had arisen between the practices of the Celtic church in Northumbria and the beliefs of the Roman church. Eventually, Northumbria was persuaded to move to the Roman practice, the Celtic Bishop Colman of Lindisfarne returned to Iona.
Northumbria lost control of Mercia in the late 650s, after a successful revolt under Penda's son Wulfhere, but it retained its dominant position until it suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of the Picts at the Battle of Nechtansmere in 685; Northumbria's king, Ecgfrith (son of Oswiu), was killed, and its power in the north was gravely weakened. Mercia (ˈmɝsiə was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. Wulfhere (died 675 was King of Mercia from the end of the 650s until 675 The Picts were a Confederation of tribes in what was later to become eastern and northern Scotland from Roman times until the 10th century The Battle of Dunnichen or Battle of Nechtansmere ( Scottish Gaelic: Dúin Nechaín, Welsh: Linn garan) was fought between the Ecgfrith (c 645– May 20, 685) was the King of Northumbria from 670 until his death The peaceful reign of Aldfrith, Ecgfrith's half-brother and successor, did something to limit the damage done, but it is from this point that Northumbria's power began to decline, and chronic instability followed Aldfrith's death in 704. Aldfrith (died 14 December 704 or 705 sometimes Aldfrid, Aldfridus ( Latin) or Flann Fína mac Ossu ( Classical Irish) was king
In 867 Northumbria became the northern kingdom of the Danelaw, after its conquest by the brothers Halfdan Ragnarsson and Ivar the Boneless who installed an Englishman, Ecgberht, as a puppet king. The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; Danish: Halfdan was one of the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok. It has been suggested that he is the same person as Ragnar's son Hvitserk. Ivar Ragnarsson (died possibly 873 nicknamed the Boneless ( inn beinlausi) was a Danish Viking chieftain (and by reputation also a Berserker Despite the pillaging of the kingdom, Viking rule brought lucrative trade to Northumbria, especially at their capital Jórvík, (York). A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas
Earldom (930 – 1217)
- See also: Earl of Northumbria
After the English regained the territory of the former kingdom, Scots invasions reduced Northumbria to an earldom stretching from the Humber to the Tweed. Earl of Northumbria was a title in the Anglo-Danish, late Anglo-Saxon, and early Anglo-Norman period in England. Northumbria was disputed between the emerging kingdoms of England and Scotland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The land north of the Tweed was finally ceded to Scotland in 1018 as a result of the battle of Carham. The Battle of Carham was a battle between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Northumbrians at Carham on Tweed in 1018 or possibly 1016 Yorkshire and Northumberland were first mentioned as separate in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1065. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of Annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. [1])
Norman invasion and partition of the earldom
William the Conqueror became king of England in 1066. William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages He realised he needed to control Northumbria, which had remained virtually independent of the Kings of England, to protect his kingdom from Scottish invasion. To acknowledge the remote independence of Northumbria and ensure England was properly defended from the Scots William gained the allegiance of both the Bishop of Durham and the Earl and confirmed their powers and privileges. See also List of Bishops of Durham The Bishop of Durham is the Anglican Bishop responsible for the Diocese of Durham in However, anti-Norman rebellions followed. William therefore attempted to install Robert Comine, a Norman noble, as the Earl of Northumbria, but before Comine could take up office, he and his 700 men were massacred in the City of Durham. Robert Comine (also Robert de Comines, Robert de Comyn) was very briefly Earl of Northumbria. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Earl of Northumbria was a title in the Anglo-Danish, late Anglo-Saxon, and early Anglo-Norman period in England. Durham is a local government district in County Durham, England. In revenge, the Conqueror led his army in a bloody raid into Northumbria, an event that became known as the harrying of the North. The Harrying (or Harrowing) of the North was a series of campaigns waged by William the Conqueror, in the winter of 1069 &ndash 1070 Ethelwin, the Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Durham, tried to flee Northumbria at the time of the raid, with Northumbrian treasures. Ethelwin (also Egelwin, Aethelwyne, Aethelwine, Aethelwyn, Æthelwine, or Aethelwin) was the last Anglo-Saxon See also List of Bishops of Durham The Bishop of Durham is the Anglican Bishop responsible for the Diocese of Durham in The bishop was caught, imprisoned, and later died in confinement; his see was left vacant.
Rebellions continued, and William's son William Rufus decided to partition Northumbria. William II (c 1056 &ndash 2 August 1100) the third son of William I of England (William the Conqueror was King of England from 1087 William of St. Carilef was made Bishop of Durham, and was also given the powers of Earl for the region south of the rivers Tyne and Derwent, which became the County Palatine of Durham. William de St-Calais (also Calais or Carileph or Carilef) (d 1096 was a medieval Norman Monk, Abbot of the abbey "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there The River Tyne is a River in England. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers the North Tyne and the South Tyne. The River Derwent is a River on the border between County Durham and Northumberland in the north east of England. The remainder, to the north of the rivers, became Northumberland, where the political powers of the Bishops of Durham were limited to only certain districts, and the earls continued to rule as clients of the English throne. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west
The city of Newcastle was founded by the Normans in 1080 to control the region by holding the strategically important crossing point of the river Tyne. Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England
Subsequent history
The Northumbrian region continued a history of revolt and rebellion against the government, as seen in the Rising of the North in Tudor times. The Rising of the North or Revolt of the Northern Earls was an unsuccessful uprising against Elizabeth I of England in 1569 by Catholics of The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was an English royal Dynasty that lasted 118 years from 1485 to 1603 a period known as the Tudor period A major reason was the strength of Catholicism in the area after the Reformation. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Rural, thinly populated, and sharing a border with an often hostile Scotland, the region became a wild place where reivers raided across the border and outlaws took refuge from justice. Border Reivers were raiders along the Anglo - Scottish border ( Border country) for nearly three hundred years from the late 13th century However, after the union of the crowns of Scotland and England under King James VI and I peace was largely established. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James After the Restoration, many inhabitants of the Northumbrian region supported the Jacobite cause. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored Jacobitism was (and to a limited extent remains the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland
Flag
The flag of the kingdom was "a banner made of gold and purple" (or red), first recorded in the 8th century as having hung over the shrine of King Oswald. A flag is a piece of Cloth, often flown from a pole or mast, generally used Symbolically for signaling or identification The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Oswald (c 604 &ndash August 5, 642) was King of Northumbria from 634 until his death and is now venerated as a Christian Saint. This was later interpreted as vertical stripes. A modified version (with broken vertical stripes) can be seen in the coat of arms and flag used by Northumberland County Council. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people A flag is a piece of Cloth, often flown from a pole or mast, generally used Symbolically for signaling or identification Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west
Culture
Northumbria was famed as a centre of religious learning and arts. Initially the kingdom was evangelized by monks from the Celtic Church, which led to a flowering of monastic life, and Northumbria played an important role in the formation of Insular art, a unique style combining Anglo-Saxon, Celtic and other elements. Irish and Scottish missionaries (Iro-Scottish Hiberno-Scottish were instrumental in the spread of Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England and the Celtic Christianity, or Insular Christianity (sometimes called the Celtic Church or the British Church) broadly refers to the Early Medieval Insular art, also known as the Hiberno-Saxon style is the style of art produced in the post-Roman history of the British Isles and the term is also used in Celtic Christianity, or Insular Christianity (sometimes called the Celtic Church or the British Church) broadly refers to the Early Medieval After the Synod of Whitby in 664 Roman church practices officially replaced the Celtic ones but the influence of the Anglo-Celtic style continued, the most famous examples of this being the Lindisfarne Gospels. The Synod of Whitby was a seventh century Northumbrian Synod where King Oswiu of Northumbria ruled that his kingdom would calculate Easter and The Lindisfarne Gospels is an illuminated Latin manuscript of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John The Venerable Bede (673-735) wrote his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731) in a Northumbrian monastery, and much of it focuses on the kingdom. Bede (ˈbiːd (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin Beda (beda (c The Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (in English: Ecclesiastical History of the English People) is a work in Latin by the [2]
Northumbria has its own check or tartan, which is similar to a tartan that dates from Roman times and may be the precursor of modern tartans. Border tartan, sometimes known as "Northumbrian tartan" "Shepherds' Plaid" or "Border Drab" is a design used in woven fabrics historically associated The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial
Language
Apart from standard English, Northumbria has a series of closely related but distinctive dialects, descended from the early Germanic languages of the Angles and Vikings with Brythonic languages loanwords and influences. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. Romano-British culture is that of the Romanized Britons under the Roman Empire and later the Western Roman Empire, and of those exposed to Roman culture in the years The Scots language began to diverge from early Northumbrian Middle English, which was called Ynglis as late as the early 16th century. The history of the Scots language refers to how Anglic varieties spoken in parts of Scotland developed into modern Scots. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of Early Scots describes the emerging literary language of the Northern Middle English speaking parts of Scotland in the period before 1450 (Until the end of the 15th century the name Scots (or Scottis) referred to Scottish Gaelic). Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. There are many similarities between modern Scots dialects and those of Northumbria. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern
The major Northumbrian dialects are Geordie, Mackem, Pitmatic, and Tyke. Geordie (ˈdʒɔrdi is a regional nickname for a person from the Tyneside region of England, or the name of the Dialect of English Mackem is a term that refers to the accent dialect and people of the Wearside area or more specifically Sunderland, a city in North East England. Pitmatic (originally "pitmatical") is a Dialect of English used in the counties of Northumberland and Durham The Yorkshire dialect refers to the varieties of English used in the Northern England historic county of Yorkshire. To an outsider's ear the similarities far outweigh the differences between the dialects. As an example of the difference in the softer South County Durham/Wearside the English 'book' is pronounced 'bewk', in Geordie it becomes 'bouk' while in the Northumbrian it is 'byuk'.
Due to the roots of Northumbrian dialects, it is often said that visitors from Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands often find it much easier to understand the English of Northumbria than the rest of the country. An example is the Geordie 'gan hyem' (to go home), which sounds similar to the Danish 'gå hjem', and means the same.
See also
References
- ^ Ekwal E, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names: 4th Ed, OUP, 1960, ISBN 0 19 869103 3
- ^ Goffart, Walter. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west Northumberland, England 's northernmost county is a land of historical extremes The Northumbrian smallpipes (also known as the Northumbrian pipes are bellows-blown Bagpipes from the North East of England. Border tartan, sometimes known as "Northumbrian tartan" "Shepherds' Plaid" or "Border Drab" is a design used in woven fabrics historically associated The Narrators of Barbarian History (A. D. 550-800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988. 238ff.
Further reading
- Higham, N. J. , The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350-1100 (1993) ISBN 0-86299-730-5
- Rollason, D. , Northumbria, 500-1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom (2003) ISBN 0-521-81335-2
External links
- Visit Northumberland - The Official Visitor Site for Northumberland
- Northumbrian Language Society
- Northumbrian Association
- Lowlands-L, An e-mail discussion list for those who share an interest in the languages & cultures of the Lowlands
- Lowlands-L in Nothumbrian
- Northumbrian Traditional Music
- Northumbrian Small Pipes Encyclopedia
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic