Northeast China (simplified Chinese: 中国东北; traditional Chinese: 中國東北; pinyin: Zhōngguó Dōngběi) is a geographical region of China. ( Postal map spelling: Heilungkiang Manchu: Sahaliyan ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern ( Postal map spelling: Kirin; Manchu: Girin ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National It is separated from Russia largely by the Amur, Argun, and Ussuri rivers, from North Korea by the Yalu and Tumen rivers, and from the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region by the Greater Khingan Range. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Ussuri River is a River in the east of Northeast China and south of the Russian Far East. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, Tumen or Tümen ("unit of ten thousand" from Turkic: tümen; Түмэн Tümen) was a part of the decimal system used by Turkic Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol The Greater Khingan Range ( Pinyin: Dàxīng'ānlǐng Manchu: Amba Hinggan also called the Greater Hing'an Range or Greater Hinggan Range The heartland of the region is the Northeast China Plain. Northeast China Plain ( Chinese:东北平原 (also known as the Sung-liao Plain) is located in China 's Northeast
Northeast China is defined by the government of the People's Republic of China to include the three northeastern provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning and, thus, the region is sometimes called the Three Northeast Provinces (东北三省/東北三省; Dōngběi Sānshěng). Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES ( Postal map spelling: Heilungkiang Manchu: Sahaliyan ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern ( Postal map spelling: Kirin; Manchu: Girin ula is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. [1]. Some people in parts of Inner Mongolia (like Chifeng) still call themselves Northeasterners. Chifeng ( ɣɣanqada lit “red peak” or "red cliff" respectively is a Prefecture-level city in southeastern Inner Mongolia. It is generally coterminous with some definitions of the historical region of Manchuria and is commonly referred to in English as such. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States It is also sometimes referred to as Inner Manchuria in contrast with Outer Manchuria, provinces lost to the Russian Empire, during the Qing Dynasty. Outer Manchuria (外滿洲 known in China as Outer Northeast ' (外東北 and Priamurye' ( Cyrillic: Приаму́рье in Russia is the territory
Another term for the area is Guandong (关东/關東; Guāndōng) meaning "east of the gate," referring to the gate at Shanhaiguan. Shanhaiguan or Shanhai Pass ( literally "Mountain and Sea Pass" is a part of the city of Qinhuangdao, in Hebei province People's Republic This name was used by the Japanese Kwantung Army which was used to set up the puppet state of Manchukuo in Northeast China. The, also known as the Guandong Army ( 관동군 was an Army group of the Imperial Japanese Army in the early twentieth century A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern
Contents |
Administrative divisions
- Provinces
| Name | Chinese (S) | pinyin | Abbreviation | Provincial capital (省會/shěnghuì) | Chinese | pinyin | List of county-level divisions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heilongjiang | 黑龙江 | Hēilóngjiāng | 黑 hēi | Harbin | 哈尔滨 | Hā'ěrbīn | List of county-level divisions |
| Jilin | 吉林 | Jílín | 吉 jí | Changchun | 长春 | Chángchūn | List of county-level divisions |
| Liaoning | 辽宁 | Liáoníng | 辽 liáo | Shenyang | 沈阳 | Shěnyáng | List of county-level divisions |
History
Northeast China was the homeland of several nomadic tribes, including the Manchus (or Jurchens), Ulchs, Hezhen (also known as the Goldi and Nanai). The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu Ulchs (ульчи or ru ольчи self designation ru нани nani are an indigenous people of the Russian Far East. The Nanai people (self name нани tr "nani" Russian: нанайцы tr Various ethnic groups and their respective kingdoms, including the Gojoseon, Sushen, Xianbei, Buyeo, Mohe, Goguryeo, Balhae have risen to power in the Northeast. Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. Sushen was an ancient ethnic group or people who dwelt in the northeastern part of China and the Russian Maritime Province. The Xianbei ( were a significant nomadic people residing in Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Xianbei Shan. Buyeo, Puyŏ, or Fuyu was an ancient Korean kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd The Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher) were a Tungusic people in ancient Manchuria. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Alternate meaning Bohai Sea Balhae (698 - 926 ( Bohai in Chinese, Пархэ in Russian) was an Yan State once occupied the Liaodong Peninsula, Han Chinese dynasties in China loosely controlled the southern parts of the region until the Song Dynasty. Yan ( was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods in China. The Liáodōng Peninsula ( is a Peninsula in the Liáoníng province of northeastern China, historically known in the west as southern east- Manchuria Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The following is a Chronology of the dynasties in Chinese history. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms During the Song dynasty, the Khitan set up the Liao Dynasty dynasty in Northeast China. The Liao Dynasty ( 907 - 1125, also known as the Khitan Empire (契丹國 was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of Manchuria Later, the Jurchen overthrew the Liao and formed the Jin Dynasty, which went on to conquer northern China. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty In AD 1234, the Jin Dynasty fell to the Mongols, whose Yuan Dynasty was later replaced by the Ming Dynasty in 1368. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led In 1644, the Manchu conquered the entirety of China and established the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China
