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The Right Honourable
 The Lord Tebbit
 CH, PC
Norman Tebbit
In office
2 September 1985 – 13 June 1987
Preceded by Alexander Ruthven
Succeeded by Kenneth Clarke
In office
2 September 1985 – 13 June 1987
Preceded by John Gummer
Succeeded by Peter Brooke
In office
11 October 1983 – 2 September 1985
Preceded by Cecil Parkinson
Succeeded by Leon Brittan
In office
14 September 1981 – 16 October 1983
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
Preceded by James Prior
Succeeded by Tom King
Born 29 March 1931 (1931-03-29) (age 77)
Ponders End, United Kingdom
Political party Conservative

Norman Beresford Tebbit, Baron Tebbit CH, PC (born 29 March 1931) is a British Conservative politician and former Member of Parliament (MP) for Chingford, who was born in Southgate in Enfield. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is in modern times a Sinecure office in the Government of the United Kingdom. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Alexander Patrick Greysteil Ruthven 2nd Earl of Gowrie PC, FRSL (born 26 November 1939) usually known as Grey Gowrie, was a Kenneth Harry "Ken" Clarke QC MP (born 2 July 1940) is a British Politician. In the United Kingdom, the Chairman of the Conservative Party is responsible for running the party machine overseeing Conservative Central Office. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) John Selwyn Gummer MP (born 26 November 1939) is a British politician and Conservative MP for Suffolk Coastal Peter Leonard Brooke Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville, CH, PC (born 3 March 1934 is a British politician a former Conservative The Secretary of State for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (formerly the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry before the June 28, 2007 Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Cecil Edward Parkinson Baron Parkinson, PC (born 1 September 1931 in Carnforth, Lancashire) is a British Conservative politician Leon Brittan Baron Brittan of Spennithorne, QC, PC (born 25 September 1939 in North London, United Kingdom) is a Barrister, a The Secretary of State for Employment was a position in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 James Michael Leathes Prior Baron Prior, PC, known as Jim Prior, (born 11 October 1927) is a British Politician, Thomas Jeremy King Baron King of Bridgwater, CH, PC (born 13 June 1933 is a British Conservative Politician who was Member Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ponders End is a place in the London Borough of Enfield in the north of London The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Chingford is a town in the London Borough of Waltham Forest. It is a suburban development situated northeast of Charing Cross. Southgate is an area of north London, England, in the London Borough of Enfield. His wife was permanently disabled and wheelchair-bound for life after the Provisional Irish Republican Army bombing of the 1984 Conservative Party conference in Brighton. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the The Brighton hotel bombing was the attack by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA on the Grand Hotel in the English resort city of Brighton Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Brighton ( is a town on the south coast of England and with its neighbour Hove, forms the city of Brighton and Hove.

Contents

Early life

Born into a working class family, Tebbit went to Edmonton County School, an academically selective state school in north London. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Edmonton County School is a specialist technology college in Edmonton in the London Borough of Enfield in north London. State school is an expression used in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom to distinguish schools provided by the government from privately London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. He was then a journalist for the Financial Times before serving with the Royal Air Force. The Financial Times ( FT) is a British international business Newspaper. During four years of National Service he flew Meteor and Vampire jets and had to break open the cockpit canopy of a burning Mosquito aircraft to escape from it. "National Service" redirects here For national service in other countries see National service. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout [1] On leaving the RAF he joined BOAC in 1953 as a pilot, during which time he was an official in the British Air Line Pilots Association. The British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC) was the British state airline from 1939 until 1946 and the long-haul British state airline from 1946 Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The British Air Line Pilots' Association (BALPA is the second largest flight crew association within IFALPA. He was elected MP for Epping in 1970 and then for Chingford in 1974. Epping was a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1885 to 1974 Opinion poll summary ORC (Opinion Research Council Conservative lead of 1%Harris (Express Newspapers Labour lead of 2%NOP Chingford is a town in the London Borough of Waltham Forest. It is a suburban development situated northeast of Charing Cross. Results |} Total votes 31321982 All parties are shown The seats won by the Ulster Unionists are compared with those won by Unionist MPs in the 1970 election He is recorded as an MP member of the Conservative Monday Club in 1970. The Conservative Monday Club (widely known as the Monday Club) is a British pressure-group "on the right-wing of the Conservative Party " [2]

Member of Parliament

In 1975 six men (the 'Ferrybridge Six') were dismissed from their jobs because of the introduction of the closed shop and were denied unemployment benefit. In North America a closed shop is a Business or industrial factory in which union membership (often of a specific union and no other is The then Secretary of State for Employment Michael Foot said that: "A person who declines to fall in with new conditions of employment which result from a collective agreement may well be considered to have brought about his own dismissal". The Secretary of State for Employment was a position in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. Michael Mackintosh Foot (born 23 July 1913 is a British politician and writer Tebbit accused Foot of "pure undiluted fascism and [it] left Mr. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Foot exposed as a bitter opponent of freedom and liberty". Political freedom is the absence of interference with the sovereignty of an individual by the use of coercion or aggression Liberty, the freedom to act or believe without being stopped by unnecessary force The next day (2 December) The Times first leader—titled "IS MR. FOOT A FASCIST?"—quoted Tebbit and argued that it was Foot's policy to take away rights and liberties from the individual and give them to corporate bodies and the state. It went on:

Mr. Foot's doctrine is intolerable because it is a violation of the liberty of the ordinary man in his job. Mr. Tebbit is therefore using fascism in a legitimate descriptive sense when he accuses Mr. Foot of it. . . The question is not therefore, 'Is Mr. Foot a fascist?' but, 'Does Mr. Foot know he is a fascist?'[3]

During the Grunwick dispute—where there was strikes over pay, working conditions and the owner's (George Ward) refusal to recognise their trade union—there was a split in the Conservative Shadow Cabinet between the conciliatory approach of Jim Prior, the Shadow Employment Secretary, and Keith Joseph. The Grunwick dispute over Trade union recognition at the Grunwick Film Processing Laboratories in North London was controversial in the late 1970s James Michael Leathes Prior Baron Prior, PC, known as Jim Prior, (born 11 October 1927) is a British Politician, Keith Sinjohn Joseph Baron Joseph, CH, PC ( 17 January 1918 &ndash 10 December 1994) was a British Barrister Tebbit entered the dispute by making a controversial speech on 12 September 1977, where he said:

Inside Britain there is a. . . threat from the Marxist collectivist totalitarians. . . Just to state that fact is to be accused of 'union-bashing'. . . Such people are to be found in the Conservative, Liberal and Labour Parties. Their politics may be different but such people share the morality of Laval and Pétain. Pierre Laval (28 June 1883 15 October 1945 was a French Politician and statesman who led the Vichy government during World War II, and Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) . . they are willing not only to tolerate evil, but to excuse it. . . Both Jim Prior and Keith Joseph know that George Ward and Grunwick are not perfect, nor was Czechoslovakia perfect in 1938. But if Ward and Grunwick are destroyed by the red fascists, then, as in 1938, we will have to ask, whose turn is it next? Yes, it is like 1938. We can all see the evil, but the doctrine of appeasement is still to be heard. [4]

Tebbit was accused of comparing Prior to Laval and at that year's Conservative Party conference Tebbit attempted to avoid personalising the issue, and openly splitting the party, without retracting what he had said. Tebbit said of these differences: "I'm a hawk—but no kamikaze. And Jim's a dove—but he's not chicken". [5]

During a debate in Parliament on 2 March 1978 Michael Foot labelled Tebbit a "semi-house-trained polecat" in response to a question from Tebbit. Later in the debate Tebbit asked Foot whether he would "put a bridle on his foul-mouthed tongue". [6]

In government

After the Conservatives won the general election of 1979, Tebbit was appointed Under-Secretary at the Ministry of Trade. Background Callaghan had succeeded Harold Wilson as Labour Prime Minister after the latter's surprise resignation in April 1976

In the September 1981 Cabinet reshuffle, Mrs. The Ministry Cabinets listed chronologically These are the cabinets under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (from May 1979 to November 1990 Thatcher appointed Tebbit as Employment Secretary. The Secretary of State for Employment was a position in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. This was seen as a shift to a 'tougher' approach to the trade unions than had been the case under Tebbit's predecessor, James Prior. Tebbit introduced the Employment Act 1982 which raised the level of compensation for those unfairly dismissed from a closed shop and introduced the requirement that where a closed shop operated it could only stay if 80% of workers voted for it in periodic ballots. The Employment Act 1982 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (1982 c It also removed trade union immunity from civil action for damages if it authorised illegal industrial action. In his memoirs Tebbit said that the 1982 Act was his "greatest achievement in Government". [7]

In the aftermath of urban riots (Handsworth riots and the Brixton riot) in the summer of 1981, Tebbit responded to a suggestion by a Young Conservative (Ian Picton) that rioting was the natural reaction to unemployment:

I grew up in the '30s with an unemployed father. The two Handsworth Riots occurred in the Handsworth suburb of Birmingham, England, during the summers of 1981 and 1985 The Brixton riot of April 11, 1981 was one of the most serious Riots in London, UK, of the 20th century He didn't riot. He got on his bike and looked for work, and he kept looking 'til he found it.

This exchange was the origin of the attribution to Tebbit of the slogan On yer bike!. Tebbit is often misquoted as saying directly to the unemployed "get on your bike and look for work" as a consequence of his speech. He was always portrayed as a sinister, leather-clad bovverboy by the satirical TV puppet show, Spitting Image. Spitting Image was a British satirical Puppet show that ran on the ITV television network from 1984 to 1996 The Professor of English at University College London, John Mullan, has written: "In Spitting Image and probably the middle-class imagination, Norman Tebbit was given an Essex drag on his vowels which he hardly possessed. University College London ( UCL) is a multi-faculty university institution based in the United Kingdom and a constituent college of the University of London He should speak in that way because of what he represented". [8] The former Conservative Prime Minister Harold Macmillan once remarked of Tebbit: "Heard a chap on the radio this morning talking with a cockney accent. (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician They tell me he is one of Her Majesty's ministers". [9][10] Dr Peter Dorey of the Cardiff University wrote: ". Cardiff University (Prifysgol Caerdydd is a leading University located in the Cathays Park area of Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom . . it was Norman Tebbit. . . who was perhaps the public face or voice of Essex Man, and articulated his views and prejudices". Essex man, also known as Mondeo Man a stereotypical figure popularised in 1990s England. [11]

