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Norman Finkelstein

Norman Finkelstein giving a talk at Suffolk University
Born December 8, 1953 (1953-12-08) (age 54)
Nationality American
Education Bachelor's Degree from Binghamton University, Master's Degree in Political Science from Princeton University, Ph.D in Political Science from Princeton University
Parents Mother: Maryla Husyt Finkelstein
Father: Zacharias Finkelstein
Website
http://www.normanfinkelstein.com

Norman Gary Finkelstein (born December 8, 1953) is an American political scientist and author, specialising in Jewish-related issues, especially the Holocaust and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Suffolk University is a private university in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, situated on Beacon Hill. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and The State University of New York at Binghamton (SUNY Binghamton or Binghamton University is one of the four university centers in New York State’s system of "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as A graduate of SUNY Binghamton, he received his Ph.D in Political Science from Princeton University. The State University of New York at Binghamton (SUNY Binghamton or Binghamton University is one of the four university centers in New York State’s system of "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. He has held faculty positions at Brooklyn College, Rutgers University, Hunter College, New York University, and most recently, DePaul University, where he was an assistant professor from 2001 to 2007. Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, located in Brooklyn New York. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University) is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey Hunter College High School|Hunter College Elementary School Hunter College of the City University of New York is a senior college of the City University of New York New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. DePaul University is a private institution of Higher education and Research in Chicago, Illinois, U The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies

Amidst considerable public debate, Finkelstein was denied tenure at DePaul in June 2007, and placed on administrative leave for the 2007-2008 academic year. Tenure commonly refers to life tenure in a job and specifically to a senior Academic 's Contractual right not to have their position terminated Among the controversial aspects of this decision were attempts by Alan Dershowitz, a notable opponent of Finkelstein's, to derail Finkelstein's tenure bid. Alan Morton Dershowitz (born September 1, 1938) is an American Lawyer, Jurist, and political commentator. [1] On September 5, 2007 Finkelstein announced his resignation after coming to a settlement with the university on generally undisclosed terms. [2][3] An official statement from DePaul strongly defended the decision to deny Finkelstein tenure, and asserted that outside influence played no role in their decision. The statement also praised Finkelstein "as a prolific scholar and outstanding teacher. "[4]

On May 23, 2008 Finkelstein was denied entry to Israel because, according to unnamed Israeli security officials, of suspicions that "he had contact with elements 'hostile' to Israel". Finkelstein was questioned after his arrival at Ben Gurion Airport near Tel Aviv and placed on a flight back to Amsterdam, his point of origin. Ben Gurion International Airport (נמל התעופה בן גוריון Namal HaTe'ūfa Ben Gūryōn,, also referred to by its Hebrew acronym Natbag (נתב"ג Officials said that the decision to deport Finkelstein was connected to his anti-Zionist opinions and criticism of Israel. Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, an international political movement and ideology that supports a Homeland for the Jewish People in the land known [5] He was banned from entering the country for 10 years. Persona non grata ( Latin, Plural: personae non gratae, also abbreviated PNG literally meaning "an unwelcome person" is a term used [6]

Contents

Personal background and education

Finkelstein has written of his parents' experiences during World War II. His mother, Maryla Husyt Finkelstein, daughter of an ultra-Orthodox Jewish father, grew up in Warsaw, Poland, and survived the Warsaw Ghetto and the Majdanek concentration camp, as well as two slave labor camps. Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of the Jewish Ghettos located in the territory of General Government during World War II, established by Majdanek was a Nazi Concentration camp on the outskirts of Lublin, Poland. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in Penal labor. Her first husband — a boyfriend whom her father insisted, on religious grounds, she marry before the two entered the ghetto bunker — died in the war. She considered the day of her liberation as the most horrible day of her life, since it first struck her then that she was alone, none of her parents and siblings having managed to survive. Norman's father, Zacharias Finkelstein, was a survivor of both the Warsaw Ghetto and the Auschwitz concentration camp. "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany [7]

Finkelstein grew up in New York City. The City of New York In his forthcoming memoir, Finkelstein recalls his strong youthful identification with the outrage that his mother, witness to the genocidal atrocities of World War II, felt at the carnage wrought by the United States in Vietnam. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially He had 'internalized (her) indignation', a trait which he admits rendered him 'insufferable' when talking of the Vietnam War, and which imbued him with a 'holier-than-thou' attitude at the time which he now regrets. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia But Finkelstein regards his absorption of his mother's outlook — the refusal to put aside a sense of moral outrage in order to get on with one's life — as a positive virtue. Subsequently, his reading of Noam Chomsky played a seminal role in tailoring the passion bequeathed to him by his mother to the necessity of maintaining intellectual rigor in the pursuit of the truth. Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political [7]

