North India
North Indian states shown in red
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Area	1,624,160 km²
States and territories	Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh
Most populous cities (2008)	New Delhi, Kanpur, Jaipur, Lucknow, Indore, Ludhiana
Official languages	Hindi, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Urdu, English
Population	504,196,432

North India refers to a set of states in the non-peninsular region of the Republic of India including the area to the north of the Vindhya mountains, Narmada River and Mahanadi River, but excluding the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra in the west, West Bengal and Orissa in the east as well as the seven North-East states. Indian Standard Time ( IST) is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka, with a Time offset of UTC+530. UTC+530 is the Timezone for Indian Standard Time Sri Lanka Time The geography of India is diverse with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts plains rainforests hills and plateaus To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions  Areas between 10000 km² and 100000 km² are listed here India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the Uttarakhand ( Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड or उत्तराखंड Uttar + Akhand i Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Jharkhand ( Hindi: झारखंड Bengali: ঝাড়খণ্ডdʒʰaːɽkʰəɳɖ is a state in eastern India. Chhattisgarh ( Chhattisgarhi / Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़ tʃʰət̪t̪iːsgəɽʰ, a state in central India, formed when the sixteen Madhya Pradesh (abbreviated as MP) ( Hindī: मध्य प्रदेश pronounced, Translation: Middle Province) often New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. Kanpur ( Hindi: कानपुर Urdu: کان پور spelled as Cawnpore before 1948 is one of the most populous cities in the north India Jaipur ( Hindi: जयपुर also popularly known as the Pink City, is the capital of Rajasthan state, India. Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh Indore ( Hindi: इंदौर/इन्दोर, Marathi - इंदूर, the largest city and the commercial capital of the central Indian state of Ludhiana (ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ | लुधियाना is a city and a Municipal corporation in Ludhiana district in the Indian state of The Constitution of India envisages Hindi as the primary official language to be used by the Union Government, with English as the subsidiary official language Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Indian state Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Vindhya Range ( Sanskrit: विन्‍ध्य is a range of older rounded mountains and hills in the west-central Indian subcontinent which geographically The Narmada नर्मदा Gujarati નર્મદા or Nerbudda (Narbada is a river in central India and the fifth largest river in the Indian subcontinent The Mahanadi rises in the highlands ofChhattisgarh It flows through Orissa to reachthe Bay of Bengal Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. North-East India refers to the easternmost region of India consisting of the contiguous Seven Sister States and Sikkim. New Delhi, the capital of India lies in North India. New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The dominant geographical features of northern India are the Indo-Gangetic Plain whose fertile soils and perennial rivers have sustained large populations and the Himalayas which cut the region off from the rest of Asia. The Indo-Gangetic Plain also known as the Northern plains and the North Indian River Plain is a large and fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India, North India has been the historical center of the Maurya, Gupta, Mughal and British Indian Empires. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British It has a rich and diverse culture, having the Hindu holy cities of Varanasi and Allahabad along with world heritage sites representing Islam and Buddhism within its boundaries. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Varanasi ( Sanskrit: वाराणसी Vārāṇasī, pronunciation) also commonly known as Benares ( or Banaras (बनारस Allahabad ( Hindi: इलाहाबाद Urdu: الہ آباد Ilāhābād) is a city in the north Indian state of Uttar Humayun's tomb is a complex of buildings in Mughal architecture built as Mughal Emperor Humayun 's tomb The Mahabodhi Temple (Literally "Great Awakening Temple" is a Buddhist temple in Bodh Gaya, the location where Siddhartha Gautama, the The Eastern parts of this region continues to face problems of overpopulation, poverty, illiteracy despite significant economic growth and the Green Revolution. Overpopulation refers to a condition where an Organism 's numbers exceed the Carrying capacity of its Habitat. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, The introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds after 1965 and the increased use of Fertilizers and Irrigation are known collectively as the Green Revolution

Contents 1 History 1.1 Indus Valley Civilization 1.2 Maurya and Gupta Empires 1.3 Mughal Empire 1.4 British Empire 1.5 Modern India 2 Geography 3 Demographics 4 Flora & Fauna 5 Political parties from North India 6 Universities in North India 7 Economy 8 References and bibliography 9 External links 10 See also

History

(For detailed history please read the respective articles of the individual states)

Indus Valley Civilization

Main article: Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley civilization (c. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin 3000–1500 BCE, Mature period 2600–1900 BCE), one of the oldest in the world, dates back at least 5,000 years. This civilization was partly located in North India and in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys primarily in Sindh province of Pakistan, extending westward into Balochistan province. The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd The Ghaggar-Hakra River is a believed to be an intermittent river in India and Pakistan that flows only during the Monsoon season Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Though the civilization was located in the North, the scripts identified at the archaeological site was found to be Proto-Dravidian^[1]. Proto-Dravidian is the Proto-language of the Dravidian languages. Around 1800 BCE, signs of a gradual decline began to emerge, and by around 1700 BCE, most of the cities were abandoned.

