| Northern Sami davvisámegiella / sámegiella |
||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Norway, Sweden, Finland | |
| Total speakers: | 15,000-25,000 (estimated) | |
| Language family: | Uralic Finno-Ugric Finno-Permic Finno-Volgaic Finno-Lappic Sami Western Northern Sami |
|
| Writing system: | Latin alphabet | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | se | |
| ISO 639-2: | sme | |
| ISO 639-3: | sme | |
Northern Sami is 5 on this map. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( BokmÃ¥l) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Uralic languages (jʊˈrælɨk constitute a language family of 39 Languages spoken by approximately 20 million people Finno-Ugric (ËŒfɪnoʊˈjuËgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and The Finno-Permic languages form one of the main branches of the Finno-Ugric languages that split from it around 2500 - 3000 BC Finno-Volgaic is a subgroup of Finno-Ugric languages that split from Finno-Permic languages about 2000 BC containing nowadays Baltic-Finnic languages, Finno-Ugric (ËŒfɪnoʊˈjuËgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Finnic languages spoken by the Sami people in parts of northern Finland, Norway Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Finnic languages spoken by the Sami people in parts of northern Finland, Norway A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes threeâ€letter codes for identifying languages
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Northern or North Sami (Davvisápmi, formerly Davvisámi or Davvisaami; improperly Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely spoken of all Sami languages. Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the The European route E8 is a European route that goes from Tromsø, Norway to Turku, Finland. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( BokmÃ¥l) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Kilpisjärvi (Gilbbesjávri is a Village in the municipality of Enontekiö, Lapland, Finland. Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Finnic languages spoken by the Sami people in parts of northern Finland, Norway The speaking area of Northern Sami covers the northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland as well as northwestern parts of Russia. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( BokmÃ¥l) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Russia (РоÑÑÐ¸Ñ Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The number of Northern Sami speakers is estimated to be somewhere between 15,000 and 25,000.
Contents |
History
Northern Sámi was first described by Knud Leem (En lappisk Grammatica efter den Dialect, som bruges af Field-Lapperne udi Porsanger-Fiorden) in 1748 and in dictionaries in 1752 and 1768. Knud Leem ( 1696 &ndash 1775) was a Norwegian priest and linguist One of Leem's fellow grammaticians was Anders Porsanger, who studied at the Trondheim Cathedral School and other schools, but who was unable to publish his work on Sámi due to racist attitudes at the time. Unfortunately, the majority of his work has disappeared.
The roots of the current orthography for Northern Sámi were laid by Rasmus Rask who, after discussions with Nils Vibe Stockfleth, published Ræsonneret lappisk sproglære efter den sprogart, som bruges af fjældlapperne i Porsangerfjorden i Finmarken. Rasmus (Christian Rask (ÊÉ‘smus ÊÉ‘sÉ¡ÌŠ ( November 22, 1787 - November 14, 1832) Danish scholar and Philologist, was En omarbejdelse af Prof. Knud Leems Lappiske grammatica in 1832. Rask felt that the orthography should be based on the principle of one sound — one letter. All of the orthographies that have been used for Northern Sámi trace their roots back to Rask's system, unlike the orthographies used for Lule and Southern Sámi, which are mainly based on the orthographical conventions of Swedish and Norwegian. Lule Sami (julevsámegiella is a Finno-Ugric, Sami Language spoken in Lule Lappmark i Southern Sami is the south-westernmost of the Sami languages. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language Following in the tradition of Rask meant that diacritics were used with some consonants (Ä, Ä‘, Å‹, Å¡, ŧ and ž), which caused data-processing problems before Unicode was introduced. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's Both Stockfleth and J. A. Friis went on to publish grammar books and dictionaries for Sámi. It can be said that Northern Sámi was better described than Norwegian was before Ivar Aasen published his grammar on Norwegian. Ivar Andreas Aasen ( August 5, 1813 &ndash September 23, 1896) was a Norwegian Philologist, Lexicographer,
Northern Sámi was and is still used in three separate countries, each of which used its own orthography for a number of years. Friis' orthography was used when work on translating the Bible into Northern Sámi commenced, in the first Sámi newspaper called Saǥai Muittalægje, and in the Finnemisjonen's own newspaper Nuorttanaste. Saǥai Muittalægje (The News Reporter was a Sámi newspaper that was published from 1904 to 1911 for a total of 33 issues Nuorttanaste (The Eastern Star is a religious publication from Norway published in Northern Sámi. The groundwork for Northern Sámi lexicography was laid by Konrad Nielsen who used an orthography of his own creation in his dictionary Lappisk ordbok. Starting in 1948, the orthographies used in Norway and Sweden were combined into a single orthography entitled the Bergsland-Ruong orthography. This orthography, however, was not greatly used in Norway. In addition, the authorities there instituted a policy that prohibited Sámi from being used in practice. In 1979, an official orthography for Northern Sámi was adopted for use in Norway, Sweden and Finland. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar)
In Norway, Northern Sámi is currently the official language of two counties (Finnmark and Troms) and six municipalities (Kautokeino, Karasjok, Nesseby, Tana, Porsanger and Kåfjord). A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. or Finnmárku ( Sami language) is a county in the extreme northeast of Norway. or Romsa ( Sami language) is a county in North Norway, bordering Finnmark to the northeast and Nordland in the southwest Guovdageaidnu ( Sami language) or Kautokeino ( Norwegian) ( Koutokeino in Finnish language) is a municipality in the Porsanger ( Norwegian) or Porsáŋgu ( Northern Sami) or Porsanki ( Kven / Finnish) is a municipality in the Sámi born before 1977 have never learned to write Sámi according to the currently used orthography in school, so it is only in recent years that there have been Sámi capable of writing their own language for various administrative positions.