He completed his undergraduate studies at Binghamton University in New York in 1974, after which he studied at the École Pratique des Hautes Études in Paris. The State University of New York at Binghamton (SUNY Binghamton or Binghamton University is one of the four university centers in New York State’s system of École pratique des hautes études is a University in Paris, France. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city He went on to earn his Master's degree in political science from Princeton University in 1980, and later his PhD in political studies, also from Princeton. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Finkelstein wrote his doctoral thesis on Zionism, and it was through this work that he first attracted controversy, which hurt his prospects for a university career. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the Before gaining academic employment, Finkelstein was a part-time social worker with teenage dropouts in New York. He then taught successively at Rutgers University, New York University, Brooklyn College, and Hunter College and, until recently, taught at DePaul University in Chicago. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University) is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, located in Brooklyn New York. Hunter College High School|Hunter College Elementary School Hunter College of the City University of New York is a senior college of the City University of New York DePaul University is a private institution of Higher education and Research in Chicago, Illinois, U

Beginning with his doctoral thesis at Princeton, Finkelstein's career has been marked by controversy. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. A self-described "forensic scholar," he has written sharply critical academic reviews of several prominent writers and scholars whom he accuses of misrepresenting the documentary record in order to defend Israel’s policies and practices. His writings, noted for their support of the Palestinian cause[2] have dealt with politically-charged topics such as Zionism, the demographic history of Palestine and his allegations of the existence of a "Holocaust Industry" that exploits the memory of the Holocaust to further Israeli and financial interests. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the The Holocaust Industry Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering is a book published in 2000 by Norman G Citing linguist and politicial activist Noam Chomsky as an example, Finkelstein notes that it is "possible to unite exacting scholarly rigor with scathing moral outrage,"[7] and supporters and detractors alike have remarked on the polemical style of Finkelstein's work. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political [1][8] However, its content has been praised by eminent historians such as Raul Hilberg and Avi Shlaim,[8] as well as Chomsky. Raul Hilberg ( June 2, 1926 - August 4, 2007) was an Austrian -born American political scientist and Historian Avi Shlaim (born October 31, 1945 in Baghdad, Iraq) is an Israeli British dual citizen and historian and identifies

Academic career and controversies

From Time Immemorial

Finkelstein made his reputation with his doctoral thesis, which examined the claims made in Joan Peters's best-selling From Time Immemorial. Joan Peters (born 1938 is a former CBS news producer and author best known for her controversial book From Time Immemorial on the Israeli-Palestinian From Time Immemorial The Origins of the Arab-Jewish Conflict over Palestine is a 1984 book by Joan Peters about the constant presence of Jews in Palestine Peters's book, a "history and defense" of Israel, deals with the demographic history of Palestine. Demographic studies had tended to assert that the indigenous Palestinian population, once a 90% majority at the turn of the century, had dwindled towards parity due to massive Zionist immigration. The Palestinian territories in this context are defined to include West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Gaza strip. Edward W. Said, for example, claimed that between 1918 and 1947 the "ratio of alien settlers" increased from one to ten to one to two. Edward Wadie Saïd MRSL ( إدوارد وديع سعيد,; 1 November 1935 &ndash 25 September [9] Peters radically challenged this picture by arguing that a substantial part of the Palestinian people had themselves crowded into the Holy Land as emigrants from Arab countries from the early 19th century onwards. It followed, for Peters and many of her readers, that the picture of a native Palestinian population overwhelmed by Jewish immigration was little more than propaganda, and that in actuality two roughly simultaneous waves of immigration met in what had been a relatively unpopulated land.

From Time Immemorial had been effusively praised in mainstream United States media sources by figures as varied as Barbara Tuchman, Theodore H. White, Elie Wiesel, and Lucy Dawidowicz. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Barbara Wertheim Tuchman ( January 30, 1912 &ndash February 6, 1989) was an American self-trained Historian and author Theodore Harold White ( May 6, 1915 – May 9, 1986) was an American political journalist historian and novelist best known for his accounts Elie Wiesel (born Eliezer Wiesel on September 30 1928 in Sighetu Marmaţiei, Romania) is a Jewish writer professor political activist Lucy Schildkret Dawidowicz ( June 16, 1915 – December 5, 1990) was an American Historian and an author of books on modern Jewish Saul Bellow, for one, wrote in a jacket endorsement that:

"Millions of people the world over, smothered by false history and propaganda, will be grateful for this clear account of the origins of the Palestinians. Saul Bellow, born Solomon Bellows ( June 10, 1915 – April 5, 2005) was an acclaimed Canadian -born American "[10]

Peters is a former journalist with no background in the historical profession. Even her defenders, such as Ronald Sanders and Daniel Pipes, criticize the style and quality of her writing. Daniel Pipes (born September 9 1949 is a American historian and political commentator who particularly focuses on the Middle East and Islam. Pipes, while supporting her underlying thesis, has described her work as suffering from excessive partisanship[11] and a "somewhat hysterical undertone". [12]

Finkelstein's doctoral thesis examined all of the sources that Peters had harvested and the way she had used her evidence. In it he asserted that the book, elsewhere acclaimed as a breakthrough into a balanced perspective on Jewish-Palestinian demographics, was nothing more than what he now calls a "monumental hoax". [13] However, according to Finkelstein, whereas Peters's book received widespread interest and approval in the United States, a scholarly demonstration of its fraudulence and unreliability aroused little attention:

"By the end of 1984, From Time Immemorial had. . . received some two hundred [favorable] notices. . . in the United States. The only 'false' notes in this crescendoing chorus of praise were the Journal of Palestine Studies, which ran a highly critical review by Bill Farrell; the small Chicago-based newsweekly In These Times, which published a condensed version of this writer's findings; and Alexander Cockburn, who devoted a series of columns in The Nation exposing the hoax. The Journal of Palestine Studies is an Academic journal established in 1971 In These Times is a politically progressive monthly magazine of news and opinion published by the Institute for Public Affairs in Chicago. Alexander Claud Cockburn (ˈkoʊbɚn koh-burn born 6 June 1941 is an Irish-American political Journalist. This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation. . . . The periodicals in which From Time Immemorial had already been favorably reviewed refused to run any critical correspondence (e. g. The New Republic, The Atlantic Monthly, Commentary). The New Republic ( TNR) is an American Magazine of politics and the arts The Atlantic (formerly known as The Atlantic Monthly) is an American Magazine founded in Boston in 1857 Commentary is an American monthly Magazine covering Politics, International affairs, Judaism, and social cultural Periodicals that had yet to review the book rejected a manuscript on the subject as of little or no consequence (e. g. The Village Voice, Dissent, The New York Review of Books). This article is about a New York newspaper For the Ottawa Hills Ohio magazine see The Village Voice of Ottawa Hills. Dissent is a leading intellectual magazine of politics and culture currently edited by Mitchell Cohen and Michael Walzer. The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semimonthly Magazine on Literature, Culture, and current Not a single national newspaper or columnist contacted found newsworthy that a best-selling, effusively praised 'study' of the Middle East conflict was a threadbare hoax. "[14]

Of the people Finkelstein sent a draft of his preliminary findings to in the U. S. , only one, Noam Chomsky, responded, warning him of the probable consequences of his research:

"I warned him, if you follow this, you're going to get in trouble—because you're going to expose the American intellectual community as a gang of frauds, and they are not going to like it, and they're going to destroy you. "[15]

After a number of reviewers in the British and Israeli media supported Finkelstein's criticisms a few U. S. newspapers and journals began to publish more skeptical reviews of Peters's bestseller. The New York Review of Books published Yehoshua Porath’s review[16] and an exchange with critics of the review[12] in which he criticized the assumptions and evidence on which Peters’s thesis relied, thus lending independent support from an expert in Palestinian demographics to Finkelstein's doctoral critique. The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semimonthly Magazine on Literature, Culture, and current Yehoshua Porath (יהושע פורת is an Israeli politician and an Orientalist. [15]In the house journal of the American Council on Foreign Relations, Foreign Affairs, William B. The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR) is an American Nonpartisan foreign policy membership organization founded in 1921 and based at 58 East 68th Street (at Foreign Affairs is an influential American Journal on International relations published by the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR Quandt, Edward Stettinius professor of Politics at the University of Virginia and authority on Middle Eastern politics,[17] later described Finkelstein's critique of From Time Immemorial as a "landmark essay" and a "victory to his credit", in its "demonstration" of the "shoddy scholarship" of Peters's book. Edward Reilly Stettinius Jr ( October 22, 1900 – October 31, 1949) was United States Secretary of State under Presidents The University of Virginia (also called UVa, UVA, Mr Jefferson's University, or The University) is a highly selective public research [18]

The controversy that surrounded Finkelstein's research caused a delay in his earning his Ph. D. at Princeton University. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Noam Chomsky wrote in Understanding Power that Finkelstein "literally could not get the faculty to read [his dissertation]. " According to Chomsky, Princeton eventually granted Finkelstein his doctorate only "out of embarrassment [for Princeton]," but refused to give him any further professional backing. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement [15] In this regard, Finkelstein's tackling of highly sensitive issues suffered a similar fate to the earlier groundbreaking work of Holocaust authority Raul Hilberg, a scholar who would in later decades lend his support to Finkelstein when the latter's publications came under fire for their polemical character. Raul Hilberg ( June 2, 1926 - August 4, 2007) was an Austrian -born American political scientist and Historian

Finkelstein published portions of his thesis in the following publications:

The Holocaust Industry

See main article: The Holocaust Industry

The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering was published in 2000. The Holocaust Industry Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering is a book published in 2000 by Norman G Here, Finkelstein argues that Elie Wiesel and others exploit the memory of the Holocaust as an "ideological weapon. Elie Wiesel (born Eliezer Wiesel on September 30 1928 in Sighetu Marmaţiei, Romania) is a Jewish writer professor political activist " This is so the state of Israel, "one of the world's most formidable military powers, with a horrendous human rights record, [can] cast itself as a victim state" in order to garner "immunity to criticism. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. "[19] He also alleges what he calls a "double shakedown" by "a repellent gang of plutocrats, hoodlums and hucksters" seeking enormous legal damages and financial settlements from Germany and Switzerland, moneys which – according to Finkelstein – then go to the lawyers and institutional actors involved in procuring them, rather than actual Holocaust survivors. [20]

The book met with a hostile reception in some quarters, with critics charging that it was poorly researched and/or allowed others to exploit it for antisemitic purposes. For example, according to Israeli journalist Yair Sheleg, German historian Hans Mommsen disparaged the first edition as 'a most trivial book, which appeals to easily aroused anti-Semitic prejudices. Hans Mommsen (born November 5, 1930) is a Left-wing German historian and twin brother of Wolfgang Mommsen. ' [21]

