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Norbert Wiener

BornNovember 26, 1894(1894-11-26)
Columbia, Missouri, U.S.
DiedMarch 18, 1964 (aged 69)
Stockholm, Sweden
NationalityAmerican
FieldsMathematics
Cybernetics
InstitutionsMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Alma materTufts College BA 1909
Harvard University PhD 1912
Doctoral advisorKarl Schmidt
Josiah Royce
Doctoral studentsAmar Bose
Shikao Ikehara
Norman Levinson

Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894, Columbia, Missouri – March 18, 1964, Stockholm Sweden) was an American theoretical and applied mathematician. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Columbia (kəˈlʌmbiə is the fifth-largest city in the US state of Missouri and the largest city in Mid-Missouri. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the Structure of Complex systems especially Communication processes control mechanisms and Feedback Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Josiah Royce ( November 20, 1855, Grass Valley California. &ndash September 14, 1916, Cambridge Massachusetts) was an Amar Gopal Bose ( Bengali: অমর গোপাল বসু Amar Gopal Boshu) (born November 2, 1929) is the chairman and founder of Bose Shikao Ikehara (池原 止戈夫 Ikehara Shikao; 1904 – 1984 is a Japanese Mathematician. Norman Levinson ( August 11, 1912 - October 10, 1975) was an American Mathematician. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Columbia (kəˈlʌmbiə is the fifth-largest city in the US state of Missouri and the largest city in Mid-Missouri. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Applied mathematics is a branch of Mathematics that concerns itself with the mathematical techniques typically used in the application of mathematical knowledge to other domains A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics.

Wiener was a pioneer in the study of stochastic and noise processes, contributing work relevant to electronic engineering, electronic communication, and control systems. A stochastic process, or sometimes random process, is the counterpart to a deterministic process (or Deterministic system) in Probability theory. is a one volume manga created by Tsutomu Nihei as a prequel to his ten-volume work Blame!. Electronic engineering is a discipline dealing with the behavior and effects of Electrons (as in electron tubes and transistors and with electronic devices systems or equipment A control system is a device or set of devices to manage command direct or regulate the behavior of other devices or systems

Wiener also founded cybernetics, a field that formalizes the notion of feedback and has implications for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, philosophy, and the organization of society. Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the Structure of Complex systems especially Communication processes control mechanisms and Feedback Feedback is a circular causal Process whereby some proportion of a system's output is returned (fed back to the Input. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and Systems control, in a Communications system, is the control and implementation of a Set of functions that prevent or eliminate Degradation Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions

Contents

Biography

Youth

Wiener was the first child of Leo Wiener, a Polish-Jewish immigrant, and Bertha Kahn, of German-Jewish descent. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Employing teaching methods of his own invention, Leo educated Norbert at home until 1903, except for a brief interlude when Norbert was 7 years of age. Thanks to his father's tutelage and his own abilities, Wiener became a child prodigy. List of child prodigies|Fictional child prodigies A child prodigy is a one who masters one or more skills or arts at an early age Earning his living teaching German and Slavic languages, Leo read widely and accumulated a personal library from which the young Norbert benefited much. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages Leo also had ample ability in mathematics, and tutored his son in the subject until he left home.

After graduating from Ayer High School in 1906 at 11 years of age, Wiener entered Tufts College. Ayer High School is located in Ayer Massachusetts. The school colors are Maroon and White He was awarded a BA in mathematics in 1909 at the age of 14, whereupon he began graduate studies in zoology at Harvard. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of In 1910 he transferred to Cornell to study philosophy.

Harvard

The next year he returned to Harvard, while still continuing his philosophical studies. Back at Harvard, Wiener came under the influence of Edward Vermilye Huntington, whose mathematical interests ranged from axiomatic foundations to problems posed by engineering. Edward Vermilye Huntington ( April 26 1874 Clinton New York, USA -- November 25 1952, Cambridge Massachusetts, USA was an American Harvard awarded Wiener a Ph.D. in 1912, when he was a mere 18, for a dissertation on mathematical logic, supervised by Karl Schmidt, whose essential results were published as Wiener (1914). "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Mathematical logic is a subfield of Logic and Mathematics with close connections to Computer science and Philosophical logic. In that dissertation, he was the first to see that the ordered pair can be defined in terms of elementary set theory. In Mathematics, an ordered pair is a collection of two distinguishable objects one of which is identified as the first coordinate (or the first entry Hence relations can be wholly grounded in set theory, so that the theory of relations does not require any axioms or primitive notions distinct from those of set theory. This article sets out the set-theoretic notion of relation For a more elementary point of view see Binary relations and Triadic relations In 1921, Kuratowski proposed a simplification of Wiener's definition of the ordered pair, and that simplification has been in common use ever since. Kazimierz Kuratowski ( Warsaw, February 2, 1896 &ndash June 18, 1980) was a Polish Mathematician and Logician