Maurya and Gupta Empires

Main articles: Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire

Towards the end of the Iron Age, the Maurya Empire arose from the kingdom of Magadha. The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military The Gupta Empire ( Hindi: गुप्त राजवंश was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 320 to 550 C The Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent succeeds the Late Harappan (Cemetery H culture also known as the last phase of the Indus Valley Tradition The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military Magadha (मगध formed one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas ( Sanskrit, "great countries" or regions in ancient India. By 316 BCE the empire had fully occupied Northwestern India, defeating and conquering the satraps left by Alexander. At its greatest extent under Ashoka the Great, the Empire stretched to the north along the natural boundaries of the Himalayas, and to the east stretching into what is now Assam. Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi To the west, it reached beyond modern Pakistan and significant portions of what is now Afghanistan, including the modern Herat and Kandahar provinces. The Empire was expanded into India's central and southern regions by Emperor Bindusara, but it excluded a small portion of unexplored tribal and forested regions near Kalinga. The Guptas established the next great empire, the Gupta Empire in North India around 320 AD. The Gupta Empire ( Hindi: गुप्त राजवंश was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 320 to 550 C The time of the Gupta Empire is referred to as Golden Age of India in science, mathematics, astronomy, religion and Indian philosophy. The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors.

Mughal Empire

Main article: Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire ruled most of the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th to the mid-19th centuries, with its capital at Delhi. Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abu'l-Muzaffar Shihab ud-din Muhammad Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani Shah Jahan I Padshah Ghazi The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population At the height of its power, around 1700, it controlled most of the subcontinent and parts of what is now Afghanistan. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 130 million, over a territory of over 4 million km² (1. 5 million mi²). It reached its height under Akbar the Great, and its power began to decline after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. Akbar redirects here For other uses see Akbar (disambiguation Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar Aurangzeb ( (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I Padshah Ghazi) ( November 4, The empire rapidly declined after 1725 and was replaced by the Maratha Empire as the pre-eminent power in South Asia, until the battle of Plassey in 1757. The Maratha Empire ( Marathi: मराठा साम्राज्य Marāṭhā Sāmrājya; also transliterated Mahratta WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Palashi (পলাশী Pôlashi, formerly rendered in English: Plassey) is a small

British Empire

Main articles: Company rule in India and British Raj

The Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked the real beginning of the Company rule in India, as well as the steady decline of native rule. For usage see British rule in India Company rule in India (sometimes Company Raj, " raj," lit For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The victory was consolidated in 1764 at the Battle of Buxar (in Bihar), when the defeated Mughal emperor, Shah Alam II, granted the Company the Diwani ("right to collect land-revenue") in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras. At the turn of the 19th century, Governor-General Wellesley began what became two decades of accelerated expansion of Company territories. This was achieved either by subsidiary alliances between the Company and local rulers or by direct military annexation. The subsidiary alliances created the Princely States (or Native States) of the Hindu Maharajas and the Muslim Nawabs, prominent among which were: Cochin (1791), Jaipur (1794), Travancore (1795), Hyderabad (1798), Mysore (1799), Cis-Sutlej Hill States (1815), Central India Agency (1819), Kutch and Gujarat Gaikwad territories (1819), Rajputana (1818), and Bahawalpur (1833). The annexed regions included the Northwest Provinces (comprising Rohilkhand, Gorakhpur, and the Doab) (1801), Delhi (1803), and Sindh (1843). Punjab, Northwest Frontier Province, and Kashmir, were annexed after the Anglo-Sikh Wars in 1849; however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the Treaty of Amritsar (1850) to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu, and thereby became a princely state. In 1854 Berar was annexed, and the state of Oudh two years later.

The Act for the Better Government of India (1858) made changes in the governance of India at three levels: in the imperial government in London (which took over control from the East India Company), in the central government in Calcutta, and in the provincial governments in the presidencies (and later in the provinces). In Calcutta, the Governor-General remained head of the Government of India and now was more commonly called the Viceroy on account of his secondary role as the Crown's representative to the nominally sovereign princely states; he was, however, now responsible to the Secretary of State in London and through him to British Parliament.

Modern India

Main article: History of the Republic of India

India attained independence from England in 1947, and North India became part of the Republic of India. The History of the Republic of India began on August 15, 1947 when India became an independent Dominion within the British Commonwealth India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The states were reorganized in 1956, and again in the 2000s when Uttaranchal, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh became the 26th, 27th and 28th states of India. Uttarakhand ( Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड or उत्तराखंड Uttar + Akhand i Jharkhand ( Hindi: झारखंड Bengali: ঝাড়খণ্ডdʒʰaːɽkʰəɳɖ is a state in eastern India. Chhattisgarh ( Chhattisgarhi / Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़ tʃʰət̪t̪iːsgəɽʰ, a state in central India, formed when the sixteen In modern India, North India is the largest region in terms of both land area and population. It has seen great political upheavals with insurgencies in Punjab and Kashmir along with the Naxal uprising. Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Naxalite or Naxalism is an informal name given to Communist groups that were born out of the Sino-Soviet split in the Indian communist movement Widespread corruption, malnutrition and ethnic conflicts persist, especially in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and Rajasthan. Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Jharkhand ( Hindi: झारखंड Bengali: ঝাড়খণ্ডdʒʰaːɽkʰəɳɖ is a state in eastern India. Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area Crimes against women such as female-infanticide, honor-killings, bride-burning and human rights abuses against Dalits, North Eastern Indians and Nepalis are rampant, often ignored by the police, especially in the states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi. Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population The unchecked population growth, wastage of natural resources and human rights abuses are leading to great strain on the resources of the entire country, its political stability and democratic ethos.

Geography

Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula. The Spiti valley is a desert mountain valley located high in the Himalaya mountains. Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the Towards its North are the Himalayas which largely define the boundary between the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan plateau. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. The Tibetan Plateau, also known as the Qinghai-Tibetan (Qingzang Plateau is a vast elevated Plateau in Central Asia covering most of the Tibet Autonomous To its west is the Thar desert, which separates most of North India from Pakistan, while in the southwest lie the Aravalli hills, beyond which lies the state of Gujarat. The Thar Desert ( Hindi: थार मरुस्थल also known as the Great Indian Desert, is Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. The Vindhya mountains are generally taken to be the southern boundary of northern India. The Vindhya Range ( Sanskrit: विन्‍ध्य is a range of older rounded mountains and hills in the west-central Indian subcontinent which geographically

The predominant geographical features of northern India are the Indo-Gangetic plain which spans the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana and Punjab, the Himalayas which lie in the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir and the Thar desert which lies mainly in the state of Rajasthan. The Thar Desert ( Hindi: थार मरुस्थल also known as the Great Indian Desert, is Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. Uttarakhand ( Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड or उत्तराखंड Uttar + Akhand i Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. The Thar Desert ( Hindi: थार मरुस्थल also known as the Great Indian Desert, is Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area The state of Madhya Pradesh has large areas under forest cover as do Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Chattisgarh. ^[2] The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand receive sustained snowfall in winter months. ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the Uttarakhand ( Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड or उत्तराखंड Uttar + Akhand i

Although predominantly subtropical, with cool winters, hot summers and moderate monsoons, overall North India is one of the most climatically diverse regions on Earth. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −45 °C (−49 °F) in Dras, Jammu and Kashmir^[3] to 50. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Drass is a tiny town in the Kargil District of Jammu and Kashmir, India. ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. 6 °C (123 °F) in Alwar, Rajasthan. History "Alwar" was formerly known as "Ulwar" Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area Shown below are climate tables for a selection of cities in North India,

Climate chart for Leh, cold arid
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
0   -1 -13	0   0 -12	0   6 -6	0   12 -1	0   17 2	0   21 6	10   24 10	10   24 10	0   21 5	0   14 0	10   8 -6	0   1 -10
temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm source: Weatherbase
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0   30 9     0   32 10     0   43 21     0   54 30     0   63 36     0   70 43     0. Leh ( was the capital of the Himalayan kingdom of Ladakh, now the Leh District in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India In general terms the Climate of a local or region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available Water, to the extent of hindering 4   75 50     0. 4   75 50     0   70 41     0   57 32     0. 4   46 21     0   34 14 temperatures in °F • precipitation totals in inches

