Nortel Networks Corporation
Type	Public TSX: NT NYSE: NT
Founded	Montreal, Quebec (1895)
Headquarters	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Key people	Mike Zafirovski, Vice Chairman, CEO & COO CTO: John Roese
Industry	Telecommunications, Networking
Products	See [1]
Revenue	▲$11. A public company usually refers to a company that is permitted to offer its registered securities ( Stock, bonds, etc The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Mike S Zafirovski (b circa 1954 Skopje, Yugoslavia, present-day the Republic of Macedonia) is a Macedonian - American businessman A chief executive officer ( CEO) or chief executive is typically the highest-ranking corporate officer ( executive) or administrator A chief operating officer or chief operations officer ( COO) is a Corporate officer responsible for managing the day-to-day activities of the Corporation A chief technical officer or chief technology officer (abbreviated as CTO) is an executive position whose holder is focused on scientific and technical issues within For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" In Marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a Market that might satisfy a want or need In business revenue or revenues is Income that a company receives from its normal business activities usually from the sale of goods and services 42 billion USD
Employees	32,550 (February 2008)
Website	www.nortel.com

Nortel Networks Corporation (TSX: NT NYSE: NT), formerly known as Northern Telecom Limited and sometimes known simply as Nortel, is a multinational telecommunications equipment manufacturer headquartered in Toronto, Canada. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City. Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Independence from Western Electric 1.3 Northern Telecom and "Digital World" 1.4 Deregulation and the optical boom 1.5 After the Internet bubble 1.6 Mike Zafirovski as CEO 2 Corporate information 2.1 Business structure 2.2 Headquarters 2.3 Global worksites, partners, and customers 2.4 Products and customers 2.5 Corporate governance 3 Accounting scandal 3.1 Settling of litigation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

History

Origins

In 1895, Bell Telephone Company of Canada decided to spin off its manufacturing arm to build phones for sale to other companies as well as other devices such as fire alarm boxes and street call boxes for police and fire departments. Bell Canada, commonly shortened to "Bell" is a major Canadian Telecommunications company An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion A police box was in 20th century Britain, a special type of Telephone kiosk or Callbox for use by members of the Police, or for Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force Firefighters are rescuers extensively trained primarily to put out hazardous Fires that threaten civilian populations and property to rescue people from car accidents collapsed This company was incorporated as the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Limited. In 1900, the new company began manufacturing the first wind-up gramophones that played flat discs. The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded Sound from the 1870s through the 1980s A gramophone In 1913, the company's headquarters and main factory was built in Montreal. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec ^[1] In 1914, the company merged with Imperial Cable to form Northern Electric, co-owned by Bell Canada and the U.S. company Western Electric. Bell Canada, commonly shortened to "Bell" is a major Canadian Telecommunications company The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Western Electric Company (sometimes abbreviated WE and WECo) was an American Electrical engineering company the manufacturing arm ^[1] By the end of World War I, Northern Electric had become a major distributor of Western Electric appliances across Canada. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

In 1922, Northern Electric started manufacturing radios. In 1928, it produced the first talking movie sound system in the British Empire for a theatre in Montreal. A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image as opposed to a Silent film. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power.

Independence from Western Electric

In 1949, an antitrust suit in the U. S. forced AT&T/Western Electric to sell its stake in Northern Electric to Bell Canada. Before proposing a merge request please see Talk and see if the merger you propose has recently been made and Deprived of its Western Electric tie, Northern began developing its own products. In 1953, Northern Electric produced its first television sets using tubes made by RCA. The cathode ray tube (CRT is a Vacuum tube containing an Electron gun (a source of electrons and a Fluorescent screen with internal or RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986 ^[2] Bell Canada acquired 100 percent of Northern Electric in 1964; through public stock offerings starting in 1973, Bell's ownership of Northern Electric and its successors would be reduced, though it continued to have majority control.

