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North Borneo was an independent state and British protectorate under the sovereign British North Borneo Company from 1882-1946, and subsequently a crown colony of the United Kingdom from 1946-1963. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The British North Borneo dollar was the Currency of British North Borneo from 1882 to 1953 The Malaya and British Borneo dollar (known as the ringgit in Malay, Jawi:ريڠڬيت was the Currency of Malaya, Singapore A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect The British North Borneo Company or North Borneo Chartered Company was a chartered company assigned to administer North Borneo (today's Sabah in Malaysia The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located It is located on the northeastern end of the island of Borneo. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. It is now the state of Sabah, East Malaysia. Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. East Malaysia consists of the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, located on the island of Borneo to the east across the South
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History
State of North Borneo
In 1865, the United States Consul to Brunei, Charles Lee Moses, obtained a 10-year lease for the territory of North Borneo from the Sultan of Brunei. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings However, the post-Civil War United States wanted nothing to do with Asian colonies, so Moses sold his rights to the Hong Kong-based American Trading Company of Borneo owned by Joseph William Torrey, Thomas Bradley Harris, Tat Cheong and possibly other Chinese merchants. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Torrey began a settlement at the Kimanis River mouth, which he named Ellena. Kimanis is a town and also a parliamentary constituency in the West Coast Division of Sabah, Malaysia. Attempts to find financial backing for the settlement were futile, and disease, death and desertion by the immigrant labourers led to the abandonment of the settlement towards the end of 1866.
With the imminent termination of the lease at hand in January 1875, Torrey managed to sell his rights to the Consul of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in Hong Kong, Baron Von Overbeck. Baron is a specific Title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin (liber Von Overbeck managed to get a 10-year renewal of the lease from the Temenggong of Brunei, and a similar treaty from the Sultan of Sulu on January 22, 1878. Temenggung or Temenggong is an ancient Malay title of nobility usually given to the chief of public security For the Star Trek character see Hikaru Sulu. For the sultanate see Sultanate of Sulu. To finance his plans for North Borneo, Overbeck found financial backing from the Dent brothers (Alfred and Edward). However, he was unable to interest his government in the territory. After efforts to sell the territory to Italy for use as a penal colony, Von Overbeck withdrew in 1880, leaving Alfred Dent in control. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A penal colony is a Settlement used to detain Prisoners and generally use them for Penal labour in an economically underdeveloped part of the state's Dent was supported by Sir Rutherford Alcock, and Admiral Sir Harry Keppel. Sir Rutherford Alcock, KCB ( 1809 - 2 November, 1897) was the first British diplomatic representative in Japan Admiral of the Fleet Sir Henry Keppel, GCB, OM ( 14 June 1809 &ndash 17 January 1904) was a British
In July 1881, Alfred Dent and his brother formed the British North Borneo Provisional Association Ltd and obtained an official Royal Charter November 1 the same year. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A Royal Charter is a Charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy council to legitimize an incorporated body such as a city company In May 1882, the British North Borneo Chartered Company replaced the Provisional Association. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sir Rutherford Alcock became the first President, and Alfred Dent became Managing Director. Managing director is the term used for the Chief executive of many limited companies in the United Kingdom, Commonwealth and some other English In spite of some diplomatic protests by the Dutch, Spanish and Sarawak governments, the British North Borneo Company proceeded to organize settlement and administration of the territory. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. The British North Borneo Company or North Borneo Chartered Company was a chartered company assigned to administer North Borneo (today's Sabah in Malaysia Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. The company subsequently acquired further sovereign and territorial rights from the sultan of Brunei, expanding the territory under control to the Putatan river (May 1884), the Padas district (November 1884), the Kawang river (February 1885), the Mantanani islands (April 1885), and additional minor Padas territories (March 1898). The Sultan of Brunei is the Head of state of Brunei. The royal lineage can be traced back to the 15th century
The Company established a foundation for economic growth in North Borneo by restoring peace to a land where piracy and tribal feuds had grown rampant. Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering It abolished slavery and set up transport, health and education services for the people. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Chinese immigrants were wooed to boost the small population of less than 100,000. Through the combined effort of the locals and immigrants, towns, farms, a timber industry, tobacco and rubber plantations began to thrive. Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana.