Climate chart for Jodhpur, hot semi-arid
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
5   24 9	4   27 11	3   32 16	1   37 21	9   41 26	36   40 28	101   36 27	122   34 25	61   34 24	8   35 18	1   31 13	3   26 10
temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm source: Weatherbase
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0. Jodhpur (जोधपुर is the second largest City in the Indian State of Rajasthan. A Semi-arid climate or steppe climate generally describes climatic regions that receive low annual Rainfall (250-500 mm or 10-20 in 2   75 48     0. 2   81 52     0. 1   90 61     0   99 70     0. 4   106 79     1. 4   104 82     4   97 81     4. 8   93 77     2. 4   93 75     0. 3   95 64     0   88 55     0. 1   79 50 temperatures in °F • precipitation totals in inches

Climate chart for Bhopal, sub-tropical
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
4   23 12	3   26 14	1   32 19	3   37 23	11   38 27	136   35 26	279   29 23	360   27 23	185   30 22	52   31 20	21   27 16	7   24 13
temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm source: Weather Underground
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0. Bhopāl ( Hindi: भोपाल bʰoːpɑːl, Marathi -भोपाळ is a city in central India. The subtropics are the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropic zone which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of 2   73 54     0. 1   79 57     0   90 66     0. 1   99 73     0. 4   100 81     5. 4   95 79     11   84 73     14. 2   81 73     7. 3   86 72     2   88 68     0. 8   81 61     0. 3   75 55 temperatures in °F • precipitation totals in inches

Demographics

The languages of Northern India are predominantly Indo-Aryan, and it is in this region that Sanskrit and the various Prakrits are thought to have first found a home in India. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Prakrit (also transliterated as Pracrit) ( Sanskrit: prākṛta प्राकृत (from pra-kṛti प्रकृति according to one Hindi has the largest number of speakers in the region, with the Hindi heartland of India lying within North India. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Punjabi, Kashmiri and other languages are also spoken by large populations and are official languages in those states. Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Indian state

Hinduism and Islam predominate in North India, although Sikhism is predominant in Punjab. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. Jammu and Kashmir is the only state in India with a majority Muslim population. ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The states of Rajasthan, and Himachal Pradesh are predominantly Hindu, while Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh have religiously diverse populations. Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the Uttarakhand ( Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड or उत्तराखंड Uttar + Akhand i Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. Jharkhand ( Hindi: झारखंड Bengali: ঝাড়খণ্ডdʒʰaːɽkʰəɳɖ is a state in eastern India. Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. Madhya Pradesh (abbreviated as MP) ( Hindī: मध्य प्रदेश pronounced, Translation: Middle Province) often Chhattisgarh ( Chhattisgarhi / Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़ tʃʰət̪t̪iːsgəɽʰ, a state in central India, formed when the sixteen

Flora & Fauna

North Indian original vegetation is predominantly deciduous forest because of its tropical location, of the deciduous trees Sal and Teak are the most important. The Chinkara ( Gazella bennettii) or Jabeer Gazelle is a species of Gazelle found in South Asia. Madhya Pradesh (abbreviated as MP) ( Hindī: मध्य प्रदेश pronounced, Translation: Middle Province) often The Western Himalayan region is abound in Chirpine and other conifers deodar, blue pine, spruce, silver fir, and junipers. The Eastern Himalayan region consists of oaks, laurels, maples, rhododendrons, alder, and birch and dwarf willows. The floral wealth ranges from the Alpine to the temperate thorn, from the coniferous to the evergreen, from scrubs to deciduous forests, from thick tropical jungles to cool temperate woods.

There are around 500 varieties of mammals, 2000 species of birds and 30,000 types of insects and a wide variety of fish, amphibians and reptiles are found in the country. The animal species in North India includes Elephant, Tiger, Leopard, Sambar, Chital, Hog Deer, Porcupine, Wild Pig, Fox and Rhesus Monkeys, highly endangered Caracal, Jungle Cat, Hyena, Jackal, Sloth Bear, Wild Boar, Langur, Spotted Deer, Indian Gazelle, Sambar (Asiatic stag) and Nilgai (blue bull).