The Nuffield study of the 1983 general election found that Tebbit was the second most prominent Conservative on radio and television news broadcasts during the campaign with 81 appearances (after Thatcher's 331 appearances). Nuffield College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Results The Conservatives won with a majority of 144 seats|} Total votes cast 30661309 [12]

In the post-election October 1983 reshuffle, Tebbit was moved from Employment to become Trade and Industry Secretary to replace Cecil Parkinson, who had resigned. The Ministry Cabinets listed chronologically These are the cabinets under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (from May 1979 to November 1990 The Secretary of State for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (formerly the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry before the June 28, 2007 Cecil Edward Parkinson Baron Parkinson, PC (born 1 September 1931 in Carnforth, Lancashire) is a British Conservative politician Thatcher had actually wanted Tebbit to become Home Secretary but William Whitelaw vetoed this. The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office William Stephen Ian Whitelaw 1st Viscount Whitelaw, KT, CH, MC, PC, DL (28 June 1918 &ndash 1 July 1999 commonly known as [13] He was seriously injured in the IRA's bombing of the Grand Hotel, Brighton during the 1984 Conservative Party conference and his wife, Margaret, was permanently disabled. The Brighton hotel bombing was the attack by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA on the Grand Hotel in the English resort city of Brighton

Tebbit was appointed Chairman of the Conservative Party in 1985 along with being Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster as Thatcher wanted to keep him in the Cabinet. In the United Kingdom, the Chairman of the Conservative Party is responsible for running the party machine overseeing Conservative Central Office. The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is in modern times a Sinecure office in the Government of the United Kingdom. During the Westland affair Tebbit was against the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation taking over Westland Aircraft. The Westland affair was a political scandal for the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher in 1986 Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation is an American Aircraft manufacturer Westland Aircraft was a British Aircraft manufacturer located in Yeovil in Somerset. In 1986 Tebbit was against the American bombing raid of Libya from British bases and of Thatcher's refusal to fully consult the Cabinet on the matter. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab However, he did criticise the BBC for its supposed biased reporting of the raid. During the same year, he disbanded the Federation of Conservative Students, because he thought it was being taken over by people who he thought were too libertarian, and because they called for Harold Macmillan to be tried as a war criminal. The Federation of Conservative Students (FCS was the student wing of the British Conservative Party. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician

On 13 April 1986, Tebbit and his chief of staff, Michael Dobbs, visited Thatcher at Chequers to present her with the results of polling by Saatchi and Saatchi which found that with inflation down and the trade unions weakened, "the Prime Minister's combative virtues were being received as vices: her determination was perceived as stubbornness, her single-mindedness as inflexibility and her strong will as an inability to listen". Michael Dobbs (born 14 November 1948) is a British Politician and bestselling Author. Chequers, or Chequers Court, is a Country house near Ellesborough, to the south east of Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire, England Saatchi & Saatchi is a global Advertising agency founded by brothers Maurice (now Lord Saatchi and art collector [14] Tebbit and Dobbs told her this was becoming known as the "TBW factor"; TBW standing for "That Bloody Woman". They recommended Thatcher taking a lower profile in the upcoming general election. Tebbit gave an interview a few weeks later with John Mortimer for The Spectator where he said of Thatcher: "It's a question of her leadership when our aims aren't clearly defined. Sir John Clifford Mortimer, CBE QC (born 21 April 1923) is an English Barrister, Dramatist and author For other uses see Spectator. The Spectator is a weekly British Magazine first published on 6 July When people understand what she's doing there's a good deal of admiration for her energy and resolution and persistence, even from those people who don't agree with her. Now there's a perception that we don't know where we're going so those same qualities don't seem so attractive". [15] Thatcher disagreed and her biographer claims she was suspicious of Tebbit's motives. Furthermore, Thatcher commissioned the firm Young and Rubicam to carry out their own polling, which concluded that Thatcher's leadership was not the problem. Young & Rubicam Inc (Y&R is a consolidated Marketing and communications company specializing in Advertising, Public relations, Sales Throughout the rest of 1986 and into the 1987 election Thatcher continued to use Young and Rubicam, which eventually caused tensions with Tebbit during the election campaign. [16]