Northeast China came under influence of the Russian Empire with the building of the Chinese eastern railway through Harbin to Vladivostok. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya ( Russian Kharbin) is a Sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. The Empire of Japan replaced Russian influence in the region as a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905, and Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway in 1906 to Port Arthur. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September The was a company founded in the Empire of Japan in 1906 after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905 and operated within China in the Japanese-controlled South Manchuria Lüshun city or Lüshunkou or (literally Lüshun Port ( formerly known as both Port Arthur and Ryojun, is a town located at the extreme southern During the Warlord Era in China, Zhang Zuolin established himself in Northeast China , but was murdered by the Japanese for being too independent. The Warlord era is the period in the History of the Republic of China, from 1916 to the late-1930s when the country was divided among military cliques, a division Zhāng Zuòlín ( Traditional Chinese: 張作霖 Simplified Chinese: 张作霖, Pinyin: Zhāng Zuòlín Wade-Giles: Chang Tso-lin The last Qing dynasty emperor, Puyi, was then placed on the throne to lead a Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern After the atomic bombing of Japan in 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the region as part of its declaration of war against Japan. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 From 1945 to 1948, Northeast China was a base area for the Communist People's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. With the encouragement of the Soviet Union, the area was used as a staging ground during the Civil War for the Chinese Communists, who were victorious in 1949 and has been controlling this region since. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 A staging area is a location where organisms people vehicles equipment or material are assembled prior to their use The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the
Demographics
Northeast China has a total population of about 107,400,000 people, accounting for 8% of China’s total population. The majority of the population in the Northeast is Han Chinese. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Manchus form a significant minority, and have been almost completely assimilated into the Han Chinese; the Manchu language is almost extinct, and many Han Chinese in Northeast China, as well as the rest of China, can claim some Manchu ancestry. The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchu is a Tungusic language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Other major ethnic groups include the Mongols, the Koreans, and the Huis. Ethnic Mongols in China ( Chinese: 蒙古族 Ménggǔzú) are citizens of the People's Republic of China who are ethnic Mongols. The population of Koreans in China include millions of descendants of Korean immigrants with citizenship of the People's Republic of China, as well as smaller groups The Hui people ( Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of Islam.
Economy
The Northeast was one of the earlier regions to industrialize in China. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Northeast China continued to be a major industrial base of the country. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Recent years, however, has seen the stagnation of Northeast China's heavy-industry-based economy, as China's economy continues to liberalize and privatize; the government has initialized the Revitalize the Northeast campaign to counter this problem. Revitalize The Old Northeast Industrial Bases ( also Revitalize Northeast China or Northeast China Revitalization, is a policy adopted by the People's Republic
The region is, on the whole, more heavily urbanised than most parts of China, largely because it was the first part of the country to develop heavy industry owing to its abundant coal reserves. Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to Light industry. Major cities include Shenyang, Dalian, Harbin and Changchun, all with several million inhabitants. Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning Dalian (;; Japanese: Dairen Russian: Далянь Dalian or Дальний Dalny is the governing Sub-provincial city in the eastern Liaoning ( Russian Kharbin) is a Sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. Changchun ( is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the centre of the Other cities include the steel making centres of Fushun and Anshan in Liaoning, Jilin City in Jilin, and Qiqihar and Mudanjiang in Heilongjiang. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Fushun ( is a city in Liaoning, China, about 45 km from Shenyang, with a population about 1 Jilin City ( is a Prefecture-level city located in Jilin Province in China. History Qiqihar is one of the oldest cities in the northeast of China and was founded in 1691. Mudanjiang ( Manchu: Mudan bira is Prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China. Harbin, more than any other city in China, possesses significant Russian influences: there are many Orthodox churches that have fallen out of use since the Cultural Revolution.
The rural population of Manchuria is heavily concentrated in the warmer southern part of the area, where very warm to hot summer weather permits crops such as maize and millet to be grown with high yields. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica The millets are a group of small- Seeded Species of Cereal crops or grains widely grown around the world for Food and Fodder Soybeans and flax are also very important, as are wheat and barley. Flax (also known as common flax or linseed) (binomial name Linum usitatissimum) is a member of the genus Linum Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for The region possesses large flocks of sheep, and pigs are abundant in the more densely settled southern part. Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times The northern half of Heilongjiang is so cold and poorly drained that agriculture is almost impossible; however, the Amur River provides very rich fishing prospects, and sheep are even more abundant than in southern Heilongjiang. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish.