A huge number of snake varieties, lizards, ghariyal and crocodiles account for the reptile count. ^[4] Snakes include the deadly King cobras to the equally poisonous Kraits. Scorpions and insects are found in plenty in this region. Useful insects include the bees, silkworms and the Lac insect. A huge number of snake varieties, lizards, ghariyal and crocodiles account for the reptile count. Snakes include the deadly King cobras to the equally poisonous Kraits. Scorpions and insects are found in plenty in this region. Useful insects include the bees, silkworms and the Lac insect.

The birds of North India includes the beautiful peacock to the parrots, and thousands of immigrant birds. Common Indian birds are Pheasants, Geese Ducks, Mynahs, Parakeets, Pigeons, Cranes, and Hornbills. Great pied hornbill, Pallas's fishing eagle, Grey-headed fishing eagle, Red-thighed Falconet are some of the endangered birds found in Himalyan region. Other birds found in this region are Tawny Fish Owl, Great Hornbill, Scaly-bellied Woodpecker, Red-breasted Parakeet, Himalayan Swiftlet, Stork-billed Kingfisher and Himalayan Rubythroat. ^{[5] [6]}

The most important National Parks and Tiger reserves of North India includes:-

Corbett National Park: It was established in 1936 along the banks of the Ramganga River. Jim Corbett National Park —named after the hunter and naturalist Jim Corbett who played a key role in its establishment—is the oldest National park in It is the India's first National Park, and designated a Project Tiger Reserve in the year 1973. It is cradled in the foothills of the Himalayas and comprises a total area of 500 km² out of which 350 km² is core reserve. This park is known not only for its rich and varied wildlife but also for its scenic beauty.

Kanha National Park: The lush sal and bamboo forests, grassy meadows and ravines of Kanha provided inspiration to Rudyard Kipling for his famous novel "Jungle Book". Kanha National Park is a national park and a Tiger Reserve in the Mandla and Balaghat districts of Madhya Pradesh, India. The Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh came into being in 1955 and forms the core of the Kanha Tiger Reserve, created in 1974 under Project Tiger.

Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary: It is one of the finest bird parks in the world, it is a reserve that offers protection to faunal species as well. The Keoladeo National Park or Keoladeo Ghana National Park formerly known as the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary in Rajasthan, India is a famous Nesting indigenous water birds as well as migratory water birds and waterside birds, this sanctuary is also inhabited by Sambar, Chital, Nilgai and Boar.

Dudhwa National Park: It covers an area of 500 km² along the Indo-Nepal border in Kheri district of Uttar Pradesh, is best known for the Barasingha or Swamp Deer. General info Area: 490 km² core 124 km² buffer Established: 1958 as a wildlife sanctuary 1977 as a national park 1988 as a tiger reserve The grasslands and woodlands of this park, consist mainly of sal forests. The barasingha is found in the southwest and southeast regions of the park. Among the big cats, tigers abound at Dudhwa. There are also a few leopards. The other animals found in large numbers, are the Indian one-horned rhinoceros and the wild elephant, jungle cats, leopard cats, fishing cats, jackals, civets, sloth bears, sambar, otters, crocodiles and chital.

Ranthambhore National Park: It spans an area of 400 km² with an estimated head count of thirty two tigers is perhaps India’s finest example of Project Tiger, a conservation effort started by the government in an attempt to save the dwindling number of tigers in India. Ranthambhore National Park is one of the largest and most famous National parks in northern India. Situated near the small town of Sawai Madhopur it boasts of variety of plant and animal species of Northern India.