At the 1986 Conservative Party Conference in Bournemouth Tebbit—along with Saatchi and Saatchi, Dobbs and the Conservatives Director of Research, Robin Harris—came up with that year's Party slogan—'The Next Move Forward'. Bournemouth ( is a large coastal resort town in the Borough of Bournemouth in Dorset, England. Dr Robin Harris (born 22 June 1952 is a British author and journalist The Conservatives for the first time employed pre-conference advertising to publicise the new-style conference and Tebbit persuaded Thatcher that ministers would state their objectives they would achieve in the next three years. These would also be used by Saatchis to design [posters, leaflets and brochures to be deployed as each minister finished their speech. The aim "was that in 1986 the media should reflect the image I wanted – of a Government confident, united, clear in where it was going – and determined to get there". [17] According to Tebbit the conference "was more successful than I had dared to hope. . . the opinion polls which had us 7% behind in June and still 5% down in September now put us back into first place – a position we never relinquished from then right through the election campaign. The Prime Minister's ratings were immediately restored". [18]

For quite a while he was seen as Thatcher's natural successor as Party leader. During early 1986, when Thatcher's popularity declined in the polls, commentators began to suggest that the succession of the Conservative leadership would lie between Michael Heseltine and Tebbit. Michael Ray Dibdin Heseltine, Baron Heseltine, CH, PC (born 21 March 1933 is a Welsh -born British businessman and Conservative [19] A MORI opinion poll in March 1987 saw Tebbit as second-favourite amongst voters as Thatcher's successor (15% to Heseltine's 24%); however, amongst Conservative voters, Tebbit was the front-runner with 21% (against Heseltine's 14%). Ipsos MORI is the second largest survey research organisation in the UK formed by two of the UK's leading companies in October 2005 [20] In October 1988 MORI asked the same question, with similar results: Heseltine on 22% and Tebbit 15% amongst all voters but Tebbit leading with 26% (Heseltine 20%) amongst Conservative voters. [21] However Thatcher apparently once told Rupert Murdoch: "I couldn't get him elected as leader of the Tory party even if I wanted – nor would the country elect him if he was". is gay Bold text' Keith Rupert Murdoch', AC, KCSG (born Melbourne, March 11 1931 usually known as Rupert Murdoch, is an Australian-American [22]

On the 6 January 1987, the journalist Hugo Young published a quote attributed to Tebbit in The Guardian newspaper. Hugo John Smelter Young ( 13 October 1938 &ndash 22 September 2003) was a British Journalist and columnist and senior political The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Tebbit's chief of staff, Michael Dobbs, responded by writing a letter to the newspaper citing Young's dislike of Tebbit, adding "Perhaps this explains the invention of the quotation he [Mr. Young] attributed to Mr. Tebbit". The quote was "No-one with a conscience votes Conservative". Before this letter was published, however, the words "the invention of" had been removed. Despite publishing this letter The Guardian subsequently repeated the quote and Young again attributed it to him in a letter to The Spectator. For other uses see Spectator. The Spectator is a weekly British Magazine first published on 6 July Tebbit feared that if no action was taken against The Guardian the Labour Party would use this quote against the Conservatives in the upcoming general election. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the With Thatcher's consent Tebbit threatened the newspaper with legal action if they did not retract the quotation and apologise to Tebbit. The case continued until 1988 when the The Guardian apologised, published a retraction and paid £14,000 in libel damages in an out-of-court settlement. In Law, damages refers to the money paid or awarded to a Claimant (England Pursuer (Scotland or Plaintiff (US following a successful [23]

During the 1987 general election, Tebbit and Saatchi and Saatchi spearheaded the Conservative campaign, focusing on the economy and defence. Results |} All parties gaining over 500 votes listed Campaign and policies The Conservatives' campaign emphasized lower taxes a strong economy and defence However, when on 'Wobbly Thursday' it was rumoured a Marplan opinion poll showed a 2% Conservative lead the 'exiles' camp of David Young, Tim Bell and the Young and Rubicam firm advocated a more aggressively anti-Labour message. David Young could refer to Dai Young, former Welsh rugby union and Rugby league international and British Lion Dave Young (rugby player Timothy John Leigh Bell Baron Bell (born 18 October 1941) is an advertising and Public relations executive in the United Kingdom, best known This was when, according to Young's memoirs, Young got Tebbit by the lapels and shook him, shouting: "Norman, listen to me, we're about to lose this fucking election". [24][25] In his memoirs Tebbit defends the Conservative campaign: "We finished exactly as planned on the ground where Labour was weak and we were strong – defence, taxation, and the economy". [26] During the election campaign however Tebbit and Thatcher argued. [27] Tebbit had already informed Thatcher at the beginning of the campaign that he would leave the government after the election in order to care for his wife. [28] Thatcher said to her friend Woodrow Wyatt on the Sunday after polling day: "He'll carry the scar of that Brighton bombing all his life. Woodrow Lyle Wyatt Baron Wyatt of Weeford ( 4 July 1918 &ndash 7 December 1997) was a British Labour Party Politician I didn't want him to go. Whenever he is away from her he can't even attend to business properly. He's always ringing up to find out if the nurses are looking after his wife all right". [29] In her memoirs Thatcher said she "bitterly regretted" losing a like-minded person from the Cabinet. [30]

Backbenches

In late 1987 and 1988, Tebbit formed a temporary alliance with Michael Heseltine in campaigning for the abolition of the Inner London Education Authority, which they succeeded in doing through a back-bench amendment. The Inner London Education Authority (ILEA was the education authority for the 12 inner London boroughs from 1965 until its abolition in 1990 [31]