In 1914, Wiener travelled to Europe, to study under Bertrand Russell and G. H. Hardy at Cambridge University, and under David Hilbert and Edmund Landau at the University of Göttingen. Bertrand Arthur William Russell 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970 was a British Philosopher, Historian Godfrey Harold Hardy FRS ( February 7, 1877 Cranleigh, Surrey, England &ndash December 1, 1947 The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the David Hilbert ( January 23, 1862 &ndash February 14, 1943) was a German Mathematician, recognized as one of the most Edmund Georg Hermann (Yehezkel Landau ( February 14, 1877 – February 19, 1938) was a German Jewish Mathematician The University of Göttingen ( German: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is a University in the city of Göttingen, Germany. In 1915-16, he taught philosophy at Harvard, then worked for General Electric and wrote for the Encyclopedia Americana. The Encyclopædia Americana is one of the largest general Encyclopedias in the English language. When World War I broke out, Oswald Veblen invited him to work on ballistics at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Oswald Veblen ( 24 June 1880 in Decorah Iowa &ndash 10 August, 1960) was an American Mathematician, Ballistics ( gr βάλλειν ('ba'llein' "throw" is the science of Mechanics that deals with the motion behavior and effects of Projectiles Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG is a United States Army facility located near Aberdeen Maryland (in Harford County) Thus Wiener, an eventual pacifist, wore a uniform 1917-18. Living and working with other mathematicians strengthened and deepened his interest in mathematics.

After the war

After the war, Wiener was unable to secure a position at Harvard because he was Jewish (despite his father being the first tenured Jew at Harvard), and was rejected for a position at the University of Melbourne. The University of Melbourne is a Public university located in Melbourne, Victoria. At W. F. Osgood's invitation, Wiener became an instructor in mathematics at MIT, where he spent the remainder of his career, rising to Professor. William Fogg Osgood (1864-1943 was an American Mathematician, born in Boston.

In 1926, Wiener returned to Europe as a Guggenheim scholar. Guggenheim Fellowships are American grants that have been awarded annually since 1925 by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to those "who He spent most of his time at Göttingen and with Hardy at Cambridge, working on Brownian motion, the Fourier integral, Dirichlet's problem, harmonic analysis, and the Tauberian theorems. This article is about the physical phenomenon for the stochastic process see Wiener process. This article specifically discusses Fourier transformation of functions on the Real line; for other kinds of Fourier transformation see Fourier analysis and In Mathematics, a Dirichlet problem is the problem of finding a function which solves a specified Partial differential equation (PDE in the interior of In Mathematics, abelian and tauberian theorems relate to the meaningful assignment of a value as the "sum" of a class of Divergent series.

In 1926, Wiener's parents arranged his marriage to a German immigrant, Margaret Engemann, who was not Jewish; they had two daughters.

During and after World War II

During World War II, his work on the automatic aiming and firing of anti-aircraft guns led Wiener to communication theory and eventually to formulate cybernetics. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces There is much discussion in the academic world of Communication as to what actually constitutes communication Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the Structure of Complex systems especially Communication processes control mechanisms and Feedback After the war, his prominence helped MIT to recruit a research team in cognitive science, made up of researchers in neuropsychology and the mathematics and biophysics of the nervous system, including Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts. Cognitive science may be broadly defined as the multidisciplinary study of mind and behavior Neuropsychology is the applied scientific discipline that studies the structure and function of the Brain related to specific psychological processes and overt behaviors Biophysics (also biological physics) is an Interdisciplinary Science that employs and develops theories and methods of the Physical sciences for Warren Sturgis McCulloch ( November 16, 1899 – September 24, 1969) was an American neurophysiologist and cybernetician Walter Pitts ( 23 April 1923 – 14 May 1969) was a Logician who worked in the field of Cognitive psychology. These men went on to make pioneering contributions to computer science and artificial intelligence. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their Shortly after the group was formed, Wiener broke off all contact with its members. Speculation still flourishes as to why this split occurred.