In 1966, the Northern Electric research lab, Northern Electric Laboratories (the predecessor to Bell-Northern Research), started looking into the possibilities of fiber optic cable, and in 1969, began work on digitizing telephone communications. Bell-Northern Research ( BNR) was one of the world's premier Research and development organizations in Telecommunications, jointly owned by Bell Canada An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length Also in 1969, Northern began making inroads into the U. S. market with its switching systems. In 1972, it opened its first factory in the U. S. in Michigan. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. In 1975, Northern began shipping its first digital switching systems, one of the earliest such systems to be sold. A digital system uses discrete (discontinuous values usually but not always Symbolized Numerically (hence called "digital" to represent information for

Northern Telecom and "Digital World"

In 1976, the company name was changed to Northern Telecom Limited, and management announced its intention to concentrate the company's efforts on digital technology.

Digital World was Northern Telecom’s daring declaration, made public by a three-page advertisement that appeared in major trade publications in 1976, that digital technology was the key to the future. It was the first to announce, and to deliver, one year ahead of schedule, a complete line of fully digital telecommunications products. The most well-known of that Digital World product family, the DMS-100, a fully digital central office switch serving as many as 100,000 lines, was a key contributor to the company’s revenue for close to 15 years. The DMS-100 Switch is the biggest seller of a line of Digital Multiplex System (DMS Telephone exchange switches manufactured by Nortel Networks.

In 1977, Nortel introduced its DMS line of digital central office telephone switches, providing explosive growth for the company, especially after the AT&T breakup in 1984. Before proposing a merge request please see Talk and see if the merger you propose has recently been made and Northern Telecom became the first non-Japanese supplier to Nippon Telegraph and Telephone, and the company took advantage of opportunities in Europe and China. commonly known as NTT, is a telephone company that dominates the Telecommunication market in Japan.

Deregulation and the optical boom

In 1983, due to deregulation, Bell Canada Enterprises (later shortened to BCE) was formed as the parent company to Bell Canada and Northern Telecom. Bell Canada, commonly shortened to "Bell" is a major Canadian Telecommunications company Bell-Northern Research was jointly owned 50-50 by Bell Canada and Northern Telecom. Bell-Northern Research ( BNR) was one of the world's premier Research and development organizations in Telecommunications, jointly owned by Bell Canada The combined three companies were referred to as the tricorporate. ^[3][4][5]

As Nortel, the streamlined identity it adopted for its 100-year anniversary in 1995, the company set out to dominate the burgeoning global market for public and private networks. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones The public switched telephone network ( PSTN) is the network of the world's public circuit-switched Telephone networks in much the same way that the

In 1998, with the acquisition of Bay Networks, the company's name was changed to Nortel Networks to emphasize its ability to provide complete solutions for multiprotocol, multiservice, global networking over the Internet and other communications networks. Bay Networks was a network hardware vendor formed through the merger of Santa Clara California based SynOptics Communications and Billerica Massachusetts The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks As a consequence of the stock transaction used to purchase Bay Networks, BCE ceased to be the majority shareholder of Nortel. In 2000, BCE spun-out Nortel, distributing its holdings of Nortel to its shareholders. Spin out refers to a type of Spin off where a company "splits off" sections of itself as a separate business Bell-Northern Research was gradually absorbed into Nortel, as it first acquired a majority share in BNR, and eventually acquired the entire company.

After the Internet bubble

In the late 1990s, stock market speculators, hoping that Nortel would reap increasingly lucrative profits from the sale of fibre optic network gear, began pushing up the price of the company's shares to unheard-of levels despite the company's repeated failure to turn a profit. Speculation, in a financial context is making an investment that increases the overall risk in a portfolio Under the leadership of CEO John Roth, sales of optical equipment had been robust in the late 1990s, but the market was soon saturated. John Roth, is the former Chief Executive Officer ( CEO) of Nortel. When the speculative telecom bubble of the late 1990s reached its pinnacle, Nortel was to become one of the most spectacular casualties.

At its height, Nortel accounted for more than a third of the total valuation of all the companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX). Nortel's market capitalization fell from C$398 billion in September 2000 to less than $5 billion in August 2002. Nortel's stock price plunged from C$124 to $0. 47. When Nortel's stock crashed, it took with it a wide swath of Canadian investors and pension funds, and left 60,000 Nortel employees unemployed. A stock market crash is a sudden dramatic decline of Stock prices across a significant cross-section of a Stock market. A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity.