Finkelstein also had his supporters however. Raul Hilberg, widely regarded during his lifetime as a leading expert among Holocaust researchers,[22] said the book expressed views Hilberg himself subscribed to in substance, in that he too found the exploitation of the Holocaust, in the manner Finkelstein describes, 'detestable. Raul Hilberg ( June 2, 1926 - August 4, 2007) was an Austrian -born American political scientist and Historian ' Asked on another occasion if Finkelstein's analysis might play into the hands of neo-Nazis for antisemitic purposes, Hilberg replied: 'Well, even if they do use it in that fashion, I'm afraid that when it comes to the truth, it has to be said openly, without regard to any consequences that would be undesirable, embarrassing. '[23]

Criticism of Alan Dershowitz's The Case for Israel

See main article: Dershowitz-Finkelstein Affair

Shortly after the publication of the book The Case for Israel by Alan Dershowitz, Finkelstein derided it as "a collection of fraud, falsification, plagiarism, and nonsense". The Case for Israel is a ''New York Times'' bestseller by Alan Dershowitz, a law professor at Harvard University. Alan Morton Dershowitz (born September 1, 1938) is an American Lawyer, Jurist, and political commentator. Plagiarism is the unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own original work [24] Asserting, during a joint interview by Amy Goodman, that Dershowitz lacked knowledge about specific contents of his own book, Finkelstein also claimed that Dershowitz did not write the book, and may not have even read it. Amy Goodman (born April 13 1957 in Bay Shore / New York) is an American broadcast journalist, Syndicated columnist and Author [24] In an interview with a Dutch newspaper Finkelstein said:

"In September 2003 I had a TV-debate with him. The notes in his book showed that he had worked on the manuscript until June 2003. However in September he had no idea of what was in the book. He didn't know names of people he cites. . . . But it is true that I couldn't prove my thesis, I withdrew it. "[25]

In his book, Finkelstein noted twenty instances, in as many pages, where Dershowitz's book cites the same sources and passages used by Joan Peters in her book, in largely the same sequence, with ellipses in the same places. In two instances, Dershowitz reproduces Peters's errors (see below). From this Finkelstein concluded that Dershowitz had not checked the original sources himself, contrary to the latter's claims. [26] Finkelstein suggests that this copying of quotations amounts to copying ideas. [27] Examining a copy of a proof of Dershowitz's book he managed to obtain, he found evidence that Dershowitz had his secretarial assistant, Holly Beth Billington, check in the Harvard library the sources he had read in Peters's book. [28] Dershowitz answered the charge in a letter to the University of California's Press Director Lynne Withey, arguing that Finkelstein had made up the smoking gun quotation, in that he had changed its wording (from 'cite' to 'copy') in his book. The University of California ( UC) is a Public university system in the state of California. [29] In public debate he has stated that if "somebody borrowed the quote without going to check back on whether Mark Twain had said that, obviously that would be a serious charge"; however, he insisted emphatically that he himself did not do that, that he had indeed checked the original source by Twain. [24]

Dershowitz threatened libel action over the charges in Finkelstein's book, and, consequently, Finkelstein deleted the word "plagiarism" from the text before publication. [30] Finkelstein also removed the charge that Dershowitz was not the true author of The Case for Israel because, as the publisher said, "he couldn’t document that. "[31]

Asserting that he did consult the original sources, Dershowitz says that Finkelstein is simply accusing him of good scholarly practice: citing references he learned of initially from Peters's book. Dershowitz denies that he used any of Peters's ideas without citation. "Plagiarism is taking someone else’s words and claiming they’re your own. There are no borrowed words from anybody. There are no borrowed ideas from anybody because I fundamentally disagree with the conclusions of Peters’s book. "[32] In a footnote in The Case for Israel which cites Peters's book, Dershowitz explicitly denies that he "relies" on Peters for "conclusions or data". [33]

In their joint interview on Democracy Now, however, Finkelstein cited specific passages in Dershowitz's book in which a phrase that he says Peters coined was incorrectly attributed to George Orwell:

"[Peters] coins the phrase, 'turnspeak', she says she's using it as a play off of George Orwell which as all listeners know used the phrase 'Newspeak. ' She coined her own phrase, 'turnspeak. ' You go to Mr. Dershowitz's book, he got so confused in his massive borrowings from Joan Peters that on two occasions, I'll cite them for those who have a copy of the book, on page 57 and on page 153 he uses the phrase, quote, George Orwell's 'turnspeak. ' 'Turnspeak' is not Orwell, Mr. Dershowitz, you're the Felix Frankfurter chair at Harvard, you must know that Orwell would never use such a clunky phrase as 'turnspeak'. Felix Frankfurter ( November 15, 1882 – February 22, 1965) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court "

James O. Freedman, the former president of Dartmouth College, the University of Iowa, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, has defended Dershowitz:

I do not understand [Finkelstein’s] charge of plagiarism against Alan Dershowitz. Dartmouth College ( is a private, Coeducational University located in Hanover, New Hampshire, U The University of Iowa, is a major teaching service and Research university located on a campus in Iowa City Iowa, on the banks of the Iowa River The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS is an organization dedicated to scholarship and the advancement of learning There is no claim that Dershowitz used the words of others without attribution. When he uses the words of others, he quotes them properly and generally cites them to the original sources (Mark Twain, Palestine Royal Commission, etc. ) [Finkelstein’s] complaint is that instead he should have cited them to the secondary source, in which Dershowitz may have come upon them. But as the Chicago Manual of Style emphasizes: 'Importance of attribution. The Chicago Manual of Style (abbreviated in writing as CMS or CMOS or verbally as Chicago) is a Style guide for American English With all reuse of others’ materials, it is important to identify the original as the source. This not only bolsters the claims of fair use, it also helps avoid any accusation of plagiarism. Fair use is a doctrine in United States copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders such as use for ' This is precisely what Dershowitz did. [34]

Responding to an article in The Nation by Alexander Cockburn,[33][35] Dershowitz also cited the Chicago Manual of Style:

Cockburn's claim is that some of the quotes should not have been cited to their original sources but rather to a secondary source, where he believes I stumbled upon them. This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation. Even if he were correct that I found all these quotations in Peters's book, the preferred method of citation is to the original source, as the Chicago Manual of Style emphasizes: "With all reuse of others' materials, it is important to identify the original as the source. This. . . helps avoid any accusation of plagiarism. . . To cite a source from a secondary source ('quoted in. . . ') is generally to be discouraged. . . . "

. . . to which Cockburn responded:

Quoting The Chicago Manual of Style, Dershowitz artfully implies that he followed the rules by citing "the original" as opposed to the secondary source, Peters. He misrepresents Chicago here, where "the original" means merely the origin of the borrowed material, which is, in this instance, Peters. Now look at the second bit of the quote from Chicago, chastely separated from the preceding sentence by a demure three-point ellipsis. As my associate Kate Levin has discovered, this passage ("To cite a source from a secondary source. . . ") occurs on page 727, which is no less than 590 pages later than the material before the ellipsis, in a section titled "Citations Taken from Secondary Sources. " Here's the full quote, with what Dershowitz left out set in bold: "'Quoted in. ' To cite a source from a secondary source ("quoted in") is generally to be discouraged, since authors are expected to have examined the works they cite. If an original source is unavailable, however, both the original and the secondary source must be listed. " So Chicago is clearly insisting that unless Dershowitz went to the originals, he was obliged to cite Peters. Finkelstein has conclusively demonstrated that he didn't go to the originals. Plagiarism, QED, plus added time for willful distortion of the language of Chicago's guidelines, cobbling together two separate discussions. [35]

On behalf of Dershowitz, Harvard Law School dean Elena Kagan asked former Harvard president Derek Bok to investigate the assertion of plagiarism; Bok exonerated Dershowitz of the charge. Harvard Law School (also known as Harvard Law or HLS) is one of the professional Graduate schools of Harvard University. Derek Curtis Bok (born March 22, 1930) is an American lawyer and educator and the former president of Harvard University. [30]. Doubts still exist however as to whether Harvard did in fact analyse the specific evidence Finkelstein adduced to suggest Dershowitz had copied quotations directly from Peters, rather than independently checking them in sources she had quoted. The relevant university office has since refused to confirm or deny Dershowitz's claim that he was cleared of the charge by Harvard. [36]

Although the plagiarism allegations by Finkelstein received the most attention and attracted a lot of controversy, Finkelstein has maintained that "the real issue is Israel's human rights record. "[27] His book Beyond Chutzpah counters Dershowitz's claim that Israel's human rights record is "generally superb. Beyond Chutzpah On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History is a book by Norman G "

Dershowitz has described Finkelstein as a "failed academic", and has claimed that Finkelstein intentionally picked a fight so that he could claim that he was the victim of "outside interference" if DePaul University does not award him tenure. In an April 3, 2007 interview with the Harvard Crimson, "Dershowitz confirmed that he had sent a letter last September to DePaul faculty members lobbying against Finkelstein's tenure. The Harvard Crimson, the daily Student newspaper of Harvard University, was founded in 1873 DePaul University is a private institution of Higher education and Research in Chicago, Illinois, U "[37]

In April 2007, Dr. Frank Menetrez, a former Editor-in-Chief of the UCLA Law Review, published an analysis of the charges made against Finkelstein by Alan Dershowitz, finding no merit in any single charge, and that, on the contrary, "Dershowitz is deliberately misrepresenting what Finkelstein wrote". [38] In a follow-up analysis he concluded that he could find 'no way of avoiding the inference that Dershowitz copied the quotation from Twain from Peters's From Time Immemorial, and not from the original source', as Dershowitz claimed. [36][39]