Wiener went on to break new ground in cybernetics, robotics, computer control, and automation. See also Robot Robotics is the science and technology of Robots and their design manufacture and application Automation ( Ancient Greek: = self dictated) roboticization or industrial automation or Numerical control is the use of Control systems He shared his theories and findings with other researchers, and credited the contributions of others. These included Soviet researchers and their findings. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Wiener's connections with them placed him under suspicion during the Cold War. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the He was a strong advocate of automation to improve the standard of living, and to overcome economic underdevelopment. His ideas became influential in India, whose government he advised during the 1950s. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

Wiener declined an invitation to join the Manhattan Project. The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb After the war, he became increasingly concerned with what he saw as political interference in scientific research, and the militarization of science. His article "A Scientist Rebels" in the January 1947 issue of The Atlantic Monthly urged scientists to consider the ethical implications of their work. The Atlantic (formerly known as The Atlantic Monthly) is an American Magazine founded in Boston in 1857 After the war, he refused to accept any government funding or to work on military projects. The way Wiener's stance towards nuclear weapons and the Cold War contrasted with that of John von Neumann is the central theme of Heims (1980).

Awards and honors

Work

Wiener was as a pioneer in the study of stochastic and noise processes, contributing work relevant to electronic engineering, electronic communication, and control systems. A stochastic process, or sometimes random process, is the counterpart to a deterministic process (or Deterministic system) in Probability theory. is a one volume manga created by Tsutomu Nihei as a prequel to his ten-volume work Blame!. Electronic engineering is a discipline dealing with the behavior and effects of Electrons (as in electron tubes and transistors and with electronic devices systems or equipment A control system is a device or set of devices to manage command direct or regulate the behavior of other devices or systems

Wiener also founded cybernetics, a field that formalizes the notion of feedback and has implications for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, philosophy, and the organization of society. Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the Structure of Complex systems especially Communication processes control mechanisms and Feedback Feedback is a circular causal Process whereby some proportion of a system's output is returned (fed back to the Input. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and Systems control, in a Communications system, is the control and implementation of a Set of functions that prevent or eliminate Degradation Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions

In the mathematical field of probability, the Wiener sausage is a neighborhood of the trace of a Brownian motion up to a time t, given by taking all points within a fixed distance of Brownian motion. It can be visualized as a sausage of fixed radius whose centerline is Brownian motion.
In the mathematical field of probability, the Wiener sausage is a neighborhood of the trace of a Brownian motion up to a time t, given by taking all points within a fixed distance of Brownian motion. For the food sometimes called a Wiener (sausage see Hot dog or Vienna sausage. This article is about the physical phenomenon for the stochastic process see Wiener process. It can be visualized as a sausage of fixed radius whose centerline is Brownian motion.

Wiener equation

A simple mathematical representation of Brownian motion, the Wiener equation, named after Wiener, assumes the current velocity of a fluid particle fluctuates. This article is about the physical phenomenon for the stochastic process see Wiener process. A simple mathematical representation of Brownian motion, the Wiener equation, named after Norbert Wiener, assumes the current Velocity of a Fluid In Physics, velocity is defined as the rate of change of Position. FLUID ( F ast L ight '''U'''ser '''I'''nterface D esigner is a graphical editor that is used to produce FLTK Source code

Wiener filter

In signal processing, the Wiener filter is a filter proposed by Wiener during the 1940s and published in 1949. In Signal processing, the Wiener filter is a filter proposed by Norbert Wiener during the 1940s and published in 1949 Electronic filters are Electronic circuits which perform Signal processing functions specifically intended to remove unwanted signal components and/or enhance wanted Its purpose is to reduce the amount of noise present in a signal by comparison with an estimation of the desired noiseless signal. is a one volume manga created by Tsutomu Nihei as a prequel to his ten-volume work Blame!.

