Norman Normand
Spoken in:	France  Normandy  Guernsey  Jersey  United Kingdom
Region:	Normandy and the Channel Islands
Total speakers:	—
Language family:	Indo-European  Italic   Romance    Italo-Western     Western      Gallo-Iberian       Gallo-Romance        Gallo-Rhaetian         Oïl          Norman
Writing system:	Latin (French variant)
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	roa
ISO 639-3:	roa
Areas where the Norman language is strongest include Jersey, Guernsey, the Cotentin and the Pays de Caux. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. The Bailiwick of Guernsey (Bailliage de Guernesey is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. The Bailiwick of Jersey ( Jèrriais: Jèrri) is a British Crown dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. The Channel Islands ( Norman: Îles d'la Manche, French: Îles Anglo-Normandes or Îles de la Manche) are a group of Islands List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Italic subfamily is a member of the Indo-European language family's Centum branch The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Gallo-Romance languages Gallo-Italic languages Lombard Western Lombard Eastern The Gallo-Romance branch of Romance languages includes French, Occitan, Arpitan, and several other languages spoken in modern France Langues d'oïl is the linguistic and historical designation of the Gallo-Romance languages originating from the northern territories of Roman Gaul, A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The French alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet. It uses the standard 26 letters ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Norman is a Romance language and one of the Oïl languages. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Langues d'oïl is the linguistic and historical designation of the Gallo-Romance languages originating from the northern territories of Roman Gaul, The name Norman-French is sometimes used to describe not only the modern Norman language, but also the administrative languages of Anglo-Norman and Law French used in England. The Anglo-Norman language is a term traditionally used to refer to the variety of French used in England and to some extent elsewhere in the British Isles following the Law French is an archaic language originally based on Old Norman and Anglo-Norman, but increasingly influenced by Parisian French and later English England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

Geographical distribution

Norman is spoken in mainland Normandy in France where it has no official status, but is classed as a regional language. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. There are a number of languages of France. The French language is by far the most widely spoken and the only Official language of France, but several

In the Channel Islands, the Norman language has developed separately, but not in isolation, to form what are recognised as Jèrriais (in Jersey), Guernésiais or Guernsey French (in Guernsey) and Sercquiais (or Sarkese, in Sark). The Channel Islands ( Norman: Îles d'la Manche, French: Îles Anglo-Normandes or Îles de la Manche) are a group of Islands Jèrriais is the form of the Norman language spoken in Jersey, in the Channel Islands, off the coast of France. The Bailiwick of Jersey ( Jèrriais: Jèrri) is a British Crown dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. Guernésiais, also known as Dgèrnésiais, Guernsey French, Guernsey Norman French, is the variety of Norman language spoken in Guernsey The Bailiwick of Guernsey (Bailliage de Guernesey is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. roa Sercquiais also known as Sarkese or Sark-French ( roa Lé Sèrtchais) is the Norman dialect of the Channel Island of Sark Sark (Sercq Sercquiais: Sèr) is a small Island in the southwestern English Channel. Jèrriais and Guernésiais are recognised as regional languages by the British and Irish governments within the framework of the British-Irish Council. A regional language is a Language spoken in an area of a Nation state, whether it be a small area a federal State or Province, or The British-Irish Council ( BIC) (Comhairle na Breataine-na hÉireann is a body created by the Belfast Agreement in 1998 and formally established on 2 December 1999

Sercquiais is in fact a descendant of the 16th century Jèrriais used by the original colonists from Jersey who settled the then uninhabited island.

The last native speakers of Auregnais, the Norman language of Alderney, died during the 20th century, although some rememberers still exist. Auregnais, Aoeur'gnaeux or Aurignais was the Norman dialect of the Channel Island of Alderney ( French: Aurigny Alderney ( French: Aurigny; Auregnais: Aoeur'gny) is the most northerly of the Channel Islands and a British Crown dependency The twentieth century of the Common Era began on In Linguistics, a rememberer is a person who knows individual words or phrases (sometimes entire texts of a dying or dead language, but cannot use the language productively The dialect of Herm also lapsed, at an unknown date. Herm ( Guernésiais: Haerme) is the smallest of the Channel Islands that is open to the public

An isogloss termed the ligne Joret separates the northern and southern dialects of the Norman language (the line is from Granville to the Belgian border). An isogloss is the geographical boundary or delineation of a certain linguistic feature e The Joret line or ligne Joret is an Isogloss used in the linguistics of the Oïl languages. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those There are also dialectal differences between western and eastern dialects.

