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For other buildings in Normandy see Architecture of Normandy. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. See also the Romanesque architecture erected by the Normans at Norman architecture.
The nave of Durham Cathedral demonstrates the characteristic round arched style, though use of shallow pointed arches above the nave is a forerunner of the "Gothic" style.
The nave of Durham Cathedral demonstrates the characteristic round arched style, though use of shallow pointed arches above the nave is a forerunner of the "Gothic" style. The Cathedral Church of Christ Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham, commonly referred to as Durham Cathedral, in the city of Durham, England

The term Norman architecture is used to categorise styles of Romanesque architecture developed by the Normans in the various lands under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries. Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. They introduced large numbers of castles and fortifications including Norman keeps, and at the same time monasteries, abbeys, churches and cathedrals, in a style characterised by rounded arches (particularly over windows and doorways) and massive proportions. A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for A keep is a strong central Tower which is used as a dungeon or a fortress This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral An arch is a structure that spans a space while supporting weight (e

These Romanesque styles originated in Normandy and became widespread in north western Europe, particularly in England, which contributed considerable development and has the largest number of surviving examples. Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland At about the same time a Norman dynasty ruled in Sicily, producing a distinctive variation incorporating Byzantine and Saracen influences which is also known as Norman architecture, or alternatively as Sicilian Romanesque. The family of the Hauteville ( French: Maison de Hauteville, Italian: Casa d'Altavilla) was a petty baronial Norman family from the Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Saracen was a term used by Europeans in the Middle Ages for Fatimids at first then later for all who professed the religion of Islam.

Contents

Origin of the term, development into Gothic

The term may have originated with 18th century antiquarians, but its usage in a sequence of styles has been attributed to Thomas Rickman in his 1817 work An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation which used the labels "Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular". The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system An antiquarian or antiquary is one concerned with Antiquities or things of the past Thomas Rickman ( 8 June 1776 - 4 January 1841) was an English Architect who was a major figure in the Gothic Revival The more inclusive term romanesque used of Romance languages in a letter of 1818 by Charles-Alexis-Adrien Duhérissier de Gerville was applied to architecture of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, by Gerville's friend Arcisse de Caumont in his Essaie sur l'architecture du moyen âge, particulièrement en Normandie, 1824. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Charles-Alexis-Adrien Duhérissier de Gerville (Gerville-la-Forêt (Manche 19 September 1769 — Valognes (Manche 26 July 1853)

As master masons developed the style and experimented with ways of overcoming the geometric difficulties of groin vaulted ceilings, they introduced features such as the pointed arch which were later characterised as being Gothic in style. The craft of stonemasonry has existed since the dawn of Civilization - creating Buildings structures and Sculpture using stone from the earth A groin vault or groined vault (also sometimes known as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is produced by the intersection at See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. Architectural historians and scholars consider that a style must be assessed as an integral whole rather than an aggregate of features, and while some include these developments within the Norman or Romanesque styles, others describe them as transitional or "Norman-Gothic Transitional". A few websites use the term "Norman Gothic", but it is unclear whether they refer to the transitional style or to the Norman style as a whole. [1], [2]

Norman architecture in Normandy

Viking invaders arrived at the mouth of the river Seine in 911, at a time when Franks were fighting on horseback and Frankish lords were building castles. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The Seine (sɛn in French) is a slow flowing major River and commercial waterway within the regions of Île-de-France and Haute-Normandie The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Over the next century the population of the territory ceded to the Vikings, now called Normans, adopted these customs as well as Christianity and the langue d'oïl. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Langues d'oïl is the linguistic and historical designation of the Gallo-Romance languages originating from the northern territories of Roman Gaul, Norman Barons built timber castles on earthen mounds, beginning the development of motte-and-bailey castles, and great stone churches in the Romanesque style of the Franks. nA motte-and-bailey is a form of Castle. Many were built in Britain, Ireland and France in the 11th and 12th centuries favored as a relatively By 950 they were building stone keeps. A keep is a strong central Tower which is used as a dungeon or a fortress The Normans were among the most travelled peoples of Europe, exposed to a wide variety of cultural influences including the Near East, some of which became incorporated in their art and architecture. B Syria - Belka Woman from Damascus Arab from Baghdadjpg|thumb|Inhabitants of the Near East late nineteenth century They elaborated on the Early Christian basilica plan, longitudinal with side aisles and an apse, and a western facade with two towers as at the Church of Saint-Étienne at Caen begun in 1067, which formed a model for the larger English cathedrals beginning some twenty years later. The Abbaye aux Hommes ("Men's Abbey" is a former Abbey church in the French city of Caen. This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral

Norman architecture in England

In England, Norman nobles and bishops had influence before the Norman Conquest of 1066, and Norman influences affected late Anglo-Saxon architecture. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Anglo-Saxon architecture was a period in the History of architecture in England, and parts of Wales, from the mid- 5th century until the Edward the Confessor was brought up in Normandy, and in 1042 brought masons to work on Westminster Abbey, the first Romanesque building in England. King Edward the Confessor (c 1003 &ndash 5 January 1066 son of Ethelred the Unready, was the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church In 1051 he brought in Norman knights who built "motte" castles as a defence against the Welsh. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. Following the invasion Normans rapidly constructed motte-and-bailey castles, and in a burst of building activity built churches and abbeys, as well as more elaborate fortifications including Norman stone keeps. nA motte-and-bailey is a form of Castle. Many were built in Britain, Ireland and France in the 11th and 12th centuries favored as a relatively An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for A keep is a strong central Tower which is used as a dungeon or a fortress

The buildings show massive proportions in simple geometries, the masonry with small bands of sculpture, perhaps as blind arcading, and concentrated spaces of capitals and round doorways and in the tympanum under an arch. Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar, and the term "masonry" can also refer to the units themselves In several traditions of Architecture including Classical architecture, the capital (from the Latin caput 'head' forms the crowning member A tympanum (plural tympana is the semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance bounded by a Lintel and Arch. An arch is a structure that spans a space while supporting weight (e The "Norman arch" is the round arch. Norman mouldings are carved or incised with geometric ornament, such as chevron patterns around arches. The cruciform churches often had deep chancels and a square crossing tower which has remained a feature of English ecclesiastical architecture. "Chancel" is an architectural term for the space around the Altar at the Liturgical east end of a traditional Christian church building A crossing, in ecclesiastical architecture, is the junction of the four arms of a Cruciform (cross-shaped church Church architecture or ecclesiastical architecture refers to the Architecture of buildings of Christian churches Hundreds of parish churches were built and the great English cathedrals were founded from 1083. A parish is a Local church; it is an administrative unit typically found in episcopal or presbyterian churches This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral

After a fire damaged Canterbury Cathedral in 1174 Norman masons introduced the new Gothic architecture. Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. Around 1191 Wells Cathedral and Lincoln Cathedral brought in the English Gothic style, and Norman became increasingly a modest style of provincial building. Wells Cathedral is a Church of England Cathedral in Wells, Somerset, England. Lincoln Cathedral (in full The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln, or sometimes St

Religious architecture

Military architecture

Domestic architecture

Norman architecture in Scotland

Scotland also came under early Norman influence, with Norman nobles at the court of King Macbeth around 1050. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Mac Bethad mac Findlaích ( Modern Gaelic: MacBheatha mac Fhionnlaigh) anglicised as Macbeth, and nicknamed Rí Deircc, "the Red King" His successor Máel Coluim III overthrew him with English and Norman assistance, and his queen Margaret encouraged the Roman Catholic church. Máel Coluim mac Donnchada ( Modern Gaelic: Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh) called in most Anglicised regnal lists Malcolm III, and in later centuries Saint Margaret (c 1045 – 16 November 1093 was the sister of Edgar Ætheling, the short-ruling and uncrowned Anglo-Saxon King of England. The Benedictine order founded a monastery at Dunfermline. Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in Dunfermline (Scottish Gaelic Dùn Phàrlain is a town and former Royal Burgh in Fife. Her fourth son who became King David built St. Margaret's Chapel at the start of the 12th century. David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern: Daibhidh I mac Chaluim; b St Margaret's Chapel, the oldest surviving building in Edinburgh Castle, is a fine example of Norman architecture and the oldest building in Edinburgh