CEO John Roth retired under controversy to be succeeded by former CFO Frank Dunn. John Roth, is the former Chief Executive Officer ( CEO) of Nortel. Frank A Dunn is a Canadian business executive who was the Chief Executive Officer of Nortel Networks. Despite some initial perceived success in turning the company around, he was fired for cause in 2004 after being accused of financial mismanagement. Financial mismanagement is Management that deliberately or not is handled in a way that can be characterised as "wrong bad careless inefficient or incompetent" Dunn and other former Nortel Officers, have been accused of engaging in accounting fraud by the SEC (for more information, refer to "Accounting scandal"). The US Securities and Exchange Commission (commonly known as the SEC) is an independent agency of the United States government which holds primary responsibility ^[6]

Retired United States Admiral Bill Owens was hired as the CEO to replace Dunn. William A "Bill" Owens ( May 8, 1940 &ndash was an Admiral in the United States Navy and later Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs In late 2004, Nortel Networks returned to using the Nortel name for branding purposes only (the official company name was not changed).

Nortel acquired PEC Solutions in June, 2005, renaming it Nortel Government Solutions Incorporated or NGS. Nortel Government Solutions Inc (NGS is an American company based in Fairfax Virginia. The wholly-owned subsidiary provides information technology and telecommunications services to a variety of government agencies and departments. ^[7]

On August 17, 2005, LG Electronics and Nortel signed an agreement to form a joint venture to offer telecom and networking solutions in the wireline, optical, wireless and enterprise areas for South Korean and global customers. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. LG Electronics () is a South Korean Multinational corporation. A joint venture (often abbreviated JV) is an entity formed between two or more parties to undertake economic activity together South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Nortel owns 50 percent plus one share in the joint venture.

Mike Zafirovski as CEO

Mike S. Zafirovski replaced Owens as president and CEO on November 15, 2005. Mike S Zafirovski (b circa 1954 Skopje, Yugoslavia, present-day the Republic of Macedonia) is a Macedonian - American businessman ^[8]

In February, 2007, Nortel announced its plans to reduce its workforce by 2,000 employees, and to transfer an additional 1,000 jobs to lower-cost job sites. A year later, in February, 2008, Nortel again announced plans to eliminate 2,100 jobs, and to transfer another 1,000 jobs to lower-cost centres. ^[9] As part of the reductions, Nortel announced it would shut down its Calgary campus by 2009. ^[10]

Corporate information

Business structure

As of February, 2008, Nortel employs approximately 32,550 people worldwide, including 6,800 employees in Canada and 11,900 in the United States. ^[9] Nortel operations are divided into the following segments:^{[11] [12]}

• Carrier Networks (CN): Mobility networking solutions, including CDMA, GSM, and UMTS, and carrier networking solutions, both circuit and packet based. Code division multiple access ( CDMA) is a Channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies GSM ( Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for Mobile phones in the
• Enterprise Solutions (ES): Enterprise networking solutions, including circuit and packet based voice, data, security, multimedia messaging and conferencing, and call centres.
• Metro Ethernet Networks (MEN): Optical and metropolitan area networking solutions, for carrier and enterprise customers.
• Global Services (GS): Services in four areas: network implementation, network support, network management, and network applications (including web services).

Headquarters

As of October 25, 2005, the company relocated headquarters from Brampton, Ontario in the Greater Toronto Area to 195 The West Mall in the neighbourhood of Etobicoke in Toronto. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Brampton (pronounced bramton is the third-largest city in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada and the seat of Peel Region. The Greater Toronto Area (locally abbreviated as the GTA) is the most populous Metropolitan area in Canada. ^[13] The Brampton offices were sold to media-telecom giant Rogers Communications for C$100 million. Rogers Communications Inc (,) is one of Canada's largest communications companies particularly in the field of wireless communications and Cable television, with additional The company has other key locations across Canada including its R&D headquarters in Ottawa. The phrase research and development (also R and D or more often R&D) according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality.

