A normal school was a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers. Its purpose was to establish teaching standards or norms, hence its name. Most such schools are now called teachers colleges. However, in some places the term normal school is still used. In 1685, Saint John Baptist de La Salle, founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, founded what is generally considered the first normal school, the École Normale, — that is, a school whose purpose is to train teachers — in Reims. Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle (John Baptist de La Salle (born 30 April 1651 in Reims; died 7 April 1719 in Saint-Yon The Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (also known as the Christian Brothers, the Lasallian Brothers, the French Christian Brothers Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern In New Zealand, for example, normal schools are affiliated with teachers colleges. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island According to the Oxford English Dictionary, normal schools in the United States and Canada trained primary school teachers, while in Europe, normal schools educated primary, secondary and tertiary-level teachers. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Australia See also Education Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage third level and' post-secondary education', is the educational level following the completion of a school providing [1]
In the United States, the function of normal schools has been taken up by undergraduate and graduate schools of education; the schools themselves were upgraded to universities focused on meeting the needs of the region in which they were located. In some Educational systems undergraduate education is Post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelor's degree. A graduate school or ("grad school" is a school that awards advanced degrees such as doctoral degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned Many famous universities, such as the University of California, Los Angeles were founded as normal schools. The University of California Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood Los Angeles, California, United In Canada, such institutions are typically part of a university as the Faculty of Education offering a one- or two-year Bachelor of Education program. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page It requires at least three (usually four) years of prior undergraduate studies.
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History
The term "normal school" originated in the early 19th century from the French école normale. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The French concept of an "école normale" was to provide a model school with model classrooms to teach model teaching practices to its student teachers. [2] The children, the teachers of the children, the student teachers, and the teachers of the students were all together in the same building. Although a laboratory school, it was the official school for the children—primary or secondary. For the school located at Baton Rouge Louisiana see Louisiana State University Laboratory School For the school located at Tarlac City Philippines see Laboratory
In Europe
In France, a two-tier system developped since the Revolution : primary schools were educated at départemental écoles normales, high schools teachers at the Écoles normales supérieures. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively In the Terminology of Political geography and Historiography a National department (département departamento is an administrative École Normale de Musique de ParisThe École normale supérieure (also known as Normale Sup’, Normale, ENS, ENS-Paris, ENS-Ulm or Nowadays all teachers are educated in instituts universitaires de formation des maîtres. The Écoles Normales Supérieures in France and the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa no longer specialize in teacher training. École Normale de Musique de ParisThe École normale supérieure (also known as Normale Sup’, Normale, ENS, ENS-Paris, ENS-Ulm or The Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, also known in Italian as Scuola Normale (English Normal School) is a higher learning institution in Italy.
In Finland, normal schools are under national university administration, whereas most schools are administered by the local municipality. ||-||}The municipalities ( kunta in Finnish, kommun in Swedish) represent the local level of administration in Finland and A normal school is the official school of the children. Teacher aspirants do most of their compulsory trainee period in normal schools and teach while being supervised by a senior teacher.
In Asia
The terminology is still preserved in the official translations of such schools in both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China since the early 20th century, East China Normal University being the first. East China Normal University (ECNU ( was founded in October 1951 in western Shanghai, on the campus of Daxia University. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The twentieth century of the Common Era began on East China Normal University (ECNU ( was founded in October 1951 in western Shanghai, on the campus of Daxia University. A Chinese normal university (Chinese: 師範大學; pinyin: shīfàn dàxué, abbreviated 師大; shīdà) is usually controlled by the national or provincial government. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use
In Taiwan, the two national normal universities (one in Taipei and another in Kaohsiung) prepared secondary school teachers (although they have become de facto liberal arts universities in the late 20th century). National Taiwan Normal University ( Wade-Giles: kuo2li4 tai2wan1 shih1fan4 ta4 hsüeh2 The National Kaohsiung Normal University (NKNU founded in 1967, is a public university located in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational Institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling known as Secondary education, takes The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. There were also about ten Taiwanese provincial teachers colleges (Chinese: 師範學院; pinyin: shīfàn xuéyuàn, abbreviated 師院; shīyuàn, literally "normal colleges") that originated as normal schools established by the Japanese. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use The Japanese colonial period, Japanese rule or the Imperial Japanese occupation, in the context of Taiwan 's history refers to the period between After the Chinese took over the island, they were renamed provincial normal schools before becoming provincial teachers colleges. In the early 1990s, these teachers colleges came under national control and by the mid-2000s were all renamed "universities of education" (教育大學) or simply "universities" to signify their comprehensive training.
