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This article is about the region. For the European constituency, see North East England (European Parliament constituency). North East England is a Constituency of the European Parliament.
North-East England
North-East
North-East region shown within England
Geography
Status Region
Area
— Total		 Ranked 8th
8,592 km²
3,317 sq mi
NUTS 1 UKC
Demographics
Population
— Total
— Density		 Ranked 9th
2,515,442 (2001)
293/km²
GDP per capita £13,275 (9th)
Government
HQ Newcastle
Assembly
— Type		 North East
not directly elected
Regional development One NorthEast
European parliament North East England
Website

North-East England is one of the nine official regions of England and comprises the combined area of Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear and Tees Valley. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England, with only one Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. The following table is a list of United Kingdom nations by area with England further broken down by Government Office Regions. To help compare sizes of different geographic regions we list here Areas between 10 km² (1000 Hectares and 100 km² (10000 hectares Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, ( NUTS) for the French nomenclature d'unités territoriales statistiques, is a Geocode In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology A list of the United Kingdom 's four constituent countries (and English regions) by population as recorded by the 2001 Census: See also The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency A list of United Kingdom nations and English regions by GDP per capita in GBP as at 2002 Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England " Regional Assembly " is the name which has been adopted by the English bodies established as regional chambers under the Regional Development Agencies North East Assembly ( NEA) is the regional assembly for the North East England region of the United Kingdom. A regional development agency (RDA is a non-departmental public body established for the purpose of development primarily economic of one of England 's Government Office One NorthEast is the Regional development agency for the North East England region North East England is a Constituency of the European Parliament. The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England, with only one Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west The Tees Valley is an area in the North East of England. It can be described as "greater Teesside " and consists of the four unitary authorities

The highest point in the region is The Cheviot, in Northumberland, at 815 metres (2,674 ft). The Cheviot is the highest summit in the Cheviot Hills in the far north of England, only 2 km from the Scottish border The principal city is Newcastle Upon Tyne. Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England The largest city in terms of population is Sunderland, but Newcastle and Tyneside have a larger combined total. Sunderland (, or /ˈsʌn(dlən/ is a City in Tyne and Wear, England. Tyneside is a Conurbation in northern England, which is home to over 80% of the Metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear.

As well as its urban centres of Tyneside, Wearside and Teesside the region is also noted for the richness of its natural beauty. Tyneside is a Conurbation in northern England, which is home to over 80% of the Metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear. Wearside is an unrecognised conurbation in North East England, mostly referring to the City of Sunderland, but also including parts of County Durham including Teesside is the name given to the Conurbation in the North East of England made up of the towns of Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees Northumberland National Park, the region's coastline, its section of the Pennines and Weardale provides evidence for this. Northumberland National Park is the northernmost national park in England. The Pennines are a low-rising Mountain range in Northern England and southern Scotland. Weardale is a dale or Valley, of the east side of the Pennines in County Durham, in England. It also has great historic importance, the evidence of which is seen in Northumberland's Castles and the two World Heritage Sites of Durham Cathedral and Hadrian's Wall. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The Cathedral Church of Christ Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham, commonly referred to as Durham Cathedral, in the city of Durham, England Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman

The shipbuilding industry that once dominated both Wearside and Tyneside suffered a terrible decline during the second half of the twentieth century. Tyneside is now re-inventing itself as an international centre of art and culture and, through The Centre For Life, scientific research (especially in stem cell technology) and popular nightlife, in areas such as the Quayside or The Gate. Stem cells are cells found in most if not all multi-cellular Organisms. After suffering economic decline during the last century, Wearside is becoming an important area for quaternary industry, science and high technology. Wearside is an unrecognised conurbation in North East England, mostly referring to the City of Sunderland, but also including parts of County Durham including High tech is Technology that is at the cutting edge —the most advanced technology currently available The economy of Teesside is largely based on its petrochemical industry. Teesside is the name given to the Conurbation in the North East of England made up of the towns of Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin Northumberland and County Durham, both being largely rural, base much of its economy on farming and tourism. Rural areas can be large and isolated (also referred to as "the country" and/or "the countryside over the course of time Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel The North East has the lowest GDP/capita in England. A list of United Kingdom nations and English regions by GDP per capita in GBP as at 2002 England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

In May 2005 the 'Passionate people. Passionate places' Regional Image campaign was launched to promote North East England as a great place in which to work, study, visit and invest.

Contents

Local government

The official region consists of the following subdivisions:

Map Ceremonial county County /unitary Districts
Image:EnglandNorthEastNumbered .png 1. The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England, with only one Northumberland † a. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west ) Blyth Valley, b. This article describes the Local government district For the Parliamentary constituency of the same name see Blyth Valley (UK Parliament constituency ) Wansbeck, c. Wansbeck is a local government district in south-east Northumberland, England. ) Castle Morpeth, d. Castle Morpeth is a local government district and Borough in Northumberland, England. ) Tynedale, e. Tynedale, is a local government district in south-west Northumberland, England. ) Alnwick, f. Alnwick is a local government district of Northumberland, England. ) Berwick-upon-Tweed
Tyne and Wear * 2. Berwick-upon-Tweed is a local government district and Borough in Northumberland in the north-east of England, on the border with Newcastle upon Tyne, 3. Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England Gateshead, 4. Gateshead is a Metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, in north-east England. North Tyneside, 5. North Tyneside is a Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear in the North East of England. South Tyneside, 6. South Tyneside is a Metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear in North East England. Sunderland
Durham 7. History The metropolitan borough was formed in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 by the merger of several districts of County Durham - Washington Durham † a. ) Durham (city), b. Durham is a local government district in County Durham, England. ) Easington, c. Easington is a local government district and in eastern County Durham, England. ) Sedgefield, d. Sedgefield is a local government district and Borough in County Durham, in north-east England. ) Teesdale, e. Teesdale is a local government district in County Durham, England. ) Wear Valley, f. Wear Valley is a local government district in County Durham, England. ) Derwentside, g. Derwentside is a local government district in County Durham, England, named after the River Derwent. ) Chester-le-Street
8. Chester-le-Street is a local government district in County Durham, England. Darlington U. Darlington is a local government district and Borough in North East England. A.
9. Hartlepool U. Hartlepool is a local government district and Borough in the Ceremonial county of County Durham, North East England A.
10. Stockton-on-Tees U. Stockton-on-Tees is a Unitary authority area and borough in the Tees Valley area of North East England, with a population in 2001 of 178408 A. (North of River Tees)
North Yorkshire
(part only)		 10. North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan or shire county located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, and a ceremonial county in Stockton-on-Tees U. Stockton-on-Tees is a Unitary authority area and borough in the Tees Valley area of North East England, with a population in 2001 of 178408 A. (South of River Tees)
11. Redcar and Cleveland U. The borough of Redcar & Cleveland is a Unitary authority in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England consisting of Redcar A.
12. Middlesbrough U. Middlesbrough is a Unitary authority and borough in North Yorkshire, England. A.

Key: shire county = † | metropolitan county = *

History

The ancient history of this region was first recorded by Roman settlement, which includes construction of the most important Roman monument in Great Britain, Hadrian's Wall. A non-metropolitan county or shire county in England, is a county-level entity which is not a Metropolitan county. The metropolitan counties are a type of county-level Administrative division of England. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman This wall as well as the Stanegate also continue into Cumbria to the west, but the most significant stone battlements of the wall are in North East England, since the availability of stone was much greater on the Whin Sill or eastern reaches of the wall. The Stanegate, or "stone road" ( Old English) was an important Roman road in northern England. Boundaries and divisions Cumbria is neighboured by Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, and the Lieutenancy Whin Sill is a tabular layer of Igneous rock or sill, in County Durham and Northumberland, in the Northeast of England. [1] Hadrian's Wall was constructed primarily to prevent small bands of raiders and unwanted immigrants from the north, rather than a fighting line for a major invasion. [2]

The region was created in 1994 and was originally defined as Northumberland, Tyne and Wear, County Durham and Cleveland. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west Cleveland is an area in the north east of England. Its name means literally "cliff-land" referring to its hilly southern areas which rise to nearly. As part of a reform of local government, Cleveland has since been abolished and several unitary districts created. The North East has been considered to be very religious especially Northumberland (home of the Lindisfarne Gospels), some of the scenery in the outlying villages is of considerable quality. The Lindisfarne Gospels is an illuminated Latin manuscript of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John

The region is now considered to consist of four distinct 'sub-regions':

A referendum in 2004 as to whether a directly-elected regional assembly should be set up for North East England resulted in a decisive "no" vote. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west The Tees Valley is an area in the North East of England. It can be described as "greater Teesside " and consists of the four unitary authorities The Northern England devolution referendums were Referendums starting with the North East region of England, in the United Kingdom,

In November 2004 people in the North East voted "no" in a referendum on whether to set up an elected regional assembly. The total number of people voting against the plans was 696,519 (78%), while 197,310 (22%) voted in favour.

Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott admitted his plans for regional devolution had suffered an "emphatic defeat".

Conservative spokesman for the regions Bernard Jenkin said the vote would mean the end of plans for a north-east assembly. He told the BBC: "The whole idea of regional government has been blown out of the water by this vote". [3]

Biodiversity

The region has a rich natural heritage, its diverse landscape includes maritime cliffs and extensive moorland containing a number of rare species of flora and fauna. Moorland or moor is a type of habitat found in upland areas characterised by low growing vegetation on Acidic soils A rare species is an Organism which is very uncommon or scarce In Botany, flora ( Plural: floras or florae has two meanings The first meaning flora of an area or of time period, refers to all Fauna is all of the Animal life of any particular region or time Of particular importance are the saltmarshes of Lindisfarne,the Tees Estuary, the heaths, bogs and traditional upland hay meadows of the North Pennines, the distinctive Arctic-alpine flora of Upper Teesdale, the Farne Islands (which contain rare seabirds such as the Roseate Tern) and the Magnesian Limestone grasslands of East Durham - a habitat found nowhere else in the world. Lindisfarne () (variant spelling Lindesfarne is a Tidal island off the north-east coast of England. A bog or mire is a Wetland type that accumulates Acidic Peat, a deposit of dead plant material &ndash usually Mosses but also The North Pennines is the northernmost part of the so-called 'backbone of England ' the range of hills which runs through the centre of the northern half of England The Farne Islands (also referred to less formally as the Farnes) are a group of islands off the coast of Northumberland, England. Seabirds are Birds that have adapted to life within the marine environment The Roseate Tern ( Sterna dougallii) is a Seabird of the Tern family Sternidae The North East also features woodland such as Kielder Forest, the largest man-made forest in Europe. Kielder Forest is a large Forestry plantation in Northumberland, England. This is located within Northumberland National Park and contains an important habitat for the endangered red squirrel. Northumberland National Park is the northernmost national park in England. An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation The red squirrel or Eurasian red squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris) is a Species of Tree squirrel ( Genus Sciurus The region is the English stronghold of black grouse and contains 80-90% of the UK population of yellow marsh saxifrage. A recently created - but often praised site for bird watching is Rainton Meadows - home of Joe's Pond, just outside Houghton-le-Spring. Overview Within Rainton Meadows is a 4 hectare site of Specific Scientific Interest known as Joe's Pond. Houghton-le-Spring (ˈhəʊtən is a town that is nowadays found in the county of Tyne and Wear, North East England that has its recorded origins in Norman times

Demographics

Although the North-East region has the lowest rate of HIV infection in the UK, it has the highest rate of heart attacks for men, and for lung cancer for women in England (just below Scotland), and the highest lung cancer rate for men in the UK. It has the joint highest birth rate for women under 20 in the UK (with Wales). It also has the highest youth unemployment (ages 16-24) in the UK, and the second highest trade union membership for men (after Northern Ireland). For English students in higher education, those for the North East are most likely (72%) to pick a university in their home region; Scotland is the highest with 95% staying in their home country. The North East also has the highest proportion of Christians in the UK.

Transport

Most important towns in the North East are on the East Coast Main Line, with fast connections to London and Edinburgh, as well as being close to the A1 or A19. The East Coast Main Line ( ECML) is the electrified high-speed railway link between London and Edinburgh connecting Yorkshire, North East The A19 is a major Road in England, running parallel to and east of the A1 road. However, north of Morpeth, the A1 is single carriageway. Morpeth is the County town of Northumberland, England. It is situated on the River Wansbeck which flows east through the town There is the Newcastle International Ferry Terminal at North Shields. North Shields (or locally just Shields) is a town on the north bank of the River Tyne, in the metropolitan borough of North Tyneside, in North DFDS operate two ferries a day to Amsterdam and one a day on the Stavanger - Haugesund - Bergen route. DFDS A/S, an abbreviation of Det Forenede Dampskibs-Selskab (literally The United Steamship Company) is a Danish Shipping company. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west is a city and municipality in the county of Rogaland, Norway. is a city and municipality in the county of Rogaland, Norway. is the second largest city in Norway. It is located on the south-western coast of Norway in the county of Hordaland in between a group of mountains known as De syv fjell The two main airports are Newcastle Airport and Durham Tees Valley Airport. Newcastle Airport is located in Newcastle upon Tyne, about 6 Miles (11 km) north-west of the city centre Durham Tees Valley Airport is an Airport in North East England, located approximately 10 km (6 Miles east of Darlington, about The Tyne and Wear Metro is a light rail network which serves the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, with stations in both Sunderland and Newcastle city centres, other towns and suburbs in the county, as well as at Newcastle Airport and other attractions such as the Stadium of Light, St James' Park and Gateshead International Stadium

Economy

The North-East region has the lowest GDP/capita in England, and second lowest in the United Kingdom only behind Wales. The Tyne and Wear Metro is a metro system serving stations in Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, South Tyneside North Tyneside and Sunderland, The Stadium of Light is a football Stadium in Sunderland, North East England which opened in 1997. St James' Park is an All-seater stadium in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom. Gateshead International Stadium is a multi-use sports Stadium in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England. A list of United Kingdom nations and English regions by GDP per capita in GBP as at 2002 England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The economy for several decades was idiosyncratically predicated on ship building and coal mining; hence the phrase taking coals to Newcastle. See also Shipbuilding (song. Shipbuilding is the construction of Ships It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a Coal mining is the extraction or removal of Coal from the Earth by Mining. County Durham and Northumberland are largely agricultural. Nationally well-known companies in the North East include ICI in Middlesbrough. Swan Hunter still makes ships in Wallsend. Swan Hunter, formerly known as " Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson " was one of the best known Shipbuilding companies in the United Kingdom. Wallsend is a town in North Tyneside, Tyne and Wear, England. Scottish & Newcastle is the largest UK-owned brewery, and has the Newcastle Federation Brewery in Dunston, producing Newcastle Brown Ale. Scottish & Newcastle plc was one of the world’s leading "long alcoholic drinks " (LADs companies with strong positions in 15 countries including leadership Dunston was originally an independent village on the south bank of the River Tyne. Newcastle Brown Ale is a brand of dark Brown ale. It has been brewed in Tyne & Wear, England, since April 1927 by Newcastle Breweries (now Newcastle Federation Petroplus refine oil at the Port Clarence (former Teesside) Refinery. Petroplus is a Swiss oil company It is the largest independent oil refining company in Western Europe. Port Clarence is a small village now within the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and Ceremonial county of County Durham, England. A refinery is composed of a group of Chemical engineering unit processes and Unit operations used for Refining certain materials or converting The government's Child benefit office is in Washington. Child benefit (or family allowance children's allowance is a Social security payment disbursed to the parents or guardians of Children Child benefit is means-tested Washington is a town within the Metropolitan borough of the City of Sunderland in Tyne and Wear, England. Northern Rock building society is based in Gosforth. See also Nationalisation of Northern Rock Northern Rock plc is a British Bank, currently under public ownership A building society is a financial institution owned by its members, that offers banking and other Financial services, especially mortgage lending Gosforth is an area of Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, England to the north of the city centre Findus UK is based in Longbenton. Findus is a company that produces and retails Frozen food. Its products include Crispy Pancakes, which were an innovative food product invented in the early 1970s Longbenton is an incorporated town in North Tyneside, England. Nestlé have a chocolate factory in Fawdon. Nestlé is a multinational packaged food company founded and headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland Fawdon is a electoral ward of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. It is close to the A1 western bypass The MetroCentre, the largest shopping centre in Europe, is in Dunston. MetroCentre is the second most visited shopping centre in the UK attracting 24 million visitor a year In terms of retail area it's regarded as the largest Mall in the Dunston was originally an independent village on the south bank of the River Tyne. Before 2000 the Government Offices in Longbenton had a 1 mile long corridor which went all along the outside of the buildings, since then the whole place has changed with new buildings being built.

Education

Secondary education

The North East education system consists of largely comprehensive schools but with a number of private and independent schools found in Newcastle, Sunderland, Durham, Stockton and Northumberland in particular. A comprehensive school is a Secondary school and State school for children from the age of 11 to at least 16 that does not select children on the basis of academic At GCSE level, the region performs similar to other largely urban areas although generally results are below the national average. The General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE) is the name of an academic qualification awarded in a specified subject generally taken in a number of subjects by Middlesbrough performs the worst with average results significantly below the national average for England, followed closely by Newcastle and Sunderland. Both Northumberland and North Tyneside perform above average, with Northumberland the best. St Thomas More R. C. School in North Shields (a voluntary funded Roman Catholic specialist technology college) and Emmanuel College (a selective independent state school) are two of the best performing schools in Gateshead. Other well performing schools in the region include Gateshead High School for Girls, Westfield School in Newcastle, Park View Community School in Chester-le-Street and Lord Lawson of Beamish Community School in Birtley. Westfield Independent day school for girls is a private school in Gosforth in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, for girls from the age of 3 through to 18 For schools of a similar name see Park View School. Park View Community School is a Comprehensive school and sixth form in Chester-le-Street, Chester-le-Street is the main town in the Chester-le-Street district of County Durham, England. Lord Lawson of Beamish Community School is a Comprehensive school in the town of Birtley in the Gateshead area of Tyne and Wear Birtley can refer to several villages in England Birtley Herefordshire Birtley Northumberland Birtley Shropshire

At A-level, local education authorities in the north east are improving at a greater rate than the national average, but produce results substantially below other areas of the England. Sunderland performs the best, followed by Darlington and Redcar and Cleveland. South Tyneside is the worst performing LEAs at A-level in the region.

The independent and private schools in the area perform highly. Central Newcastle High School and Royal Grammar School, Newcastle were both named in the top 100 independent schools nationally in 2006. Central Newcastle High School is an independent all-girls school in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. See Royal Grammar School for the other schools with the name RGS Other well-performing private schools include Durham School, Sunderland High School and Grindon Hall Christian School (Sunderland). Durham School is an independent British day and boarding school for girls and boys (age 3-18 in Durham. Sunderland High School is a Junior school and Senior school in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England. The private schools out-perform the state schools.

The region's top nine state schools, based on A-level results for 2006, are:

Tertiary education

At the higher education level the North East contains a number of internationally acclaimed universities. Longbenton Community College is a large secondary school in Benton, North Tyneside. Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects These include the University of Durham, the third oldest university in England; Newcastle University, a member of the Russel Group and the newer universities of Northumbria University, University of Sunderland and the University of Teesside. Durham University is a University in Durham, England. It was founded as the University of Durham (which remains its official and legal name Newcastle University is a leading research intensive University located in Newcastle upon Tyne in the north-east of England. The Russell Group is a collaboration of twenty UK universities that receive two-thirds of universities' research grant and contract funding in the United Kingdom Northumbria University is a modern university located in Newcastle upon Tyne in North East England. The University of Sunderland is located in Sunderland, North East England. The University of Teesside, based in Middlesbrough, UK, has a student body of 22387 students as of 2007

Local media

Local media include:

Reference line notes

  1. ^ C.Michael Hogan (2007) Hadrian's Wall, ed. A. Burnham, The Megalithic Portal
  2. ^ Stephen Johnson (2004) Hadrian's Wall, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc, 128 pages, ISBN 0713488409
  3. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3984387.stm

External links

Dictionary

North East England

-proper noun

  1. (from 1994) An official region of England (one of nine), within the United Kingdom.
    Comprises Northumberland, Tyne and Wear and County Durham as well as a small part of North Yorkshire.
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