Tebbit was also prominent in an unsuccessful Conservative back-bench rebellion against the Bill to give 50,000 households (around 250,000 people) from Hong Kong British citizenship. [32][33]

In April 1990 he proposed the "Cricket test", also known as the "Tebbit Test", where he suggested that people from ethnic minorities in Britain should not be considered truly British until they supported the England cricket team, as opposed to the country of their or their ancestors' birth. The cricket test was a phrase coined by Norman Tebbit in referring to supposedly questionable loyalties of immigrants to the United Kingdom in 1990. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Tebbit told Woodrow Wyatt in 1991 that he did not think immigrant communities would assimilate "because some of them insist on sticking to their own culture, like the Muslims in Bradford and so forth, and they are extremely dangerous". [34] In August 2005, after the 7 July 2005 London bombings, which were carried out by three young men of Pakistani descent and one of Jamaican descent, Tebbit claimed vindication for these views. The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called the 7/7 bombings) were a series of coordinated bomb blasts that hit London's public transport system during [35]

In a conversation with Woodrow Wyatt on 19 December 1988, Tebbit said he would not go back into politics unless Thatcher "was run over by the proverbial bus and he didn't like the look of the person he thought might get her job and destroy the work they've done". [36] On another occasion (22 February 1990) Tebbit said to Wyatt he would stand for the Conservative leadership if Thatcher suddenly resigned but when Alec Douglas-Home suggested that Thatcher would not stand at the next election because she must be tired, Tebbit disagreed: "She has got amazing stamina". Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963 was a British [37]

After Geoffrey Howe's resignation from the government in November 1990 Thatcher asked Tebbit to return to the Cabinet to be Education Secretary but he refused on the grounds that he was looking after his wife. Richard Edward Geoffrey Howe Baron Howe of Aberavon, CH, PC, QC (born 20 December 1926 known until 1992 as Sir Geoffrey Howe, is a British The Secretary of State for Education and Skills was the chief minister of the Department for Education and Skills in the United Kingdom government [38] During the 1990 Conservative Party leadership election Tebbit was on Thatcher's campaign team with the job of assessing her support amongst Conservative MPs. The 1990 Conservative Party leadership election in the United Kingdom took place in November 1990 following the decision of former Defence and [39] According to one of Thatcher's biographers, Tebbit was "her most visible cheerleader. . . who characteristically took the fight to Heseltine by holding a cheeky press conference on his Belgravia doorstep". [40] After the first ballot but before the results became known, Tebbit wanted Thatcher to make a clear commitment to fight the second ballot if her vote fell short of the amount needed to win out-right. [41] When Tebbit saw Thatcher on 21 November he told her she was the candidate with the best chance of beating Heseltine. [42] However Thatcher withdrew from the contest the next day. Tebbit wanted to stand, but never did. Tebbit then switched his support to John Major. Sir John Major KG CH ACIB (born 29 March 1943 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom [43]

Tebbit had formally accepted an invitation to speak at a Conservative Monday Club dinner in June 1991 on 'the Future of Conservatism'. The Conservative Monday Club (widely known as the Monday Club) is a British pressure-group "on the right-wing of the Conservative Party " However he sent a message to the Charing Cross Hotel, just one hour prior to the dinner saying that the Government Whips were demanding he (and all other Conservative MPs in the House) stay and vote on the Dangerous Dog Bill. It was the only occasion in the Club's history where someone had failed to honour their engagement. In September 2007 he addressed the club in the House of Lords. The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords"

After Major came back from Maastricht with an opt-out from the Social Chapter and the single currency, Tebbit was one of the few MPs to criticise the new powers the Community would acquire in the debate on 18 December 1991. He claimed the government had been on the defensive against "federalist follies" and that Maastricht had seen "a series of bridgeheads into our constitution, into the powers of this House, and into the lives of individuals and businesses". [44]

Peerage

Tebbit decided not to stand in the 1992 election, in order to devote more time to caring for his disabled wife. Results |} The turnout was 33514074 from an Electorate of 43275316 voting in a total of 651 seats After the election he was granted a life peerage and entered the House of Lords as Baron Tebbit, of Chingford in the London Borough of Waltham Forest. In the United Kingdom, life peers are created members of the Peerage whose titles may not be inherited (those whose titles are inheritable are known as Hereditary The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" The London Borough of Waltham Forest is a London borough in East London England and forms part of Outer London. His former seat of Chingford was aggregated with Woodford Green in boundary changes and was held for the Conservative Party by his successor and protégé Iain Duncan Smith. Woodford Green is part of the North East London suburb of Woodford, on the edge of Epping Forest, mostly within the London Borough of Redbridge George Iain Duncan Smith, PC, MP, (born 9 April 1954 is a British politician Tebbit famously said: "If you think I'm right-wing, you should meet this guy". [45]