In the United States
The first normal school in the United States was founded in Concord, Vermont by Reverend Samuel Hall in 1823. Sixteen years later the first state funded normal school was founded in Lexington Massachusetts, thanks largely to the efforts of education reformers such as Horace Mann and James G. Carter[3]. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Education reform is a plan or movement which attempts to bring about a systematic change in Educational theory or practice across a Community or Society This article is about an early leader in education for the private school located in New York City see Horace Mann School. James G Carter, (1795-1849 was a Massachusetts State Legislator and Education reformer In 1823, a school known simply as The Columbian School, the first of its kind in the United States, opened in Concord, Vermont; Influenced by similar academies in Prussia and elsewhere in Europe, they were intended to improve the quality of the burgeoning common school system by producing more qualified teachers. Concord is a town in Essex County, Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state A common school was a Public school in the United States or Canada in the nineteenth century
The first normal school west of the Appalachian Mountains in the United States was the Michigan State Normal School, now Eastern Michigan University. The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. Eastern Michigan University is a comprehensive co-educational Public university located in Ypsilanti Michigan. It was created by legislative action in 1849 and opened in Ypsilanti, Michigan in 1853. Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ypsilanti (ˌɪpsɨˈlænti Ǐp'-sǐ-lǎn-tē but often /ˌjɪpsɨˈlænti/ by outsiders is a city in Washtenaw County in the U Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common [4] Harris-Stowe State University, now a state university in Missouri, was founded by the St. Louis public school system in 1857 and claims to be the oldest normal school west of the Mississippi River. Harris-Stowe State University is a Missouri public university located in midtown St The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to The first state-authorized normal college to open west of the Mississippi River was Winona State Normal School, now called Winona State University. Winona State University is primarily an undergraduate university the oldest of the schools that constitute Minnesota State Colleges and Universities (MnSCU Opening in 1858, its creation was one of the first acts of the newly-formed Minnesota Legislature. Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Minnesota Legislature is the legislative branch of government in the U
The State of Illinois passed an act to establish a normal school on 18 February 1857, and proposals were submitted to locate the new school in Batavia, Bloomington, Peoria, and Washington (in Tazewell County). The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Batavia is a city in DuPage and Kane Counties in the US state of Illinois. Bloomington is a city in McLean County, Illinois, United States and the County seat. Peoria Illinois (named after the Peoria tribe is the largest city on the Illinois River and the County seat of Peoria County, Illinois Tazewell County is a County located in the US state of Illinois. Bids were opened by the State Board of Education in Peoria on 7 May 1857 and the offer from Bloomington, Illinois, was accepted. The normal school was located near the village of North Bloomington, which later was renamed Normal in honor of the school. The school, originally known as Illinois State Normal University (ISNU), is now known as Illinois State University. Illinois State University is a Public university in Normal Illinois and is the oldest public institution of Higher education in the state.