Global worksites, partners, and customers

The companies expanded into the U. S. in 1971. Today there are employees in over 100 locations in the U. S. with R&D, software engineering, and sales centers in many states including California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Texas, and Virginia. The phrase research and development (also R and D or more often R&D) according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers Software engineering is the application of a systematic disciplined quantifiable approach to the development operation and maintenance of Software. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Nortel's primary R&D centres in Canada are located in Ottawa (Nortel's R&D headquarters), Montreal, Belleville, and Calgary. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Belleville ( 2006 population 48821 metropolitan population 91518 is a city located at the mouth of the Moira River on the Bay of Quinte in southeastern Calgary (ˈkælgəriː is the largest city in the Province of Alberta, Canada In the United States, Nortel's major R&D sites are in Research Triangle Park (North Carolina), Richardson (Texas), Boston, and Santa Clara. Research Triangle Park ( RTP) is the largest Research park in the United States North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States Richardson is a city in Collin and Dallas Counties in the US state of Texas. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Santa Clara California (ˌsæntəˈklærə founded in 1777 and incorporated in 1852 is a city in Santa Clara County, in the U ^[14]

Nortel has significant presence in Europe, Middle East, Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Nortel delivers network infrastructure and communication services to customers across Asia in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, and Turkey (Nortel owns 53. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Singapore The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches 17% of Nortel Netaş, originally established as a joint venture with Turkish PTT in 1967^[15]). In addition, the company has three joint ventures in the People's Republic of China. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

Products and customers

Nortel makes telecommunications network equipment including optical transmission equipment, wireless, voice, multimedia, and packet networking and associated services. Its service provider customers include large public network carriers (i. e. --telecom providers), including telephone, cellular, and cable operators. Nortel also sells phone systems and related equipment to small, medium and large businesses.

Corporate governance

Current members of the board of directors of Nortel Networks:^[16]

• Harry Jonathan Pearce, Chairman of the Board
• Jalynn H. Bennett, CM
• Dr. Jalynn H Bennett, CM (born 1943 is a Canadian consultant and corporate director. Manfred Bischoff
• Hon. James B. Hunt, Jr.
• Kristina Johnson
• Hon. John P. Manley
• John Alan MacNaughton
• Richard David McCormick
• Claude Mongeau
• John D. Watson
• Mike Zafirovski, President & CEO

Former members of the board of directors of the company include:^[16]

• Robert Ellis Brown
• John Cleghorn
• Robert Alexander Ingram
• James Blanchard
• Yves Fortier
• Guylaine Saucier
• Sherwood Smith
• Lynton "Red" Wilson, former Chairman of the Board

Accounting scandal

Nortel shares soared in the late 1990s and collapsed in 2002 along with the technology bubble. Mike S Zafirovski (b circa 1954 Skopje, Yugoslavia, present-day the Republic of Macedonia) is a Macedonian - American businessman John Edward Cleghorn, OC (born July 7, 1941) is a Canadian businessman and former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Royal Bank of Canada James Johnston Blanchard (b August 8 1942, Detroit Michigan) is a Politician from the U Yves Fortier may refer to Yves Fortier (geologist (born 1914 former head of the Geological Survey of Canada Yves Fortier (lawyer (born The " dot-com bubble " (or sometimes the " IT bubble " was a speculative bubble covering roughly 1995–2001 (with a climax on March 10 Nortel then reported a return to profitability in early 2003, following a promise to do so by former Chief Executive Frank Dunn. Frank A Dunn is a Canadian business executive who was the Chief Executive Officer of Nortel Networks.

In late October 2003, Nortel announced that it intended to restate approximately $900M of liabilities carried on its previously reported balance sheet as of June 30, 2003, following a comprehensive internal review of these liabilities (“First Restatement”). Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Company stated that the principal effects of the restatement would be a reduction in previously reported net losses for 2000, 2001, and 2002 and an increase in shareholders’ equity and net assets previously reported on its balance sheet.

Nortel unveiled details of additional accounting errors involving billions of dollars and said that a dozen of the company's most senior executives would take the unusual step of returning $8. 6 million, millions of dollars of bonuses they were paid based on the erroneous accounting.