Tebbit resumed his fight against the Maastricht Treaty. The Maastricht Treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final On 11 August 1992 Wyatt noted in his diary: "[Thatcher] also seems to have formed a new alliance with Tebbit who stirs her up and talks a lot of nonsense". [46] At the October 1992 Conservative Party Conference in Brighton, Tebbit embarrassed John Major's government when he made a speech attacking the Maastricht Treaty. Brighton ( is a town on the south coast of England and with its neighbour Hove, forms the city of Brighton and Hove. As he walked up onto the podium he was applauded by some sections of the audience. Holding aloft a copy of the Treaty, Tebbit asked the conference a series of questions about the Treaty; did they want to see a single currency or be citizens of a European Union? The audience shouted back "No!" after each question. Tebbit received a tumultuous standing ovation and walked into the centre of the Conference hall waving amongst the cheers. Gyles Brandreth, a Conservative whip, wrote in his diary:

"The talk of the town is Norman Tebbit's vulgar grand-standing barn-storming performance on Europe. Gyles Daubeney Brandreth (born 8 March 1948) is an English Author, ex- Politician and Media personality. He savaged Maastricht, poured scorn on monetary union, patronised the PM. . . and brought the conference (or a good part of it) to its feet roaring for more. He stood there, arms aloft, acknowledging the ovation, Norman the conqueror". [47]

In his memoirs Major accused Tebbit of hypocrisy and disloyalty because Tebbit had encouraged Conservative MPs to vote for the Single European Act in 1986 but was now campaigning for Maastricht's rejection. The Single European Act (SEA was the first major revision of the Treaty of Rome that formally established the single European market and the European Political Cooperation [48]

Tebbit privately said of Major on 17 November 1994: "He has the mulishness of a weak man with stupidity". When asked what would it take for him to support Major, Tebbit responded: "Have an entirely new department, the sole job of which would be to deal with the Brussels machinery in every aspect. I agree that we don't want to leave the EU, but we've got to manipulate it and block every single advance we don't like. No, no, no must be his weapon. Veto everything he disapproves of or that we disapprove of". [49]

In 1995 Tebbit publicly backed John Redwood's bid for the Conservative Party leadership, praising his "brains, courage and humour". John Alan Redwood (born 15 June 1951 in Dover, Kent) is a British Conservative Party Politician and Member The 1995 Conservative leadership election was initiated when incumbent leader and Prime Minister John Major resigned as leader on June 22 1995

Speaking in the Lords on 26 November 1996, Lord Tebbit attacked aid to Africa, saying that most aid sent to Africa goes down a "sink of iniquity, corruption and violence" and does little to help the poor. A spokesman for the charity Oxfam said Tebbit's view was "simplistic and unhelpful". Later Lord Tebbit defended his statement that most money went "into the pockets" of politicians "to buy guns for warlords". [50]

In a letter to The Daily Telegraph on 2 November 1998 Tebbit said homosexuals should be barred from being Home Secretary. [51] A Conservative Party spokesman said Tebbit was "out of touch" and Hague's official spokesman said Hague disagreed with Tebbit. [52]

In October 1999 he spoke out against the plans to abolish the Royal Ulster Constabulary. The Royal Ulster Constabulary GC was the name of the Police force in Northern Ireland from 1922 to 2001 Tebbit said he was against throwing the Constabulary's name and badge "into the modernisation trash can" and that the RUC had been "the thin green line standing between bloody anarchy and the rule of law". Tebbit also mocked Blair's pledge at the Labour conference to "set people free": "He has set them free. More than 250 terrorists, bombers and extortionists. Kneecappers, kidnappers, arsonists and killers have been set free. But their victims remain imprisoned. Some are imprisoned within broken bodies. Some imprisoned in grief for their loved ones. Some imprisoned by death in their graves". [53]

In an interview for the New Statesman magazine in June 2000, Tebbit praised Hague's right-ward shift and revealed that he had "never been a [Michael] Portillo fan". The New Statesman is a British Left-wing political Magazine published weekly in London. He also mused on not standing for the Conservative leadership after Thatcher's resignation: "When I look at what happened to the party, I tell myself that perhaps I failed in a duty. I suppose I am one of those who have it on my conscience that I allowed Mr Blair to become prime minister". When asked if he regretted also allowing Major to become Prime Minister, Tebbit responded:

"I helped him. If I'd opposed him, he wouldn't have been on the radar screen. I'd have been opposing Michael Heseltine. I had to make the decision quickly. I didn't want to go back on my word to my wife that I'd retired from front-line politics. How would it all work? Was No 10 suitable for someone in a wheelchair? All these things go through one's mind. Then if Michael had won. . . he would have had to ask me to join his government, and I didn't want that. I asked myself: why am I risking all this? And I made my decision. . . I might have been an absolute disaster in the job. It's possible. So I am left there. You can't rewrite it. You can't rerun it. "[54]

In an article for The Spectator in May 2001 Tebbit claimed that retired British security service agents from the Foreign Office had infiltrated James Goldsmith's Referendum Party in the 1990s and then later infiltrated United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP). The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, commonly called the Foreign Office or the FCO, is the British government department responsible for promoting Sir James Michael Goldsmith ( February 26, 1933, Paris, France - July 18, 1997, Benahavis, Spain The Referendum Party was the name of a series of Single-issue parties in the United Kingdom that called for a Referendum on aspects of the UK's relationship The United Kingdom Independence Party (commonly known as UKIP, ˈjuːkɪp Tebbit called for an independent enquiry into the matter. [55][56][57]