Three different standardised spellings are used: continental Norman, Jèrriais, and Dgèrnésiais. These represent the different developments and particular literary histories of the varieties of Norman. Norman may therefore be described as a pluricentric language. A pluricentric language is a Language with several standard versions both in spoken and in written forms.

Today, the Norman language is strongest in the less accessible areas of the former Duchy of Normandy: the Channel Islands and the Cotentin Peninsula (Cotentinais) in the west, and the Pays de Caux (Cauchois) in the east. The Duchy of Normandy stems from various Danish, Hiberno-Norse, Orkney Viking and Anglo-Danish ( from the Danelaw) invasions of The Channel Islands ( Norman: Îles d'la Manche, French: Îles Anglo-Normandes or Îles de la Manche) are a group of Islands The Cotentin Peninsula, also known as the Cherbourg Peninsula, is a Peninsula in Normandy, forming part of the north-western coast of France Cotentinais is the Dialect of the Norman language spoken in the Cotentin Peninsula. The Pays de Caux is an area in Normandy occupying the greater part of the French département of Seine Maritime in Haute-Normandie Cauchois (Norman Cauchais) is one of the eastern dialects of the Norman language, spoken in and taking its name from the Pays de Caux region of Ease of access from Paris and the popularity of the coastal resorts of central Normandy, such as Deauville, in the 19th century led to a significant loss of distinctive Norman culture. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city For the motorcycle of the same name see Honda Deauville. Deauville is a commune in the Calvados département The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

The Anglo-Norman dialect of Norman was a language of administration in England following the Norman Conquest. The Anglo-Norman language is a term traditionally used to refer to the variety of French used in England and to some extent elsewhere in the British Isles following the England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland This left a legacy of Law French in the language of English courts (though it was also influenced by Parisian French). Law French is an archaic language originally based on Old Norman and Anglo-Norman, but increasingly influenced by Parisian French and later English In Ireland, Norman remained strongest in the area of south-east Ireland where the Normans invaded in 1169. The term Hiberno-Norman is used of those Norman lords who settled in Ireland, admitting little if any real Fealty to the Anglo-Norman settlers Norman is still in (limited) use for some very formal legal purposes in the UK, such as when the monarch gives Royal Assent to an Act of Parliament. The granting of Royal Assent is the formal method by which a constitutional monarch completes the legislative process of Lawmaking by formally assenting to an An Act of Parliament is a Law enacted as Primary legislation by a national or sub-national Parliament.

Literature

Le Coup d'œil purin is a polemical satire in verse published in Rouen in 1773

Among representative writers of the early Anglo-Norman literary tradition, the Jersey-born poet and chronicler Wace is considered as the founding figure of literature in Jèrriais. WACE (730 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Christian radio format Jèrriais literature is Literature in Jèrriais, the Norman dialect of Jersey in the Channel Islands.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the workers and merchants of Rouen established a tradition of polemical and satirical literature in a form of language called the parler purin. Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital La Fricassée crotestyllonnée of 1552 and La Farce des Quiolards of 1735 are notable texts.

David Ferrand (1589–1660) published La Muse Normande, an anthology of writings in the dialect of the Pays de Caux. The Pays de Caux is an area in Normandy occupying the greater part of the French département of Seine Maritime in Haute-Normandie Pierre Genty (1706–1821) represents the Perche dialect. Year 1706 ( MDCCVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year In Calvados, a text entitled L'agréable conférence de deux normands was published around 1650. The French department of Calvados forms part of the region of Basse-Normandie in Normandy. In 1773 Le Coup d'oeil purin protested against the suppression of the parlement of Rouen. This article is for the Ancien Régime institution For the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution see French Parliament.