Tenure denial and resignation

In early 2007 the DePaul University Political Science department voted 9 to 3, and the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Personnel Committee 5 to 0, in favor of giving Finkelstein tenure. DePaul University is a private institution of Higher education and Research in Chicago, Illinois, U The three opposing faculty members subsequently filed a minority report opposing tenure, supported by the Dean of the College, Chuck Suchar. Suchar stated he opposed tenure because Finkelstein’s "personal and reputation demeaning attacks on Alan Dershowitz, Benny Morris, and the holocaust authors Eli Wiesel and Jerzy Kosinski" were inconsistent with DePaul’s “Vincentian” values. [40] In June 2007 a 4-3 vote by DePaul University's Board on Promotion and Tenure (a faculty board), affirmed by the university's president, the Rev. Dennis Holtschneider, denied Finkelstein tenure. The Reverend Fr Dennis H Holtschneider (born January 14, 1965) is the President of DePaul University in Chicago, Illinois [41][42]The university denied that Alan Dershowitz, who had been criticized for actively campaigning against Finkelstein's tenure, played any part in this decision. Alan Morton Dershowitz (born September 1, 1938) is an American Lawyer, Jurist, and political commentator. [42] At the same time, the university denied tenure to international studies lecturer Mehrene Larudee, a strong supporter of Finkelstein, despite unanimous support from her department, the Personnel Committee and the Dean. [43][44] Finkelstein stated that he would engage in civil disobedience if attempts were made to bar him from teaching his students. Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain Laws demands and commands of a Government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical [45][46]

The Faculty Council later affirmed the right of Professors Finkelstein and Larudee to appeal, which a university lawyer said was not possible. Council President Anne Bartlett said she was "'terribly concerned' correct procedure was not followed". [47] DePaul’s faculty association considered taking no confidence votes in administrators, including the president, because of the tenure denials. [48] In a statement issued upon Finkelstein's resignation, DePaul called him "a prolific scholar and an outstanding teacher. "[4] Dershowitz expressed outrage at the compromise and this statement in particular, saying that the university had "traded truth for peace. "[2][3]

Praise and criticism of Finkelstein's scholarship

A self-described "forensic scholar," Finkelstein's books each take as their foil one or more works of mainstream scholarship which he purports to expose as deeply flawed and even fraudulent. The authors whose work he has thus targeted, including Daniel Jonah Goldhagen and Alan Dershowitz, along with others such as Benny Morris whose work Finkelstein has also cited approvingly, have in turn accused Finkelstein of grossly misrepresenting their work, and selectively quoting from their books. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen (born 1959 is an American political scientist and former Associate Professor of Political Science and Social Studies at Alan Morton Dershowitz (born September 1, 1938) is an American Lawyer, Jurist, and political commentator. Benny Morris (born 1948 is an Israeli historian identified with the New Historians school a group of Historians who dispute the traditional Israeli [49] [50]

Finkelstein's work has attracted a number of supporters and detractors across the political spectrum. Notable supporters include Noam Chomsky, prominent intellectual and political critic; Raul Hilberg, Holocaust historian; Avi Shlaim, Israeli New Historian; and Mouin Rabbani, Palestinian jurist and analyst. Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political Raul Hilberg ( June 2, 1926 - August 4, 2007) was an Austrian -born American political scientist and Historian Avi Shlaim (born October 31, 1945 in Baghdad, Iraq) is an Israeli British dual citizen and historian and identifies The New Historians are a loosely-defined group of Israeli historians who have published histories of expulsions of Palestinians by Israel in 1948 expropriations of Palestinian property According to Hilberg, Finkelstein displays "academic courage to speak the truth when no one else is out there to support him. . . I would say that his place in the whole history of writing history is assured, and that those who in the end are proven right triumph, and he will be among those who will have triumphed, albeit, it so seems, at great cost. "[8]

Criticism has been leveled against Finkelstein from several angles. The first sources are responses from those whose work Finkelstein has discussed. Daniel Goldhagen, whose book Hitler's Willing Executioners Finkelstein criticized, claimed his scholarship has "everything to do with his burning political agenda. "[51] Similarly, Alan Dershowitz, whose book The Case for Israel and Finkelstein's response Beyond Chutzpah sparked an ongoing feud between the two, has claimed Finkelstein's complicity in a conspiracy against pro-Israel scholars: "The mode of attack is consistent. Chomsky selects the target and directs Finkelstein to probe the writings in minute detail and conclude that the writer didn’t actually write the work, that it is plagiarized, that it is a hoax and a fraud," arguing that Finkelstein has leveled charges against many academics, calling at least 10 "distinguished Jews 'hucksters', 'hoaxters' (sic), 'thieves,' 'extortionists', and worse. "[34]

Historian[52] Omer Bartov, writing for The New York Times Book Review, judged The Holocaust Industry to be marred by the same errors he denounces in those who exploit the Holocaust for profit or politics:

'It is filled with precisely the kind of shrill hyperbole that Finkelstein rightly deplores in much of the current media hype over the Holocaust; it is brimming with the same indifference to historical facts, inner contradictions, strident politics and dubious contextualizations; and it oozes with the same smug sense of moral and intellectual superiority. Omer Bartov is the John P Birkelund Distinguished Professor of European History and Professor of History and Professor of German Studies at Brown University. The New York Times Book Review is a weekly paper-magazine supplement to The New York Times in which current non-fiction and fiction books are reviewed . . Like any conspiracy theory, it contains several grains of truth; and like any such theory, it is both irrational and insidious. ' [53]

Since the Bartov review, Finkelstein has published a considerably expanded second edition of the book.