In August 2002 Tebbit called on the then leader of the Conservatives, Iain Duncan Smith, to "clear out" Conservative Central Office of "squabbling children" who were involved with infighting within the Party. [58] He named Mark MacGregor, a former leader of the Federation of Conservative Students which Tebbit disbanded for "loony Right libertarian politics", as one of them. Mark MacGregor (born 25 February 1961) is a British Conservative Party politician The Federation of Conservative Students (FCS was the student wing of the British Conservative Party. Then in October the same year Tebbit accused a group of Conservative "modernisers" called "The Movement" of trying to get him expelled from the Party. Tebbit said that The Movement consisted of a "loose" grouping of thirteen members who had previously supported Kenneth Clarke and Michael Portillo for Party leader. Kenneth Harry "Ken" Clarke QC MP (born 2 July 1940) is a British Politician. Michael Denzil Xavier Portillo (born 26 May 1953 is a British Journalist, broadcaster, former Conservative Party Politician and Cabinet Duncan-Smith subsequently denied that Tebbit would ever be expelled and Baroness Thatcher publicly said she was "appalled" at attempts to have Tebbit expelled and telephoned him to say that she was "four square behind him". [59]

In February 2003 Lord Tebbit, speaking to an audience of the Chartered Institute of Journalists at London's Reform Club in Pall Mall, urged journalists to reject political correctness in favour of "open, honest and vigorous debate". The Chartered Institute of Journalists is a professional body for journalists. The Reform Club is a gentlemen's club on the south side of Pall Mall (at number 104 in central London. Pall Mall (pæl mæl is a street in the City of Westminster, London, situated in SW1 and parallel to The Mall, from St Political correctness (adjectivally politically correct; both forms commonly abbreviated to PC) is a term applied to Language, ideas policies or behavior He blamed "timid" politicians, including members of his own party, for allowing PC language and ideas to take hold in Britain by default. [60]

In 2004 he opposed to the British Government's Gender Recognition Act 2004 and Civil Partnership Act 2004. The Gender Recognition Act 2004 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that allows Transsexual or Transgender people to change their See Civil partnerships in the United Kingdom for a detailed discussion of the Act and its implementation.

Tebbit backed David Davis for Party leader during the 2005 Conservative leadership election. David Michael Davis (born 23 December 1948 is a British Politician who is the Conservative Party Member of Parliament for the constituency of The 2005 Conservative leadership election was called by party leader Michael Howard on 6 May 2005, when he announced that he would be stepping [61]

On 30 January 2006 he accused the Conservative Party of abandoning the party's true supporters on the Right, and opposed the new Leader David Cameron's attempts "to reposition the party on the 'Left of the middle ground'". David William Donald Cameron (born 9 October 1966 is a British Politician and the current leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of Her Majesty's [62]

In March 2007 he became patron of the cross party Better Off Out campaign which advocates British withdrawal from the EU. Better Off Out (BOO is the name of a non-party campaign run by The Freedom Association to call for the United Kingdom 's withdrawal from the European Union [63] Tebbit issued a statement explaining his support:

"From being a supporter of British membership of the Common Market in 1970 I have come to believe that the United Kingdom would be Better Off Out of the developing European Republic of the 21st century. We British have a thousand year history of self-government. We have been free and democratic longer than any other nation. The European Union is too diverse, too bureaucratic, too corporatist and too centralist to be a functioning democracy. We are happy to trade with our European friends and the rest of the world - but we would prefer to govern ourselves. "[64]

In an interview with The Times in September 2007 Tebbit said the Conservatives lack somebody of the standing of Thatcher and claimed that although it did not matter if Cameron's team were educated at Eton "what a lot of people will suggest is that they don't know how the other half lives. David and his colleagues — the very clever young men they have in Central Office these days — are very intellectually clever but they have no experience of the world whatsoever. He has spent much of his time in the Conservative Party and as a public relations guy. Well, it's not the experience of most people in the streets. That's the real attack and that's damaging to him, I think". [65][66]

In February 2008, after a sympathetic magazine article written by shadow education secretary Michael Gove, Tebbit publicly criticised what he characterised as "the poisonous tree of Blairism" which he claimed had been "planted" in the Conservative Party front bench. Michael Andrew Gove (born August 26, 1967) is a Conservative Politician, Journalist and Author in the United Kingdom [67]

Tebbit is the vice-president of the Conservative Way Forward group. Conservative Way Forward (CWF is a campaigning group within the British Conservative Party. He currently lives in Mannings Heath, West Sussex. Mannings Heath is a village in in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England, on the A281 close to Horsham.