Surviving vernacular literature after 1650 in Calvados is sparse, with only a few texts appearing around the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century (authors Bernardin Anquetil 1755–1826 from the Bessin, and Nicolas Lalleman 1764–1814 from Vire). The Bessin is an area in Normandy, France, corresponding to the territory of the Bajocasse tribe of Celts who also gave their name to the city Vire is a commune and the seat of a canton of the Calvados département in the Basse-Normandie region of

At the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th century a new movement arose in the Channel Islands, led by writers such as George Métivier (Guernsey, 1790–1881 — dubbed the Guernsey Burns) and writers from Jersey. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796 (also known as Rabbie Burns, Scotland's favourite son, the Ploughman Poet, the Bard of Ayrshire The independent governments, lack of censorship and diverse social and political milieu of the islands enabled a growth in the publication of vernacular literature — often satirical and political.

Most literature was published in the large number of competing newspapers, which also circulated in the neighbouring Cotentin Peninsula, sparking a literary renaissance on the Norman mainland. The Cotentin Peninsula, also known as the Cherbourg Peninsula, is a Peninsula in Normandy, forming part of the north-western coast of France

The work of Jersey poet Sir Robert Pipon Marett (1820–1884, Bailiff of Jersey) was highly regarded, being quoted in François-Victor Hugo’s La Normandie inconnue. Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Bailiff is the first civil officer in each of the Channel Island Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey, serving as president of the legislature Marett’s work also advanced the standardisation of Jèrriais orthography according to basic principles of the French writing system.

In exile in Jersey and then Guernsey, Victor Hugo took an interest in the vernacular literature, associating himself with island writers and introducing Norman expressions to the wider French-speaking readership. Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist

The boom in insular literature in the early 19th century encouraged production especially in La Hague and around Cherbourg, where Alfred Rossel became active.

Literary production revived in Calvados in the late 19th century, under the influence of Arthur Marye.

The typical medium for literary expression in Norman has traditionally been newspaper columns and almanacs — the topicality and satirical nature is typical of the proverbially deadpan Norman character. Poems, songs and tales often appeared in chapbook form between around 1870–1939. Chapbook is a generic term to cover a particular genre of pocket-sized booklet popular from the sixteenth through to the later part of the nineteenth century The novel Zabeth by André Louis which appeared in 1969 was the first novel published in Norman. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Some works originally published in periodicals have been collected in book form, but the ephemeral nature of the publications in which the bulk of Norman literature appears has led to comparative inaccessibility of much of the oeuvre of important writers. The destruction during the Battle of Normandy of departmental and municipal archives meant the loss of many sources of Norman literature from the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century.

However, the Norman literary tradition places high value on the written text, as opposed to other cultures (for example, neighbouring Gallo and Breton) which have a livelier tradition of oral performance and spontaneous storytelling. Gallo is a regional language of France. Gallo is a Romance language, one of the oïl languages. The Breton language ( Brezhoneg) formerly often called Armoric or Armorican, is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany The song tradition is also much less evident than in neighbouring cultures.

An annual festival of the Norman language brings together enthusiasts and performers from insular and continental Normandy. The festival alternates between the islands and the mainland.

Writers

Literature in Norman is published in magazines, both in mainland Normandy and the Channel Islands, such as Le Pucheux from the Pays de Caux. The Pays de Caux is an area in Normandy occupying the greater part of the French département of Seine Maritime in Haute-Normandie This 2005 issue illustrates language and literature from across the Norman-speaking regions.

Here is a list of significant writers in Norman (and published works) of more recent times (for Channel Island authors, see Jèrriais literature and Dgèrnésiais) :

Alfred Rossel (1841-1926, from Cherbourg)

Author of songs, including the Cotentin anthem Sus la mé

Bon-Prosper Lepesqueur (6 August 1846 – 31 January 1921, from Digulleville)

Wrote under the pseudonyms of Boûnnin Poulidot and P. Jèrriais literature is Literature in Jèrriais, the Norman dialect of Jersey in the Channel Islands. Guernésiais, also known as Dgèrnésiais, Guernsey French, Guernsey Norman French, is the variety of Norman language spoken in Guernsey For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lecacheux. His prose stories appeared regularly in Le Phare de la Manche 1899–1905, and he was also the author of a number of songs published in sheet form in Cherbourg signed P. Lecacheux.

Charles Lemaître (1854–1928, from Saint-Georges-d'Aunay)

Author and performer of monologues, published in sheet form and later collected in volumes Les Joyeux Bocains (1917), Hélas qu'c'est drôle (1924), Eiou qui va lés trachi (1912), Bonnes gens de Normandie

Octave Maillot (1861–1949, from Tinchebray)

One of the less-numerous authors writing in southern Norman (below the ligne Joret), two volumes of his prose stories in Norman were published under the title Contes normands in 1937 and 1948. Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Arnould-Désiré Galopin (9 February 1863 – 9 December 1934, from Marbeuf)

Best known as a prolific author in French of popular fiction: adventure stories, historical novels, travel writing and detective fiction, Galopin also wrote the article Le Patois normand published in Le livre du Millénaire de la Normandie, 911–1911 (Paris 1911) and is known to be responsible for the authorship of a small number of poems in the La Hague dialect of Norman. Arnould Galopin (1865-1934 was a prolific French Writer with more than 50 Novels to his credit Not to be confused with the Dutch city named The Hague. La Hague is a region on the tip of the Cotentin peninsula in Normandy

Louis Beuve (1869–1949, from Quettreville-sur-Sienne)

Poet, follower of Roussel and friend of Frédéric Mistral, co-founder of Le Bouais-Jan with Enault, manager of Le Courrier de la Manche, collection published in 1950 Œuvres choisies

François Enault (1869–1918, from the Cotentin)

Born in Varenguebec 28 May 1869, the eldest of twelve children. Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Quettreville-sur-Sienne is a commune in the French département of Manche. Frédéric Mistral ( September 8, 1830 — March 25, 1914) was a French Poet who led the 19th century revival of Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Went to Paris in 1887 to study for a legal career, but followed his inclination for the visual arts. He became a cartoonist under the pseudonym Mob for a number of publications. In 1900 he drew and wrote for La France Illustrée and, using the pseudonym Jean Frinot, contributed texts in Norman for the Journal de la Manche published in St-Lô. Founder of Le Bouais-Jan with Louis Beuve. He became chief editor of La France Illustrée in 1911. His health suffered during the First World War and he died as a result 24 November 1918. A collection of his stories Les propos de Jean Frinot was published in 1930. His stories about the characters Pierre and Catheraine Loustalot continue to be republished nowadays, notably by the Almanach de la Manche.

Henri Ermice (1870–1958)

Born 17 September 1870 in Saint-Germain-sur-Ay. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. After working as a teacher in Vire, he became a bookseller and publisher of postcards on which he printed Gallicised versions of verses in Norman — Monologues humoristiques en patois normand of which more purely Norman forms also exist, but the more French-influenced texts were considered to have wider commercial appeal. A Gallicism can be a mode of speech peculiar to the French; a French Idiom; in general a French mode or Custom Some more purely Norman pieces were published in a collection Choix de poésies normandes et de monologues en patois de notre pays in 1956.

Joseph Mague (1875–1940, born in Brittany of Norman parents but raised in the Bessin)

Active in literary societies, published Les Chansons du Bessin in 1912 in postcard form for commercial sale. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Louis Gouget (1877–1915)

Collection Au Val d'Orne (1922)

Maurice Le Sieutre

Maurice Le Sieutre (1879–?, from Le Havre)

Poet and sculptor, who also set his own words to music; songs and poems published in Vie normande, Bulletin des parlers normands, Bulletin des parlers populaires. Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Charles Birette (1878–1941)

Born in Montfarville in the Val de Saire, he published a collection of stories in Norman A l'Entoue de la Cremillie and a number of historical studies. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He is best known for his Dialecte et Légendes du Val de Saire. He died in Dinan 18 June 1941.

Charles Le Boulanger (1880–1929)

Born in Cerisy-la-Salle 20 January 1880, published two collections of poetry in 1908 and 1920 both entitled Ciz nous. Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He also performed his poems and monologues in public at local fairs around the Cotentin. A friend of Louis Beuve. He died in Touques 29 June 1929.

Alfred Noël (1883–1918, from Valognes)

A writer and performer of songs. Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Valognes is a town and commune in Normandy, northwestern France, in the Manche département.

Gaston Lerévérend (1885–1962, from Calvados)

Collections of poetry include L'hus entrebâyei (1919), Mei-j'vo-l'dis, and L'hus bâyi (1955)

Gaston Demongé (1888–1973, from the Pays de Caux)

Wrote under the pseudonym Mait' Arsène, published a collection of poetry and prose Les Terreux in 1925 prefaced by a brief overview of Norman literature. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The French department of Calvados forms part of the region of Basse-Normandie in Normandy. A collection of histoires cauchoises titled Aux Gars de Normandie appeared in 1917.

Pierre Gueroult (1890–1962)

Born in Pont-l'Abbé 11 June 1890, worked as a teacher, and served as deputy mayor of Cherbourg. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Published his first pamphlet En Tisounants around 1920. Author of poems, monologues, dramatic works and prose works. Published works include: Vûles gens, vûs métyis (1948), collections Théâtre normand (1972), Poésies et chansons (1974), Contes et récits (1978 and 1980). His dramatic verse monologue La pouore vuule folle du Bouon-Sâoveu is considered a classic of modern Norman literature; it tells of a woman driven to madness waiting years for her soldier son to return from the war in which he died.

Les Histouères de Thanase Pèqueu, published Rouen in 1933, a collection of stories in Cauchois by Gabriel Benoist. Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital Cauchois (Norman Cauchais) is one of the eastern dialects of the Norman language, spoken in and taking its name from the Pays de Caux region of

Gabriel Benoist

Cauchois author of Thanase Pequeu stories of which three volumes were published in the 1930s

Jean-Baptiste Pasturel (1895–1962, from Périers)

Collection Histouères de tchu nous (1968)

Jean Tolvast (Auguste Toullec 1898–1945, from Cherbourg)

Wrote regular columns in newspapers Le Réveil and Le Journal de Valognes. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Collections of his stories were published as Chroniques normandes (1934 and 1941)

Marceau Rieul (Marcel Sorieul 1900–1977, from Bolbec)

Author of Arseine Toupétit

Jehan Le Povremoyne (Ernest Coquin 1903–1970, from Le Havre)

A Cauchois author who wrote mostly in French, but frequently employed dialogue in Norman to a greater or lesser extent in his writings. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Bolbec is a commune and chief town of a canton in the Seine-Maritime département of the Haute-Normandie region of northern Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Gires Ganne (Fernand Lechanteur 1910–1971)

Author of La Normandie traditionnelle, a collection of articles on language and traditions, his poetry (Es Set vents du Cotentin, 1972) only became widely known after his death. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. He worked to unify the orthography of the Norman language, proposing reforms. In 1968, he founded an association Parlers et Traditions Populaires de Normandie. A Viking-boat-shaped stone monument to his memory was erected after his death near the seashore of his native Agon.

Christian Lambert (1912–2000, from Livarot)

Wrote regular pieces in Norman for the Lisieux nespaper L'Éveil de Lisieux under the title of Radotages de Maît' Jules (collected for publication 1984)

Côtis-Capel (Albert Lohier 1915–1986, from Cherbourg)

Priest and fisherman, highly influential poet in La Hague, Rocâles (1951), A Gravage (1965), Raz Bannes (1971), Graund Câté (1980), Les Côtis (1985), Ganache (1987); winner of the Prix littéraire du Cotentin in 1964

Aundré-Joseph Desnouettes (André Dupont 1920–200?, from Equeurdreville)

Winner of the Prix littéraire du Cotentin in 1970. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Livarot (pro lee-vah-ROH is a commune in the Calvados département in the Basse-Normandie region of France Lisieux is a commune in the Calvados département in the Basse-Normandie region of France. Côtis-Capel (1915-1986 was the Pen name of Albert Lohier, a Norman language Poet. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar As a historian, published a history in French of the département of Manche. His literary career in Norman started in 1952 with the publication of a collection of comic poems En Ritounaunt. A cycle of a hundred sonnets were published as Sonnets cotentinais en parler populaire du pays in 1958 and 1961 in Études normandes. The sonnet is one of the poetic forms that can be found in Lyric poetry from Europe. In 1968, he published L'Épopée cotentine, an epic poem of 4628 lines inspired by the models of Wace and other Anglo-Norman poets. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. His poetry frequently evokes Norman history, but also treats daily life.

Hippolyte Gancel (born 1920)

Flleurs et plleurs dé men villâche (1982 and 1986), winner of the Prix littéraire du Cotentin in 1984

André Louis (1922–1999 from Octeville)

Born 6 February 1922, he was a teacher by profession, wounded in the French Resistance during the Second World War, became president of the Société Alfred Rossel, and president of the Fédération de l'Ouest des Groupes Folkloriques de France. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Worked with Fernand Lechanteur on the reform of Norman orthography and became a founder member and secretary of Parlers et Traditions Populaires de Normandie which developed into the magazine Le Viquet. He wrote a novel Zabeth (1969), untypically for Norman literature, a rural love story rather than a light-hearted satire. He was awarded the Prix littéraire du Cotentin in 1971. He died 27 December 1999.

René Saint-Clair (born 1923)

Poet from the Cotentin

Marcel Dalarun (born 1922)

Poet from the Cotentin has produced poems for children and to be set to music, collection A men leisi (2004)

History

See also: Old Norman. Old Norman was one of many Langue d'oïl dialects It was spoken throughout the region of what is now called Normandy and spread into England Southern

When Norse invaders arrived in the then province of Neustria and settled the land which became known as Normandy, they adopted the Gallo-Romance speech of the existing populations — much as Norman rulers later adopted in England the speech of the administered people. Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who speak one of the North Germanic languages as their native language The territory of Neustria or Neustrasia, meaning "new land" originated in 511 made up of the regions from Aquitaine to the English Channel, However in both cases the élites contributed elements of their own language to the newly enriched languages that developed in the territories.

In Normandy, the new Norman language inherited vocabulary from Norse. Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age The influence on phonology is more disputed, although it is argued that the retention of aspirated /h/ and /k/ in Norman is due to Norse influence. Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning

Examples of Norman words of Norse origin:

In some cases, Norse words adopted in Norman have been borrowed into French - and more recently some of the English words used in French can be traced back to Norman origins. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation

Following the Norman conquest of 1066, the Norman language spoken by the new rulers of England left traces of specifically Norman words which can be distinguished from the equivalent lexical items in French:

Other words such as captain, kennel, cattle and canvas introduced from Norman exemplify how Norman retained a /k/ from Latin that was not retained in French.

There is also some influence from the Breton language, perhaps via Gallo. The Breton language ( Brezhoneg) formerly often called Armoric or Armorican, is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany Gallo is a regional language of France. Gallo is a Romance language, one of the oïl languages. That is because Gallo is spoken on the border of Normandy and Brittany, south of Mont Saint-Michel and was the language (at least, an earlier form) spoken in the March of Neustria. Mont Saint-Michel ( English: St Michael's Mount) is a rocky Tidal island in Normandy, France. The marches of Neustria were creations of the Carolingian king of West Francia covering the ancient Merovingian kingdom of Neustria.

Norman immigrants to North America, also introduced many "Normanisms" to Quebec French and French in Canada generally. Quebec French ( le français québécois, le français du Québec) or less often Québécois French, is the predominant varieties French is the mother tongue of about 67 million Canadians (22 Joual, a working class sociolect of Quebec particularly exhibits strong Norman influence. Joual is the common name for the linguistic features of Basilectal Quebec French that are associated with the French-speaking Working class in Montreal In Linguistics, a sociolect is the variety of language characteristic of a social background or status Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk

See also

• Anglo-Norman literature

Footnotes

References

• Essai de grammaire de la langue normande, UPN, 1995. ISBN 2-9509074-0-7.
• V'n-ous d'aveu mei? UPN, 1984.
• La Normandie dialectale, 1999, ISBN 2-84133-076-1
• Alain Marie, Les auteurs patoisants du Calvados, 2005. ISBN 2-84706-178-9.
• Roger Jean Lebarbenchon, Les Falaises de la Hague, 1991. ISBN 2-9505884-0-9.
• Jean-Louis Vaneille, Les patoisants bas-normands, n. d. , Saint-Lô.
• André Dupont, Dictionnaire des patoisants du Cotentin, Société d'archéologie de la Manche, Saint-Lô, 1992.