Phonology
Vowels
Consonants
Stress
Zero stress can be said to be a feature of conjunctions, postpositions, particles and monosyllabic pronouns. Conjunctions is a biannual American literary journal publishing innovative fiction poetry criticism drama art and interviews by both emerging and established In Grammar, a preposition is a Part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. In Linguistics, the term particle is a word lacking a strict definition but has the function of changing the relation of the parts of the sentence to one another and is therefore
Syntax
Northern Sami is an SVO language. In Linguistic typology, subject-verb-object ( SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first the Verb second and the object
Orthography
Northern Sami has a long orthographic history, which has witnessed no less than 9 different extended versions of the Latin alphabet. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language The most recent version was approved in 1979 and last modified in 1985:
| A a | à á | B b | C c | ÄŒ Ä | D d | Ä Ä‘ | E e | F f | G g |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | á | be | ce | Äe | de | Ä‘e | e | eff | ge |
| /ɑ/ | /a/ | /b/ | /ts/ | /tʃ/ | /d/ | /ð/ | /e/ | /f/ | /ɡ/ |
| H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | ÅŠ Å‹ | O o | P p |
| ho | i | je | ko | ell | emm | enn | eŋŋ | o | pe |
| /h/ | /i/ | /j/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /Å‹/ | /o/ | /p/ |
| R r | S s | Šš | T t | Ŧ ŧ | U u | V v | Z z | Ž ž | |
| err | ess | eš | te | ŧe | u | ve | ez | ež | |
| /r/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /t/ | /θ/ | /u/ | /v/ | /dz/ | /dʒ/ |
An acute accent was placed over the corresponding Latin letter to represent the letters particular to Northern Sámi (Ãá ÄŒÄ ÄÄ‘ ÅŠÅ‹ Å Å¡ Ŧŧ Žž) when typing when there was no way of entering these letters correctly otherwise. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Ã, á ( A - acute) is a letter of the Czech, Faroese, Hungarian, Icelandic, and Slovak languages The grapheme ÄŒ (Latin C with HáÄek) is used in various contexts usually denoting the Voiceless postalveolar affricate Consonant not unlike Ä (lowercase Ä‘) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from D with the addition of a bar or stroke through the letter Åš is an S with an Acute accent. It is found in the Polish alphabet and it is used in some other countries Slavic usually ( Voiceless alveolo-palatal The Grapheme Å , Å¡ (Latin S with HáÄek) is used in various contexts usually denoting the Voiceless postalveolar fricative, including A bar or stroke is a modification consisting of a line drawn through a Grapheme. The grapheme Ž ( minuscule: ž) is formed from Latin Z with the addition of HáÄek. [1] These substitutions are still found in books printed after the common orthography was adopted due to system limitations when typing.
Until the official orthography currently in use was adopted in 1979, each country had had its own, slightly different standard, so it is quite possible to come across older books that are difficult to understand for people unacquainted with the orthography:
1. Maanat leät poahtan skuvllai.
2. Mánát leat boahtán skuvllai.
(The children have come to school. )
The first sentence is from Antti Outakoski's Samekiela kielloahpa from 1950; the second is how it would be written according to the current orthography.
Dialects
Northern Sámi can be divided into four major dialect groups: Torne, East Finnmark, West Finnmark (written standard) and Sea Sami.