Northeast China is the country’s traditional industrial base, focusing mainly on equipment manufacturing. Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to Light industry. Major industries include the steel, automobile, shipbuilding, aircraft manufacturing, and petroleum refining industries. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 The automotive industry is the industry involved in the design development manufacture marketing and sale of Motor vehicles In 2007 more than 73 million motor vehicles See also Shipbuilding (song. Shipbuilding is the construction of Ships It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a An oil refinery is an industrial Process plant where Crude oil is processed and refined into more useful Petroleum products, such as Gasoline The gross regional product of the three northeast provinces totaled ¥160. 3 trillion in 2002. In recent years, the Chinese government has initialized the "Revitalize the Northeast campaign" to turn this region into one of China's economic growth engines.
Culture
Northeastern Mandarin retains elements from native Tungusic languages, Japanese, and Russian and there are enough differences to give the dialect its own distinctive characteristics. The Tungusic languages (also known as Manchu-Tungus Tungus are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Ethnic Manchus speak Mandarin, and the Manchu language is almost extinct due to widespread assimilation to Han culture over the last four centuries. The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchu is a Tungusic language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Ethnic Koreans and Mongols tend to be bilingual in both their own languages (Korean and Mongolian) as well as Mandarin. The population of Koreans in China include millions of descendants of Korean immigrants with citizenship of the People's Republic of China, as well as smaller groups Ethnic Mongols in China ( Chinese: 蒙古族 Ménggǔzú) are citizens of the People's Republic of China who are ethnic Mongols. This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system The Mongolian language (mn [[ImageMonggol kelesvg 17px]] Mongɣol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл Mongol khel) is the best-known member of
Northeast Chinese cuisine reflects the region's ethnic diversity. Chinese cuisine ( Traditional Chinese: 中國菜 Simplified Chinese: 中国菜 originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in Native Manchu, Korean, Northern Chinese, Russian and Japanese cooking styles all find their traces in Manchurian cooking. One of the distinguishing characteristics of the cuisine is the use of uncooked fresh vegetables. In almost every other region of China, vegetables are cooked thoroughly before being eaten.
In general, the culture of Northeast China takes its elements from the cultures of North China and especially Shandong, where most of the Han Chinese migration into Northeast China originated, the native Tungusic peoples, and its own innovations. Northern China or North China ( literally "China's north" is a Geographical region of China. ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The term Tungusic peoples is used to describe peoples speaking a Tungusic language.
Errenzhuan, Yangge and Jiju are popular forms of traditional entertainment in Northeast China.
Because of its climatic conditions, Northeast China is the base for China's winter sports. A winter sport is a Sport commonly played during Winter. As a formal term it refers to a sport played on Snow or Ice, but informally can refer Ice hockey and ice skating athletes often come from or were educated in Northeast China. Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. Ice skating is Traveling on Ice with skates, narrow (and sometimes parabolic) blade-like devices moulded into special Boots A study
Major cities
Major universities
- Harbin Institute of Technology (哈爾濱工業大學）
- Northeastern University (东北大学)
- Dalian University of Technology (大连理工大学)
- Jilin University (吉林大学)
- Northeast Normal University (东北师范大学)
- Northeast Forestry University (东北林业大学)
- Shenyang Normal University (瀋陽師範大學)
References
- ^ According to the Republic of China's administrative divisions, the Northeast (including parts of Inner Mongolia) is divided into nine provinces and the region is called the Nine Northeast Provinces (东北九省/東北九省; Dōngběi Jiǔshěng). Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning Dalian (;; Japanese: Dairen Russian: Далянь Dalian or Дальний Dalny is the governing Sub-provincial city in the eastern Liaoning Changchun ( is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the centre of the ( Russian Kharbin) is a Sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. The Harbin Institute of Technology ( or HIT, is colloquially known as Hagongda (哈工大 Hāgōngdà) Dalian University of Technology (大连理工大学 is located in Dalian (大连 Liaoning (辽宁 China directly supervised by the State Ministry Jilin University (JLU simplified Chinese 吉林大学 traditional Chinese 吉林大學 is a leading national University under the direct jurisdiction of China's Northeast Normal University (Simplified Chinese 东北师范大学 Abbreviation NENU) is one of the six national normal university in China located in Changchun Shenyang Normal University (SYNU (瀋陽師範大學 is a teacher training university in Shenyang, Liaoning Province China under the provincial REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES This article talks about the history of the Political divisions of China.
See also
External links
- The Provincial Government of Liaoning
- The Provincial Government of Jilin
- The Provincial Government of Heilongjiang
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