Political parties from North India

North India had played a very vital role in the formation of Government in India with large number of seats in the lower house of parliament. The major political parties are Indian National Congress, BJP, Janata Dal, Bhujan Samaj Party, Samajwadi Party and the Shiromani Akali Dal. Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP (भारतीय जनता पार्टी, Translation: Indian People's Party) founded in 1980 is a major Political Janata Dal is an Indian political party which was formed through the merger of one of the major Janata Party factions the Lok Dal and a group of Congressmen Samajwadi Party (literally Socialist Party) is a Political party in India. Akali Dal, also called Shiromani Akali Dal ( Akali Religious Party) is a collection of Sikh Political parties mainly based in Punjab The Nehru-Gandhi family which has governed India for last few decades after Independence from British rule hails from Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Many Indian Prime Ministers were North Indians including the first Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Gulzarilal Nanda, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, V P Singh, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Chandra Shekhar, I K Gujral and the present PM Dr Manmohan Singh. Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू ʤəʋäɦəɾläl nɛɦɾu (14 November 1889 27 May 1964 was a major political leader of the Congress Party Lal Bahadur Shastri ( Hindi लालबहादुर शास्त्री (2 October 1904 - 11 January 1966 was the third (second and acting being Gulzarilal Nanda Gulzārilāl Nandā (गुलजारीलाल नन्दा (4 July 1898 - 15 January 1998 was an Indian politician and an economist with specialization in labor problems Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī) ( Née: Nehru (19 November 1917 - 31 October 1984 was the Prime Minister of the Rajiv Gandhi राजीव गांधी (raːdʒiːv gaːnd̪ʰiː born in Bombay, (20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991 the elder son of Indira and Feroze Vishwanath Pratap Singh (विश्वनाथ प्रताप सिंह born 25 June 1931) was the 10th Prime Minister of the Atal Bihari Vajpayee (अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी əʈəl bɪhaːɾiː ʋaːdʒpeiː (born December 25 1924 The eleventh Prime Minister of India. Chandra Shekhar Singh (चन्द्रशेखर सिंह (July 1 1927 - July 8 2007 was the 11th Prime Minister of the Republic of India Inder Kumar Gujral (इन्द्र कुमार गुजराल (born 4 December 1919 was the 13th Prime Minister of the Republic of India. Manmohan Singh (ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ (born 26 September 1932 is the 17th ^[7]

Universities in North India

North India has some universities, colleges and centre of excellence namely, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Allahabad University, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahahad Delhi University, Aligarh Muslim University, Benaras Hindu University, Punjab University, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Punjab Agricultural University and Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology. All India Institute of Medical Sciences ( AIIMS) (created 1956 is a Medical college and hospital in India, and is an autonomous institution The University of Delhi (DU is a central university located at Delhi, India and is funded by Government of India. Aligarh Muslim University is a Residential Academic Institution which was established in 1875 Banaras Hindu University (BHU Hindi: काशी हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय is a premier Central University and a world class educational Birla Institute of Technology & Science, (िबरला प्रौद्योिगकी एवं विज्ञान संस्थान िपलानी (known as BITS The Punjab Agricultural University (PAU Ludhiana Punjab is one of the State Agricultural Universities in India Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology is the first Agricultural university of India. The world renowned Indian Institute of Technology and Indian Institute of Management, have campuses in several cities of North India such as Kanpur, Delhi, Roorkee, Lucknow, Indore, Ahmadabad, and Kolkata. The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs, are a group of fourteen autonomous Engineering and Technology -oriented institutes of Higher education established The Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs are India's premier Management institutes that also conduct research and provide consultancy services in the field of management Kanpur ( Hindi: कानपुर Urdu: کان پور spelled as Cawnpore before 1948 is one of the most populous cities in the north India Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Roorkee (रुड़की is a town and a Municipal council in the Indian state Lucknow is also a mansion in New Hampshire Lucknow ( लखनऊ لکھنؤ Lakhnaū) is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh Indore ( Hindi: इंदौर/इन्दोर, Marathi - इंदूर, the largest city and the commercial capital of the central Indian state of One of the first great universities in recorded history, the Nalanda University, is located in in the state of Bihar. Nālandā is the name of an ancient University in Bihar, India. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. There has been various plans for revival of this ancient University including a consortium led by Singapore along with China, India and Japan. Nālandā is the name of an ancient University in Bihar, India.

Economy

The economy of northern India, is predominantly agrarian like other parts of the country; culturally, socially and historically the country has always been defined by its village societies. But with the rapid growth of more than 8% GDP per annum, the economic landscape is changing fast. The highest per capita income states in northern India include Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and the union territory of Delhi & Chandigarh. Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Chandigarh ( ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ, चंडीगढ़) also called The City Beautiful ^[8]

References and bibliography

External links

• More Info about Northern India

See also

• India
• South India
• North-East India
• West India
• East India

India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union North-East India refers to the easternmost region of India consisting of the contiguous Seven Sister States and Sikkim. History (For detailed history please read the respective articles of the three western states Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat) Parts of Gujarat This article refers to the region in the Indian subcontinent.

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