The first normal school in what is now considered the Southwest was opened in 1879 as Sam Houston Normal Institute (now Sam Houston State University). The Southwestern area of the United States could be defined as the states west of the Mississippi River, with the qualification of a certain northern limit such as the 37 Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sam Houston State University, (known as SHSU and Sam, for short founded in 1879 is a Public university located in Huntsville, Texas Finally, the first state-run normal school on the West Coast was the Minns Evening Normal School, created in 1857 to train teachers for San Francisco's schools. The " West Coast " " Western Seaboard " or " Pacific Seaboard " are terms for the westernmost coastal states of the Western United States George Washington Minns ( October 6, 1813 in Boston Massachusetts - January 14, 1895 in Brookline Massachusetts) was an Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the It was taken over by the State of California in 1862 and became the California State Normal School (now San Jose State University). California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday The California State Normal School was a teaching college founded on May 2 1862 whose original campus later became both the California State University and its San José State University, commonly shortened to San José State and SJSU, is the founding campus of what became the California State University system
The Lowry Normal School Bill of 1910 authorized two new normal schools in Ohio—one in the northwestern, another in the northeastern parts of the state. The Lowry bill, also known as the Lowry Act and the Lowry Normal School Bill, was a bill introduced in 1910 in the Ohio state legislature which called for Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The Lowry bill was the last of numerous measures that had been proposed and defeated over several years to meet the urgent need for professionally trained elementary teachers in the northern half of the state. The Lowry bill, also known as the Lowry Act and the Lowry Normal School Bill, was a bill introduced in 1910 in the Ohio state legislature which called for Ohio was one of the last states to provide professional training for its elementary teachers. Not until 1902 did the state’s oldest schools—Ohio University and Miami University—get colleges of education. Ohio University is a public university located in Athens Ohio that is situated on a 1800 acre (7 Miami University (colloquially and incorrectly referred to as Miami of Ohio for clarification purposes is a Coeducational Public university founded in 1809 The Ohio State University (OSU) had to wait until 1907. The Ohio State University ( OSU) is a Coeducational public Research university in the state of Ohio. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year This predisposed all three, but especially so OSU, to treat any new schools as rivals. Moreover, those institutions were sprinkled across the mostly rural and small-town southern half of the state, where the fulcrum of political power had shifted after the death, in 1904,of Cleveland’s political boss Mark Hanna. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state Marcus Alonzo Hanna ( September 24, 1837 &ndash February 15, 1904) best known as Mark Hanna, was an American Industrialist Yet the greatest need for trained teachers was in the school systems popping up in the increasingly urbanized and industrialized northern half, which was also the most populous and prosperous. Political conflicts springing from sectional rivalry and competition for state funds, favor, and preeminence would shape much of the history of the Kent School. One of the oldest normal schools in Ohio was National Normal University in Lebanon, Ohio which opened in 1855. National Normal University was a teacher's college in Lebanon Ohio. For other places with the same name see Lebanon (disambiguation.
In Latin America
Early normal schools in Latin America include several in Mexico, such as the Escuela Normal de Enseñanza Mutua de Oaxaca (1824), the Escuela Normal Mixta de San Luis Potosí (1849), the Normal de Guadalajara (1881), and the Escuela Normal para Profesores de Instrucción Primaria (1887). The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Mexican normal school system was nationalized and reorganized by the Secretaría de Educación Pública (Secretariat of Public Education) under José Vasconcelos in 1921. The Secretariat of Public Education ( Secretaría de Educación Pública) of Mexico is the governmental department responsible for education and culture José Vasconcelos Calderón ( February 28 1882, Oaxaca Oaxaca &ndash June 30 1959, Mexico City) was a Mexican Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar
Perhaps the oldest continually operating normal school in Latin America is the Escuela Normal Superior José Abelardo Núñez, founded in Santiago, Chile, in 1842 as the Escuela de Preceptores de Santiago under the direction of the emininent Argentine educator, writer, and politician Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Domingo Faustino Sarmiento Albarracín (February 15 1811 &ndash September 11 1888 was an Argentine activist intellectual and writer and the seventh President The first normal school in the Dominican Republic was founded in 1875 by Puerto Rican educator and activist Eugenio María de Hostos. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Eugenio María de Hostos ( January 11, 1839 &ndash August 11, 1903) known as "El Ciudadano de las Americas" (The Citizen of the
On 1938 the Escuela Normal Juan Demóstenes Arosemena was founded in Santiago de Veraguas, Panama. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Santiago de Veraguas is the capital of the Panamanian province Veraguas. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America.
In Colombia, normal schools were primarily associated with women's religious schools although in modern times have admitted men, thus forming escuelas normales mixtas (mixed normal schools). Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America.
References
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-12-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office
- ^ école normale. Retrieved on 2007-12-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office
- ^ Normal Schools - History of American Education Web Project, Retrieved on 2007-03-08.
- ^ Eastern Michigan University. Eastern Michigan University is a comprehensive co-educational Public university located in Ypsilanti Michigan. A Brief History of EMU (HTML). Retrieved on 2007-12-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the
See also
External links
- Normal school. List of Normal schools by country China 云南师范大学 ( Yunnan Normal University) Colombia Normal Departamental Mixta (n. d. ). he American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved December 11, 2007
- normal, 4th adjective Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Retrieved December 11, 2007
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