Bibliography

Others on Finkelstein and his works

Academic reviews of books by Finkelstein

Reviews of books by Finkelstein

Profiles of Finkelstein

Critics of Finkelstein and replies

External links

Footnotes & References

  1. ^ a b Jennifer Howard (13 April 2007). Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Harvard Law Professor Seeks to Block Tenure for Adversary at DePaul U. ". Chronicle of Higher Education, Vol. 53 Issue 32, p. A13,.  
  2. ^ a b c "DePaul, embattled professor settle dispute". The Chicago Tribune, republished by normanfinkelstein. com.
  3. ^ a b The Associated Press (September 5, 2007). Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Embattled US professor who accused Jews of using Holocaust to stifle criticism agrees to resign". The International Herald Tribune.
  4. ^ a b "Joint statement of Norman Finkelstein and DePaul University on their tenure controversy and its resolution.". DePaul University (September 5, 2007). Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  5. ^ Katz, Yaakov (2008-05-25). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. American Israel critic denied entry to country. Jerusalem Post.
  6. ^ “Israel blocks professor from entering, citing Hezbollah ties” International Herald Tribune24 May 2008. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Accessed 24 May 2008
  7. ^ a b c Norman G. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Finkelstein (June 1, 2005). Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Haunted House". normanfinkelstein. com.  “"It was only many years later after reading Noam Chomsky that I learned it was possible to unite exacting scholarly rigor with scathing moral outrage; that an intelligent argument didn't have to be an intellectualizing one. "”
  8. ^ a b c Goodman, Amy (9 May 2007). Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Interview with Raul Hilberg and Avi Schlaim". Democracy Now!. Retrieved on 2007-12-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
  9. ^ Edward W. Said, Christopher Hitchens, eds. . Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question, p. 242.  “"Demographically, Jewish immigration, imposed without the consent and against the explicit opposition of the indigenous community by a foreign colonial power, increased the ratio of alien settlers from one to ten in 1918 to one in two in 1947"” 
  10. ^ Edward W. Said, Christopher Hitchens, eds. . Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question, p. 23.  
  11. ^ Daniel Pipes, "From Time Immemorial The Origins of the Arab-Jewish Conflict Over Palestine. "
  12. ^ a b Daniel Pipes (March 27, 1986). Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Mrs. Peters's Palestine: An Exchange Volume 33, Number 5. The New York Review of Books. Retrieved on 2007-12-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations.  
  13. ^ Norman Finkelstein. "Alan Dershowitz Exposed: What if a Harvard Student Did This?". www. normanfinkelstein. com.
  14. ^ Finkelstein, Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict 45-46
  15. ^ a b c Noam Chomsky (2002). ""The Fate of an Honest Intellectual"", "Understanding Power". The New Press, pp. 244-248, p. 244. .  
  16. ^ Yehoshua Porath (January 16, 1986). Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) "Mrs. Peters's Palestine" Vol. 32, Nos. 21, 22. New York Review of Books. The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semimonthly Magazine on Literature, Culture, and current  
  17. ^ Curriculum Vitae of Professor William B. Quandt
  18. ^ William B. Quandt. "Book review of Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict", May/June 1996, Foreign Affairs. Foreign Affairs is an influential American Journal on International relations published by the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR  
  19. ^ Finkelstein, N. (2003). The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering, (2nd ed. ), Verso, pg. xi.  
  20. ^ Finkelstein, N. (2003). The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering, (2nd ed. ), Verso, pg. xiii.  
  21. ^ Sheleg, Yair (30 March 2001. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. ). "The Finkelstein Polemic.". Ha'aretz, reprinted by www. (הארץ "The land" referring to the Land of Israel) founded in 1918 is Israel 's oldest Daily newspaper. normanfinkelstein. com.
  22. ^ Felix Kellerhoff (25 January 2003). Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. "Raul Hilberg und die Quellen des Holocaust". Die Welt. Die Welt ( English: The World) is a German national daily newspaper published by the Axel Springer AG company
  23. ^ Roberto Antonini (31 August 2000). Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. "Interview with Raul Hilberg". Swiss National Radio (SBC-SSR).
  24. ^ a b c Amy Goodman (24 September 2003). Amy Goodman (born April 13 1957 in Bay Shore / New York) is an American broadcast journalist, Syndicated columnist and Author Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. "Scholar Norman Finkelstein Calls Professor Alan Dershowitz's New Book On Israel a 'Hoax',". Democracy Now!. Democracy Now! is a syndicated program of news analysis and opinion aired by more than 700 Radio and Television, satellite
  25. ^ (29 September 2007) NRC Handelsblad, Netherlands, p. 45.  “Dutch original:"In september 2003 had ik een televisiedebat met hem. Uit het notenapparaat van zijn boek bleek dat hij tot en met juni 2003 aan het manuscript had gewerkt. Maar in september had hij geen idee wat er in het boek stond. Hij kende namen niet van mensen die hij citeert. [. . ] Maar het is waar dat ik mijn stelling niet kon bewijzen, die heb ik ingetrokken. "” 
  26. ^ Norman Finkelstein. "Alan Dershowitz Exposed: What if a Harvard Student Did This?". www. normanfinkelstein. com.
  27. ^ a b Norman G. Finkelstein (August 25, 2005). Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "The Real Issue is Israel's Human Rights Record". www. normanfinkelstein. com.