Religious architecture

Norman architecture in Ireland

The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of Ireland, later known as the Pale, and constructed many Norman buildings including Trim Castle, Co. Dunfermline Abbey is a large Benedictine abbey in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. Dunfermline (Scottish Gaelic Dùn Phàrlain is a town and former Royal Burgh in Fife. Saint Margaret (c 1045 – 16 November 1093 was the sister of Edgar Ætheling, the short-ruling and uncrowned Anglo-Saxon King of England. The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude The Cathedral of St Andrew in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland was the seat of the Bishops (later Archbishops of St Andrews from its The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude St Margaret's Chapel, the oldest surviving building in Edinburgh Castle, is a fine example of Norman architecture and the oldest building in Edinburgh Edinburgh Castle is an ancient Stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude Dalmeny is a village and parish within the Edinburgh council area of Scotland. The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude St Magnus Cathedral Kirkwall dominates the skyline of Kirkwall, the main town of Orkney, a group of islands off the north coast of mainland Scotland Kirkwall is the largest town and capital of the Orkney Islands, off the coast of northern mainland Scotland. The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude Jedburgh Abbey is a ruined 12th century Augustinian Abbey, situated in Jedburgh, in the Borders of Scotland. Jedburgh (Referred to locally Jeddart or Jethart is a town and former Royal burgh in the Scottish Borders and historically in Roxburghshire. David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern: Daibhidh I mac Chaluim; b The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude St Athernase Church, Leuchars, Fife is though unfortunately lacking its original nave is one of the finest surviving examples of a Romanesque church Leuchars ( Scottish Gaelic: Luachar) is a small town near the north-east coast of Fife in Scotland. The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The Pale ( An Pháil in Irish) or the English Pale ( An Pháil Sasanach) was the English-controlled part of Ireland that had reduced by the late Trim Castle (Caisleán Bhaile Atha Troim Trim County Meath, Ireland, on the shores of the Boyne has an area of 30000 m² Meath , Swords Castle in Fingal (North Co. Swords castle Dublin 1820jpg|thumb|180px|The castle in 1820]] Swords Castle was built as the manorial residence of the Archbishops of Dublin around 1200 or a little The County of Fingal ( is a county in Ireland. It was formed from part of the historic County Dublin. Dublin), and Dublin Castle. Dublin Castle (Caisleán Bhaile Átha Cliath off Dame Street, Dublin, Ireland, is a major Irish governmental complex formerly the fortified

Norman architecture in Italy

Mezzogiorno

The Normans began constructing castles, their trademark architectural piece, in Italy from an early date. William Iron Arm built one at an unidentified location (Stridula) in Calabria in 1045. William Iron Arm (born before 1010 &ndash died 1046 was a Norman adventurer founder of the fortunes of the Hauteville family. Calabria ( Latin: Brutium) is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of After the death of Robert Guiscard in 1085, peninsular southern Italy experienced a series of civil wars and fell under the control of increasingly weaker princes. Robert Guiscard (from Latin Viscardus and Old French Viscart, often rendered the Resourceful, the Cunning, the Wily Revolts characterised the region until well into the twelfth century and minor lords sought to resist ducal or royal power from within their own castles. In the Molise, the Normanas embarked on their most extensive castle-building programme. Molise is a region of Southern Italy, the second smallest of the regions There they introduced the opus gallicum technique to Italy. The opus gallicum ( latin for "Gallic work" was a technique of construction whereby precise holes were created in stone masonry for the insertion of wooden

Besides the encastellation of the countryside, the Normans erected several religious buildings which still survive. Encastellation (sometimes castellation, which can also mean Crenellation) is the process whereby the Feudal kingdoms of Europe became dotted They edified the shrine at Monte Sant'Angelo and built a mausoleum to the Hauteville family at Venosa. For the Australian girls college see Monte Sant' Angelo Mercy College. A mausoleum ( plural: mausolea is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or persons The family of the Hauteville ( French: Maison de Hauteville, Italian: Casa d'Altavilla) was a petty baronial Norman family from the Venosa is a town and Comune in the Province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata, in the Vulture area. They also built many new Latin monasteries, including the famous foundation of Sant'Eufemia. Sant'Eufemia d'Aspromonte is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about

Sicily

Further information: Arab-Norman civilization

Sicily's Norman period lasted from circa 1070 until about 1200. The term Arab-Norman culture (sometimes referred to as "Arab-Norman civilization" refers to the interaction of the Arab and Norman societies following the Norman conquest of Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. The architecture was decorated in gilded mosaics such as that at the cathedral at Monreale. Gilding is the art of applying a thin layer of gold simulated gold or other metal to a surface Monreale ( Sicilian: Murriali) is a town and Comune in the Province of Palermo, in Sicily, Italy, The Palatine Chapel in Palermo built in 1130 is the perhaps the strongest example of this where the interior of the dome (itself a Byzantine feature) is decorated in mosaic depicting Christ Pantocrator accompanied by his angels. Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in A dome is a common structural element of Architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a Sphere. Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic An angel is a Spiritual Supernatural being found in many Religions Although the nature of angels and the tasks given to them vary from tradition to tradition

During Sicily's later Norman era early Gothic influences can de detected such as those in the cathedral at Messina consecrated in 1197. However, here the high Gothic campanile is of a later date, and should not be confused with the early Gothic built during the Norman period, which featured pointed arches and windows rather than the flying buttresses and pinnacles later to manifest themselves in the Gothic era. A campanile &ndash pronounced /kampaˈnile/ &ndash is especially in Italy, a free-standing Bell tower, often adjacent to a church A flying buttress, or arc-boutant, is a specific type of Buttress usually found on a religious building such as a Cathedral. A pinnacle (from Latin pinnaculum, a little feather pinna compare Panache) is an architectural ornament originally forming the cap

Malta

After its Norman conquest in 1091, Malta saw the construction of several still-surviving Norman pieces of architecture. Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in The Palazzo dei Normanni is a palace in Palermo, Italy. It was the seat of the Kings of Sicily. The Palatine Chapel (Cappella Palatina is the royal Chapel of the Norman kings of Sicily situated on the ground floor at the center of the Palazzo The Zisa is a castle in the western part of Palermo, Sicily. The construction was begun in the 12th century by Arabian craftsmen for king William I of The Cuba is a Palace in the Sicilian city of Palermo. It was built in 1180 by William II of Sicily in his great Royal Park as his The Cathedral of Palermo is an architectural complex in Palermo ( Sicily, Italy) San Giovanni degli Eremiti (St John of the Hermits is a church in Palermo, near the Palazzo dei Normanni. La Martorana, also known as Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio ( Saint Mary of the Admiral) is a church in Palermo ( Sicily, Italy) San Cataldo is a church of the Sicilian city of Palermo, on the central Piazza Bellini Monreale ( Sicilian: Murriali) is a town and Comune in the Province of Palermo, in Sicily, Italy, Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in A cloister (from Latin claustrum) is a part of Cathedral, Monastic and Abbey architecture Cefalù ( Sicilian: Cifalù, Greek:, Diod, Strabo, or, Ptol; Latin: Cephaloedium, or Cephaloedis Fortresses and houses still exist in Mdina and Vittoriosa. Mdina, Imdina, Città Vecchia, or Città Notabile, ( English: Notabile, or Medina) is the old capital of Malta Birgu ( Città Vittoriosa or Birgu) is a small city in Malta that played a vital role in the Siege of Malta in 1565.

References

  1. ^ Gothic Architecture in England
  2. ^ Norman Gothic
  3. ^ Iffley Church, Oxford
  4. ^ Moyse's Hall museum

Gallery

Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen. The Abbaye aux Hommes ("Men's Abbey" is a former Abbey church in the French city of Caen.

Greencastle, County Down. Greencastle is a castle in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is a royal castle built in the 13th century.

Castle at Raviscanina: redoubt of the rebel Andrew of Rupecanina. Raviscanina is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about 60 km north of Andrew (Andrea di Raviscanina count of Rupecanina, was a Norman nobleman of the Mezzogiorno.

The Palazzo dei Normanni in Palermo. The Palazzo dei Normanni is a palace in Palermo, Italy. It was the seat of the Kings of Sicily.

A Norman house in Mdina. Mdina, Imdina, Città Vecchia, or Città Notabile, ( English: Notabile, or Medina) is the old capital of Malta

New Romney church tower, an example of English small-town Norman architecture. New Romney is a small town in Kent, England, on the edge of Romney Marsh an area of flat rich agricultural land reclaimed from the sea

Winchester Cathedral, an example of Norman architecture in England. Winchester Cathedral at Winchester in Hampshire is one of the largest Cathedrals in England, with the longest nave and overall length of

A Norman Truss.

External links

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