At Nortel, investigators ultimately found about $3 billion in revenue had been booked improperly in 1998, 1999, and 2000. More than $2 billion was moved into later years, about $750 million was pushed forward beyond 2003, and about $250 million was wiped away completely.

Five directors stepped down. Nortel's board has faced criticism for allowing the company's accounting fiasco to go on and approving the bonus plans, but none of the five directors were accused of wrongdoing in a company investigation.

This accounting controversy eventually led to the departure of ten Nortel executives in 2004.

Nortel filed with regulators its financial statements for 2003 and restated, for the second time, its results from earlier years. Securities regulators, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the U. The US Securities and Exchange Commission (commonly known as the SEC) is an independent agency of the United States government which holds primary responsibility S. Attorney's office were conducting probes during this same period.

Settling of litigation

In 2007, the Securities and Exchange Commission filed civil fraud charges in the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against Nortel Networks Corporation and its principal operating subsidiary Nortel Networks Limited (Nortel) alleging that Nortel engaged in accounting fraud from 2000 through 2003 to close gaps between its true performance, its internal targets and Wall Street expectations.

Without admitting or denying the Commission's charges, Nortel agreed to settle the Commission's action by consenting to be permanently enjoined from violating the antifraud, reporting, books and records and internal control provisions of the federal securities laws - namely, Section 17(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, Sections 10(b), 13(a), 13(b)(2)(A), 13(b)(2)(B) and 13(b)(5) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and Exchange Act Rules 10b-5, 12b-20, 13a-1 and 13a-13. Nortel also has agreed to pay a $35 million civil penalty, which the Commission will seek to place in a Fair Fund for distribution to affected shareholders, and to report periodically to the Commission's staff on its progress in implementing remedial measures and resolving an outstanding material weakness over its revenue recognition procedures. ^[17]

See also

• 1-Meg Modem
• Nortel Government Solutions
• Bell-Northern Research
• Multiservice Switch
• Passport Carrier Release
• Nortel Baystack
• List of Nortel Products and Protocols
• Canadian Industrial Research and Development Organizations

References

• Nortel Networks, Larry Macdonald, John Wiley & Sons, 2000. Nortel Government Solutions Inc (NGS is an American company based in Fairfax Virginia. Bell-Northern Research ( BNR) was one of the world's premier Research and development organizations in Telecommunications, jointly owned by Bell Canada Multiservice Switch or MSS is a Nortel line of Routers historically called Passport designed for carrier core and edge routing Passport Carrier Release (PCR is a version of the Nortel Passport Switch (now Multiservice Switch software designed to run in telecommunications carrier environments List of Nortel Products and Protocols Products Application Switching & Optimization Application Accelerator 610 Application Accelerator Expenditures by Canadian corporations on research and development accounted for about 50% of all spending on scientific research and development in Canada in 2007 ISBN 0-471-64542-7

External links

• Nortel – Company website.
• Innovative Communications Alliance (Nortel – Microsoft)
• People at Nortel Networks (LinkedIn)
• Nortel News – Corporate news from Nortel.
• Nortel background article by the CBC
• comp.dcom.sys.nortel - Usenet group on Nortel telecommunications products and systems. Usenet, a Portmanteau of "user" and "network" is a world-wide distributed Internet discussion system
• Digital World - Canada's Telecommunications Hall of Fame honours Nortel for its Digital World initiative. Background, photos and video.
• PCWorld.ca feature on Nortel's history of innovation

Business data

• Nortel at Google Finance
• Nortel at Yahoo Finance
• Nortel at Hoover's
• Nortel at Reuters
• Nortel SEC filings at EDGAR Online
• Nortel SEC filings at the Securities and Exchange Commission

Google Finance is a website launched on March 21, 2006 by Google. Hoover's Inc is a business research company that has provided information on U This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson An SEC filing is a Financial statement or other formal document submitted to the U EDGAR, the Electronic Data-Gathering Analysis and Retrieval system performs automated collection validation indexing acceptance and forwarding of submissions by companies An SEC filing is a Financial statement or other formal document submitted to the U The US Securities and Exchange Commission (commonly known as the SEC) is an independent agency of the United States government which holds primary responsibility

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