  28. ^ Norman Finkelstein (June 2008). Events in June Madaraka Day June 1 to commemorate when Kenya gained internal self-rule 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common "Beyond Chutzpah: On The Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History", 2nd updated edition, University of California Press, Appendix 1. ISBN 0520249895.  
  29. '^ Alan Dershowitz (September 1, 2005). Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Letter from Alan Dershowitz to Lynn Withey. reprinted by www. normanfinkelstein. com.
  30. ^ a b Marcella Bombardieri (July 9, 2005). Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Academic fight heads to print, authorship challenge dropped from text". The Boston Globe reprinted by www. normanfinkelstein. com.
  31. ^ Daniel J. T. Schuker (July 7, 2005). Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Accusations Fly in Academic Feud: Harvard law prof tries to prevent publication of book about Israel". The Harvard Crimson.
  32. ^ Marx, Eric (October 03, 2003). Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. "Dershowitz Rebuts Critics’ Plagiarism Charges. The Jewish Daily Forward. The Forward (פֿאָרווערטס Forverts) is a Jewish-American weekly Newspaper published in New York City.
  33. ^ a b Alexander Cockburn (September 25, 2003). Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. "Alan Dershowitz, Plagiarist". The Nation full version available here from Counterpunch. org.
  34. ^ a b Alan Dershowitz. "The Hazards of Making The Case for Israel". Retrieved from JBooks. com.
  35. ^ a b Alan Dershowitz and Alexander Cockburn (October 2003). October events and holidays Children's Book Week ( England) - First Week of October National Day ( China People's Republic Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. "Dershowitz vs. Cockburn (including exchange of letters)". www. normanfinkelstein. com.
  36. ^ a b Frank J. Menetrez (February 12, 2008). Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common "The Case Against Alan Dershowitz". Counterpunch. CounterPunch is a biweekly Newsletter published in the United States that covers politics in a manner its editors describe as "muckraking with a radical
  37. ^ Zhou, Kevin (April 4, 2007). Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Feud Weakens Prof's Tenure Bid". Harvard Crimson. The Harvard Crimson, the daily Student newspaper of Harvard University, was founded in 1873
  38. ^ Frank J. Menetrez and others (July 6, 2007). Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Dershowitz vs. Finkelstein: Who's Right and Who's Wrong?". www. normanfinkelstein. com, including e-mails attributed to Alan Dershowitz and remarks additional to the original article attributed to Menetrez.
  39. ^ Alan M. Dershowitz, Frank J. Menetrez (February 26, 2008). Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common "Debating Norman Finkelstein". Counterpunch. CounterPunch is a biweekly Newsletter published in the United States that covers politics in a manner its editors describe as "muckraking with a radical
  40. ^ Peter N. Kirstein (March 22, 2007). Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Suchar Memorandum.
  41. ^ "DePaul denies tenure to controversial professor". CNN (June 11, 2007). Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  42. ^ a b "DePaul University Statement on the Tenure and Promotion Decision Concerning Professor Norman Finkelstein". DePaul University (June 6, 2007). Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  43. ^ "DePaul Rejects Finkelstein". Inside Higher Education (June 11, 2007). Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  44. ^ Peter N. Kirstein (June 9, 2007). Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Exclusive: Finkelstein Supporter also Denied Tenure at DePaul".
  45. ^ Donald MacLeod and agencies (August 29, 2007). Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Holocaust academic vows to fight axe of university class". The Guardian.
  46. ^ Winfield Myers (June 8, 2007). Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Norman Finkelstein Denied Tenure at DePaul". Campus Watch.
  47. ^ Dave Newbart (June 14, 2007). Students ordered to leave chief's area. Chicago Sun-Times. The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved on 2007-10-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus
  48. ^ "DePaul Students, Faculty Respond to Controversial Tenure Denials". Democracy Now (June 14, 2007). Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  49. ^ Deborah Passner (October 10, 2005). Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Norman Finkelstein's Fraudulent Scholarship". Reprinted by normanfinkelstein. com as "CAMERA's distorted lens".
  50. ^ "Norman Finkelstein, Benny Morris and Peace Not Apartheid". Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (February 7, 2007). Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  51. ^ Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen (born 1959 is an American political scientist and former Associate Professor of Political Science and Social Studies at The New Discourse of Avoidance. Retrieved on 2008-01-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
  52. ^ Omer Bartov: Curriculum Vitae (PDF). Retrieved on 2008-01-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
  53. ^ Omer Bartov (August 6, 2000). Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. "A Tale of Two Holocausts" a review of The Holocaust Industry. The Holocaust Industry Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering is a book published in 2000 by Norman G The New York Times Book Review. The New York Times Book Review is a weekly paper-magazine supplement to The New York Times in which current non-fiction and fiction books are reviewed Retrieved on 13 February 2007. .
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