Protectorate of Britain
In 1888, North Borneo became a protectorate of Great Britain , but its administration remained entirely in the hands of the British North Borneo Company, with the crown reserving only control of foreign relations. South East Asia whose strategic sea-lane position brought trade and foreign influences that fundamentally influenced its history Prehistoric Malaysia may be traced back as far as 60000 years ago from stone tools found at Kota Tampan, an archaeological site in Lenggong Perak Gangga Negara is believed to be a lost Hindu kingdom mentioned in the Malay Annals that covered present day Beruas, Dinding and Manjung Langkasuka (- langkha Sanskrit for "resplendent land" - sukkha of "bliss" was an ancient Hindu Malay kingdom located Pan Pan is a lost small Hindu Kingdom believed to have existed around 3rd-7th Century CE Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. The Sultanate of Kedah was the earliest Sultanate in the Malay Peninsula and arguably the earliest in Southeast Asia founded in year 1136 The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. For the province see Sulu. The Sultanate of Sulu was a Muslim State that ruled over many of the islands of the This article concerns the Sultanate of Johor For office of the sultan see Sultan of Johor. Jementah Civil War happened in 1879 in Jementah, Sultanate of Johor when Tengku Alam the heir of Sultan Ali of Muar refused to give the Portuguese Malacca was the territory of Malacca that for more than a century was a Portuguese colony. Dutch Malacca (1641 - 1824 was the longest period of Malacca under foreign control The Kingdom of Sarawak was a state established by Sir James Brooke in 1842 by gaining independence from the Sultanate of Brunei. British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century History The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 designed to solve many of the issues that had arisen due to the British occupation of Dutch properties during the Napoleonic Wars, as The Burney Treaty was a treaty signed between Siam and the British in 1826 The Straits Settlements were a collection of territories of the British East India Company in Southeast Asia, which were given collective administration in 1826 Larut War was a series of four wars started in July 1861 and ended with the signing of the Pangkor Treaty of 1874. The Klang War or Selangor Civil War took place in the Malay state of Selangor and was fought between Raja Abdullah bin Raja Jaafar, the administrator The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was a treaty signed between the British and the Sultan of Perak. This article is not to be confused with the Unfederated Malay States. This article should not be confused with the Federated Malay States. The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 or Bangkok Treaty of 1909 was a Treaty between the United Kingdom and Thailand signed on March 10[[ The Battle of Penang occurred on 28 October 1914, during World War I. Mat Salleh Rebellion was a series of major disturbances in North Borneo, now Malaysian state of Sabah, from 1894 to 1900 Throughout much of World War II, British Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak were under Japanese occupation. The Battle of Malaya was a campaign fought by Allied and Japanese forces in Malaya, from December 8 1941 to January 31 On January 23, 1942, the Parit Sulong Massacre was committed against Allied soldiers by members of the Imperial Guards Division The Battle of Muar was the last major battle of the Malayan campaign. The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold Saiburi (SriBuri Thai: ไทรบุรี is the name for the Malay state of Kedah returned to Thailand when the Japanese occupied British The Battle of North Borneo was fought in June-August 1945 between Australian and Japanese forces in North Borneo (later known as Sabah) The Sandakan Death Marches were a series of forced marches from Sandakan to Ranau which resulted in the deaths of more than 3600 Indonesian The Malayan Union was a federation of the Malay states and the Straits Settlements excluding Singapore. The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British The Malayan Emergency was a State of emergency declared by the British colonial government of Malaya in 1948 and lifted in 1960 as well as an insurrection and Bukit Kepong Incident was an armed encounter which took place on February 23, 1950 between the police and the Malayan Communists in pre-independence Hari Merdeka ( Independence Day) is a national day of Malaysia commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya from British colonial For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Operation Coldstore (sometimes spelled Operation Cold Store) was a security operation conducted by the Government of Singapore in February 1963 in which The Brunei Revolt broke out on December 8, 1962 and was led by Yassin Affandi and his armed rebels On 16 September 1963, Singapore joined the Federation of Malaya together with Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia The 1964 Race Riots were a series of Riots that took place in Singapore during two separate periods in July and September between Chinese and Malay The Communist Insurgency War, or Second Malayan Emergency was an Insurgency and guerrilla war, conducted by the Malayan Communist Party For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The May 13 Incident is a term for the Sino - Malay Race riots in Kuala Lumpur (then part of the state of Selangor For the Soviet New Economic Policy see New Economic Policy. The Malaysian New Economic Policy ( NEP or DEB for Dasar Operation Lalang ( Weeding Operation; also referred to as Ops Lalang) was carried out on October 27, 1987 by the Malaysian The 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis was a series of events that began with United Malays National Organisation (UMNO general election in 1987 and ended with the suspension The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of Financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown ( Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The British North Borneo Company or North Borneo Chartered Company was a chartered company assigned to administer North Borneo (today's Sabah in Malaysia
From 1890-1905 the British government placed the colony of Labuan under the administration of North Borneo. Labuan is the main island of the Malaysian Federal Territory of Labuan.