Grammar
Northern Sami is an agglutinative, highly inflected language that shares many grammatic features with the other Uralic languages. The Uralic languages (jʊˈrælɨk constitute a language family of 39 Languages spoken by approximately 20 million people Sami has also developed considerably into the direction of fusional and inflected morphology, much like Estonian to which it is distantly related. Estonian (; ˈeËsti ˈkeËl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1 Therefore, morphemes are marked not only by suffixes but also by morphophonological modifications to the root. Morphophonology (also morphophonemics, morphonology) is a branch of Linguistics which studies The phonological structure Of the various morphophonological alterations, the most important and complex is the system of consonant gradation. Consonant gradation is a type of Consonant mutation, in which consonants alternate between various "grades"
Cases
Northern Sami has 7 cases in the singular, although the genitive and accusative are the same, so some people might state that it only has 6 cases:
The form taken by the essive (marker: -n) is the same in the singular and in the plural, i. In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive Locative (also called the seventh case) is a Grammatical case which indicates a location Illative case in the Finno-Ugric languages Illative (from Latin illatus "brought in" is in the Finnish language, Estonian language The comitative case, also known as the associative case, is a Grammatical case that denotes companionship and is used where English would use "in company with" The essive or similaris case carries the meaning of a temporary state of being often equivalent to the English "as a For other meanings see the disambiguation page Marker In Linguistics, a marker is a free or bound Morpheme that indicates In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world e. , mánnán (as a child/as children).
Pronouns
The personal pronouns have three numbers - singular, plural and dual. Dual is a Grammatical number that some languages use in addition to singular and Plural. The following table contains personal pronouns in the nominative and genitive/accusative cases.
| English | nominative | English | genitive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First person (singular) | I | mun | my | mu |
| Second person (singular) | you (thou) | don | your, yours | du |
| Third person (singular) | he, she | son | his, her | su |
| First person (dual) | we (two) | moai | our | munno |
| Second person (dual) | you (two) | doai | your | dudno |
| Third person (dual) | they (two) | soai | theirs | sudno |
| First person (plural) | we | mii | our | min |
| Second person (plural) | you | dii | your | din |
| Third person (plural) | they | sii | their | sin |
The next table demonstrates the declension of a personal pronoun he/she (no gender distinction) in various cases:
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | son | soai | sii |
| Genitive-Accusative | su | sudno | sin |
| Locative | sus | sudnos | sis |
| Illative | sutnje | sudnuide | sidjiide |
| Comitative | suinna | sudnuin | singuin |
| Essive | sunin | sudnon | sinin |
Verbs
Person
Northern Sami verbs conjugate for three grammatical persons:
- first person
- second person
- third person
Mood
Northern Sami has 4 grammatical moods:
Grammatical number
Northern Sami verbs conjugate for three grammatical numbers:
Tense
Northern Sami has 2 simple tenses:
and 2 compound tenses:
Verbal nouns
Negative verb
Northern Sami, like Finnish, the other Sámi languages and Estonian, has a negative verb that conjugates according to mood (indicative, imperative and optative), person (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and number (singular, dual and plural). For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs. Grammatical person, in Linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event such as the speaker the Addressee, or others Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs. In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" Dual is a Grammatical number that some languages use in addition to singular and Plural. Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world Grammatical tense is a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at during or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs This article is about the grammatical term To see the article relating to Eschatology and the Book of Revelation, see Preterism. Grammatical tense is a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at during or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs Grammatical tense is a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at during or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs The present perfect tense is a Perfect tense used to express action that has been completed with respect to the present The pluperfect tense (from Latin plus quam perfectum more than perfect also called past perfect in English, is a Perfective A negative verb is a type of auxiliary with help of which negative forms of verbs are formed Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. Grammatical person, in Linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event such as the speaker the Addressee, or others In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one"
Ind. pres. Imperative Optative Supinum? sg. du. pl. sg. du. pl. sg. du. pl. sg. du. pl. 1 in ean eat 1 - - - 1 allon allu allot 1 aman amame amamet 2 it eahppi ehpet 2 ale alli allet 2 ale alli allet 2 amat amade amadet 3 ii eaba eai 3 - - - 3 allos alloska alloset 3 amas amaska amaset
The negative verb in Northern Sami does not conjugate according to tense. Grammatical tense is a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at during or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs
References
- ^ Svonni, E Mikael (1984). Sámegiel-ruoŧagiel skuvlasátnelistu. Sámiskuvlastivra, III. ISBN 9177160088.
External links
- Kimberli Mäkäräinen A Northern Sámi-English vocabulary (5211 words in Sámi as of 13 March 2007)
- Northern Sámi - Inari Sámi - Skolt Sámi - English dictionary (requires a password nowadays)
- Names of birds found in Sápmi in a number of languages, including Skolt Sámi and English. Etymology Sápmi (and corresponding terms in other Sámi languages refers to both the Sámi land and the Sámi people Search function only works with Finnish input though.
- Sámi language technology project
- Sámi dictionary and terminology database
- Sámi proofing tools project
- Sátnemeahccái project for children
- Gradation described
- Wordlist with sound files
- Gulahalan, a course on North Sámi in Swedish (has sound files)
- Irja Seurujärvi-Kari talks in Northern Sámi
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