Books

Notes

  1. ^ Mortimer, John (1986). Character Parts. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-008959-4.  
  2. ^ Copping, Robert, The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade, London, April 1972: 21
  3. ^ Norman Tebbit, Upwardly Mobile (Futura, 1991), p. 192.
  4. ^ Tebbit, pp. 194-5.
  5. ^ Tebbit, p. 196.
  6. ^ HC PQ [Business of the House] | Margaret Thatcher Foundation
  7. ^ Tebbit, p. 233.
  8. ^ John Mullan, 'Lost voices', The Guardian, 18 June 1999
  9. ^ Chris Moncrieff, 'When Labour MPs wore miners' helmets', The Guardian, 10 May 2001
  10. ^ Don Grant, 'CLUBBING: Pratts? If you say so, sir', The Independent on Sunday, 26 October 2003
  11. ^ British Politics Group Newsletter, Spring 2005
  12. ^ John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady (Jonathan Cape, 2003), p. 194.
  13. ^ Campbell, pp. 205-206.
  14. ^ Campbell, p. 499.
  15. ^ Campbell, p. 500.
  16. ^ Campbell, p. 500.
  17. ^ Tebbit, p. 319.
  18. ^ Tebbit, p. 320.
  19. ^ Campbell, p. 498.
  20. ^ Alan Watkins, A Conservative Coup. The Fall of Margaret Thatcher (Duckworth, 1992), p. 88.
  21. ^ Watkins, p. 93.
  22. ^ Andrew Neil, Full Disclosure (Macmillan, 1996), p. 236.
  23. ^ Tebbit, p. 328.
  24. ^ Campbell, p. 522.
  25. ^ Has Gordon Brown delivered his last Budget? The truth is that Blair hasn't yet decided | Spectator, The | Find Articles at BNET.com
  26. ^ Tebbit, p. 336.
  27. ^ Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (HarperCollins, 1993), p. 584.
  28. ^ Tebbit, p. 332.
  29. ^ Woodrow Wyatt, The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt. Volume One (Pan, 1999), p. 371.
  30. ^ Thatcher, p. 587.
  31. ^ Watkins, p. 91.
  32. ^ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEFDA1E3CF933A25752C0A966958260
  33. ^ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE1DB1338F933A15757C0A966958260
  34. ^ Woodrow Wyatt, The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt. Volume Two (Pan, 2000), p. 530.
  35. ^ 'Tebbit: 'Cricket test' could have stopped bombings'
  36. ^ Wyatt, Volume One, p. 692.
  37. ^ Wyatt, Volume Two, pp. 244-5.
  38. ^ Thatcher, p. 835.
  39. ^ Thatcher, p. 846.
  40. ^ Campbell, p. 724.
  41. ^ Campbell, p. 731.
  42. ^ Thatcher, p. 847.
  43. ^ Watkins, p. 215.
  44. ^ Christopher Booker and Richard North, The Great Deception. A Secret History of the European Union (Continuum, 2003), p. 276.
  45. ^ BBC NEWS | Programmes | Newsnight | Thursday 25 July
  46. ^ Woodrow Wyatt, The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt. Volume Three (Pan, 2001), p. 83.
  47. ^ Gyles Brandreth, Breaking the Code: Westminster Diaries, 1992-97 (Phoenix, 2000), p. 124.
  48. ^ John Major, The Autobiography (HarperCollins, 2000), p. 861.
  49. ^ Wyatt, Volume Three, pp. 437-8.
  50. ^ The Daily Telegraph, 27 Nov 1996
  51. ^ George Jones, 'Keep gays out of top Government jobs, says Tebbit', The Daily Telegraph, 2 November 1998
  52. ^ Robert Shrimsley, 'Tory leaders reject Tebbit's views on gays', The Daily Telegraph, 3 November 1998
  53. ^ George Jones, Polly Newton Andrew Sparrow, 'Tebbit launches bitter attack on Patten's proposals for RUC', The Daily Telegraph, 6 October 1999
  54. ^ New Statesman - The New Statesman Interview - Norman Tebbit
  55. ^ UKIP: Is there a hidden agenda? | Spectator, The | Find Articles at BNET.com
  56. ^ BBC NEWS | VOTE2001 | Tebbit secret agent claim
  57. ^ Weekly Worker 386 Thursday May 31 2001
  58. ^ [1] Telegraph. co. uk 18 August 2002
  59. ^ Thatcher `appalled' by attacks on Tebbit | Independent, The (London) | Find Articles at BNET.com
  60. ^ Press Gazette, London, 21 February 2003. Press Gazette, formerly known as UK Press Gazette (UKPG is a British media trade magazine dedicated to journalism and the press Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
  61. ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,59-1861876,00.html Timesonline
  62. ^ The Daily Telegraph, 30 January 2006.
  63. ^ BBC NEWS | Politics | Tebbit supports EU exit campaign
  64. ^ Supporters
  65. ^ http://www.ginnydougary.co.uk/2007/09/29/the-torchbearer/ Ginny Dougary, Norman Tebbit discusses Cameron, loss and multiculturalism, The Times
  66. ^ Philip Webster, 'Tebbit hits out at Tories and names Brown as Thatcher's natural heir', The Times, 26 September 2007
  67. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/02/28/ntory128.xml Lord Tebbit warns on worship of Tony Blair, The Daily Telegraph

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