In mathematics

The Wiener process is a continuous-time stochastic process named in honor of Wiener. In Mathematics, the Wiener process is a continuous-time Stochastic process named in honor of Norbert Wiener. A stochastic process, or sometimes random process, is the counterpart to a deterministic process (or Deterministic system) in Probability theory. It is often called Brownian motion', after Robert Brown. This article is about the physical phenomenon for the stochastic process see Wiener process. Robert Brown FRS ( 21 December, 1773 &ndash 10 June, 1858) was a Scottish scientist who is acknowledged as the leading botanist It is one of the best known Lévy processes, càdlàg stochastic processes with stationary statistical independence increments, and occurs frequently in pure and applied mathematics, economics and physics. In Probability theory, a Lévy process, named after the French mathematician Paul Lévy, is any continuous-time Stochastic process that starts at 0 admits

Wiener's tauberian theorem is a 1932 result of Wiener. In Mathematics, Wiener's tauberian theorem is a 1932 result of Norbert Wiener. It put the capstone on the field of tauberian theorems in summability theory, on the face of it a chapter of real analysis, by showing that most of the known results could be encapsulated in a principle from harmonic analysis. In Mathematics, abelian and tauberian theorems relate to the meaningful assignment of a value as the "sum" of a class of Divergent series. In Mathematics, a divergent series is an Infinite series that is not convergent, meaning that the infinite Sequence of the Partial sums Real analysis is a branch of Mathematical analysis dealing with the set of Real numbers In particular it deals with the analytic properties of real Harmonic analysis is the branch of Mathematics that studies the representation of functions or signals as the superposition of basic Waves It investigates and generalizes As now formulated, the theorem of Wiener has no obvious connection to tauberian theorems, which deal with infinite series; the translation from results formulated for integrals, or using the language of functional analysis and Banach algebras, is however a relatively routine process once the idea is grasped. In Mathematics, a series is often represented as the sum of a Sequence of terms That is a series is represented as a list of numbers with For functional analysis as used in psychology see the Functional analysis (psychology article In Mathematics, especially Functional analysis, a Banach algebra, named after Stefan Banach, is an Associative algebra A over the

The Paley–Wiener theorem relates growth properties of entire functions on Cn and Fourier transformation of Schwartz distributions of compact support. In Mathematics, the Paley–Wiener theorem relates growth properties of Entire functions on C n and Fourier transformation of Schwartz In Complex analysis, an entire function, also called an integral function is a complex-valued function that is holomorphic everywhere on the

The Wiener–Khinchin theorem, also known as the Wiener–Khintchine theorem and sometimes as the Khinchin–Kolmogorov theorem, states that the power spectral density of a wide-sense-stationary random process is the Fourier transform of the corresponding autocorrelation function. The Wiener–Khinchin theorem (also known as the Wiener–Khintchine theorem and sometimes as the Wiener–Khinchin–Einstein theorem or the Khinchin–Kolmogorov

An abstract Wiener space is a mathematical object in measure theory, used to construct a "decent", strictly positive and locally finite measure on an infinite-dimensional vector space. An abstract Wiener space is a mathematical object in Measure theory, used to construct a "decent" ( strictly positive and locally finite In Mathematics the concept of a measure generalizes notions such as "length" "area" and "volume" (but not all of its applications have to do with Wiener's original construction only applied to the space of real-valued continuous paths on the unit interval, known as classical Wiener space. In Mathematics, classical Wiener space is the collection of all Continuous functions on a given Domain (usually a sub- interval of the Real Leonard Gross provided the generalization to the case of a general separable Banach space. In Mathematics a Topological space is called separable if it contains a countable dense subset that is there exists a sequence \{ x_n In Mathematics, Banach spaces (ˈbanax named after Polish Mathematician Stefan Banach) are one of the central objects of study in Functional analysis

Publications

Wiener wrote a dozen books and hundreds of articles:[1]

Fiction:

Autobiography:

References

  1. ^ A full bibliography is given by the Cybernetics Society Publications of Norbert Wiener

Further reading

A brief profile of Dr. Wiener is given in The Observer newspaper, Sunday, 28 January 1951. The Observer is a British Newspaper published on Sundays In about the same place on the political spectrum as its daily sister paper The A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint.

External links

Persondata
NAMEWiener, Norbert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTIONAmerican mathematician
DATE OF BIRTHNovember 26, 1894
PLACE OF BIRTHColumbia, Missouri
DATE OF DEATHMarch 18, 1964
PLACE OF DEATHStockholm, Sweden
The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive is an award-winning website maintained by John J The Mathematics Genealogy Project is a web-based Database that gives an Academic genealogy based on Dissertation supervision relations Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Columbia (kəˈlʌmbiə is the fifth-largest city in the US state of Missouri and the largest city in Mid-Missouri. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.
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