The Company's rule in North Borneo had great impact on the development of the region. Although was generally peaceful, the local population occasionally resented the imposition of taxes and the loss of land to European plantations. The most serious resistance was the Mat Salleh (Mahomet Saleh) War from 1894-1900, and the Rundum Uprising by the Murut in 1915. Mat Salleh Rebellion was a series of major disturbances in North Borneo, now Malaysian state of Sabah, from 1894 to 1900 The Murut are an indigenous Ethnic group inhabiting northern inland regions of Borneo.
The Chartered Company's system of administration was based on standard British colonial administration structures, with the land divided into Residencies, and sub-divided into Districts. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Initially, there were only two Residencies: East Coast and West Coast, with Residents based at Sandakan and Jesselton respectively. Sandakan is the second-largest city in Sabah, East Malaysia, on the north-eastern coast of Borneo. Kota Kinabalu (ˈkɔtɑ kɪnɑbɑlʊ formerly known as Jesselton, is the capital of Sabah, a state in Malaysia, as well as the capital of the West Each Residency was divided into Provinces, later known as Districts, which were run by District Officers. By 1922, there were five Residencies to accommodate new areas that were opened up for development. These were the West Coast, Kudat, Tawau, Interior and East Coast Residencies. Kudat is a town in Sabah, east Malaysia, on the northern tip of Borneo island Tawau is the administrative center of Tawau Division and the third largest town of Sabah after Kota Kinabalu and Sandakan. These Residencies were in turn divided into 17 Districts.
Under this system, British held top posts, while native chiefs managed the people at grassroots level. This was not a conscious attempt by the British to instil indirect rule but a convenient arrangement for the District Officers who were unfamiliar with local customs and politics. Indirect rule is a type of European colonial Policy in which the traditional local power structure or at least part of it is incorporated into the colonial administrative structure
The British North Borneo Company effectively ruled until January 1, 1942. Japanese forces occupied Sabah from 1942-1945. Throughout much of World War II, British Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak were under Japanese occupation. The North Borneo Armed Constabulary with only 650 men hardly provided any resistance to slow down the Japanese invasion. During Japanese military occupation, the Europeans were interned, public services ceased to exist, and there were widespread poverty, disease and malnutrition. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Public services is a term usually used to mean services provided by Government to its Citizens, either directly (through the Public sector) or Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet.
In June 1945 the Australian 9th Division landed in Brunei and liberated much of North Borneo before the end of the war. The 9th Division of the Australian Army was formed to serve in World War II, as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (AIF North Borneo was placed under British Military Administration until restoration of civil government on July 15, 1946. The Armed forces of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majesty's Armed Forces, and sometimes legally the Armed Forces
Crown Colony of British North Borneo
The British North Borneo Company did not have the financial resources to reconstruct North Borneo after the destruction of World War II. The British North Borneo Company or North Borneo Chartered Company was a chartered company assigned to administer North Borneo (today's Sabah in Malaysia World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The major towns had been razed to the ground by allied bombing, and the infrastructure of North Borneo was in total devastation. Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids The British North Borneo Company decided to sell its interests to the British government. The territory was placed under control of the colonial office, and became a British crown colony on July 15, 1946 together with islands of Labuan. The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom Labuan is the main island of the Malaysian Federal Territory of Labuan. The destruction of the former capital Sandakan was so complete that Jesselton was chosen as the new post-war capital. Sandakan is the second-largest city in Sabah, East Malaysia, on the north-eastern coast of Borneo. Kota Kinabalu (ˈkɔtɑ kɪnɑbɑlʊ formerly known as Jesselton, is the capital of Sabah, a state in Malaysia, as well as the capital of the West The colonial system of administration was in most ways similar rule during the Company era, retaining the same Residency and District structure; however, as a result of this change in status, North Borneo had access to British government funds for reconstruction.
A Governor and Commander-in-Chief was appointed to administer the colony of North Borneo with the assistance of an Advisory Council consisting of three ex-officio members: a Chief Secretary, the Attorney-General, and the Financial Secretary, together with other members both official and unofficial whom the Governor chose to appoint. The Governor of the Crown Colony of British North Borneo was an appointed position A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces A B The Chief Secretary is the title of a senior civil servant in members of the Commonwealth of Nations, and historically in the British Empire. In most Common law jurisdictions the Attorney General, or Attorney-General, is the main legal advisor to the government and in some jurisdictions may in addition In 1950, the Advisory Council was replaced by the Executive and Legislative Councils.
The Executive Council functioned as a Cabinet and was headed by the Chief Secretary. In addition to the Attorney General and the Financial Secretary, it consisted of two officials and four nominated members. The Governor presided at the Executive Council meetings and he alone was entitled to submit questions to the Council.
The Legislative Council consisted of the Governor as President, the usual three ex-officio members, nine official members and ten nominated members.
The high-ranking administrative posts continued to be held by the British, and in fact, it was only in 1957 that the first non-European filled an administrative officer's post.
British North Borneo was granted self-government on August 31, 1963. A little over two weeks later, on September 16, 1963, the state united with Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore, forming the Federation of Malaysia. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. Singapore For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and
Postage stamps
Initially, mail from North Borneo was sent via Labuan or Singapore, using postage stamps of the Straits Settlements. Mail, or post, is a method for transmitting information and tangible objects wherein written Documents typically enclosed in Envelopes and also Singapore A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services The Straits Settlements were a collection of territories of the British East India Company in Southeast Asia, which were given collective administration in 1826 The company issued its own stamps in March 1883, using a design incorporating the coat of arms (a dhow and a lion), inscribed "NORTH BORNEO", and with the value written in English, Arabic, and Chinese. Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people A dhow ( Arabic, دهو) is a traditional Arab sailing vessel with one or more Lateen Sails They are primarily used along The lion ( Panthera leo) is a member of the family Felidae and one of four Big cats in the Genus Panthera. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Initial values included 2c, 4c, and 8c, followed by large 50c and $1 stamps of a more elaborate design with the arms flanked by two natives.
In 1886 1/2c, 1c, and 10c values were added, and there was a demand for 3c and 5c stamps, resolved by overprinting existing types. Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common An overprint is the addition of text (and sometimes graphics to the face of a Postage stamp after it has been printed (although some overprints are solely in the Selvedge At the same time, the printers (Blades, East, and Blades of London) produced a new design, largely the same but inscribed "BRITISH NORTH BORNEO", and joined by 25c and $2 values, also with elaborate frames. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The stamps were redesigned again in 1888, to say "POSTAGE & REVENUE" instead of just "POSTAGE", at which time the 25c to $2 values also received minor changes. Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a These were followed up in 1889 by even larger and more elaborate $5 and $10 stamps. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Shortages in 1890, 1891, and 1892 necessitated more surcharges. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year
In 1894, the protectorate issued a new definitive series engraved by Waterlow and Sons, comprising nine pictorials featuring natives plants, animals, and scenes, and inscribed "STATE OF NORTH BORNEO". Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A definitive Postage stamp is a Regular issue stamp that is part of a definitive issue or definitive series consisting of a range of denominations Artur Virgílio Alves dos Reis (b in Lisbon September 3 1898 - July 1955 was a Portuguese criminal who perpetrated one of the largest Frauds in history
See also
The status of the territory of Sabah, previously known as North Borneo, is currently disputed between Malaysia and the Philippines. The British North Borneo dollar was the Currency of British North Borneo from 1882 to 1953 The Malaya and British Borneo dollar (known as the ringgit in Malay, Jawi:ريڠڬيت was the Currency of Malaya, SingaporeDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic