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Nootropic, popularly referred to as "smart drugs", "smart nutrients", "cognitive enhancers" and "brain enhancers", is a class of drugs that improve impaired human cognitive abilities (the functions and capacities of the brain). Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain [1] This article covers all substances, including drugs, nutrients, and herbs, that have purported cognitive enhancing effects.

The word nootropic was coined in 1964 by the Romanian Dr. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Corneliu E. Giurgea, derived from the Greek words noos, or "mind," and tropein meaning "to bend/turn". The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Typically, nootropics are alleged to work by altering the availability of the brain's supply of neurochemicals (neurotransmitters, enzymes, and hormones), by improving the brain's oxygen supply, or by stimulating nerve growth. See Chemical synapse for an introduction to concepts and terminology used in this article Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the However the efficacy of alleged nootropic substances in most cases has not been conclusively determined. This is complicated by the difficulty of defining and quantifying cognition and intelligence. Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities

Contents

Availability

Nootropic drugs are generally only available by prescription or through personal importation. The other nootropic substances listed below are either nutritional supplements or plant components (herbs, roots, beans, bark, etc. A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN. Bean is a common name for large plant Seeds of several genera of the family Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae used for human food or animal Bark, also known as periderm is the outermost layer of stems and Roots of Woody plants such as Trees It overlays the Wood and consists ), and are generally available over the counter at health food and grocery stores, and are used as nutritional supplements. Over-the-counter (OTC drugs are medicines that may be sold without a prescription, in contrast to Prescription drugs The name "over-the-counter" The term Health food has been used in the United States since the 1920s to refer to specific foods claimed to be especially beneficial to Health. A grocery store is a store established primarily for the Retailing of Food.

The drugs are used to treat people with cognitive learning difficulties, neural degradation (Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease), and for cases of oxygen deficit to prevent hypoxia. Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's Chronic Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole ( generalized hypoxia) or region of the body ( tissue hypoxia) is deprived of adequate These drugs have a variety of human enhancement applications as well and are marketed heavily on the World Wide Web. Human enhancement refers to any attempt to temporarily or permanently overcome the current limitations of the Human body through natural or artificial means The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. Nevertheless, intense marketing may not correlate with efficacy; while scientific studies support some of the claimed benefits, it is worth noting that many of the claims attributed to most nootropics have not been formally tested. Efficacy is the capacity to produce a desired size of an effect under Ideal or Optimal conditions

Therapy or enhancement

Some argue that nootropics may theoretically be used for human enhancement, boosting mental function in otherwise normal healthy people. Human enhancement refers to any attempt to temporarily or permanently overcome the current limitations of the Human body through natural or artificial means However, there is much controversy over the legitimacy (efficacy) and ethics of such applications. This may contribute to the lack of research on such effects.

Examples

The term "drug" here is used as a legal designation, and does not indicate greater efficacy. Efficacy is the capacity to produce a desired size of an effect under Ideal or Optimal conditions With nootropics, the effects, effectiveness, and potency differ from substance to substance and from individual to individual. See the substance descriptions below for more detail.

Replenishing and increasing neurotransmitters

As the brain ages, its ability to produce and maintain youthful levels of neurotransmitters declines. [2] There are various reasons for such an insufficiency. For instance, there might be a lack of enzymes involved in the neurotransmitter synthesis. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Nevertheless, in many cases, providing the brain with ample raw materials necessary to make neurotransmitters can restore them to more youthful levels and thus help maintain cognitive function at vigorous youthful levels. Furthermore, there are declines in immune and endocrine functioning. [3] Certain nootropics enhance immune and endocrine functioning.

Cholinergics

Cholinergics are substances that affect the neurotransmitter acetylcholine or the components of the nervous system that use acetylcholine. A receptor is cholinergic if it uses Acetylcholine as its Neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine facilitates memory, concentration, focus, and high-order thought processes (abstract thought, calculation, innovation, etc. ). Increasing the availability of this neurotransmitter in the brain may improve these functions and increase the duration in which they may be engaged without slowing down or stopping. Oversupplying the brain with acetylcholine may have the opposite effect, temporarily reducing rather than improving mental performance. Cholinergic nootropics include acetylcholine precursors and cofactors, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors:

Piracetam
Main article: Piracetam

Piracetam (Nootropil) - Prescription drug (in Europe). An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or anti-cholinesterase is a chemical that inhibits the Cholinesterase enzyme from breaking down Acetylcholine Piracetam (brand name Nootropil, Qropi, Myocalm, Dinagen) is a Nootropic. Piracetam (brand name Nootropil, Qropi, Myocalm, Dinagen) is a Nootropic. A prescription drug is a licensed medicine that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained The original (first),[4] and most commonly taken[5][4] nootropic drug. It is a cholinergic agent, synergistic with DMAE, Centrophenoxine, choline, and Hydergine. Dimethylaminoethanol, also known as DMAE or dimethylethanolamine, is an Organic compound. Centrophenoxine (also called Meclofenoxate, and formerly sold under the brand name Lucidril) is a drug used to treat the symptoms of Senile Dementia Ergoloid mesylates ( USAN) or co-dergocrine mesylate ( BAN) is a mixture of the methanesulfonate salts of three dihydrogenated Increases brain cell metabolism and energy levels,[6][4] and speeds up interhemispheric flow of information (left-right brain hemisphere communication). [7] Increases alertness,[8] improves concentration, and enhances memory. Alertness is the state of paying close and continuous Attention. Protects neurons from hypoxia,[4] and stimulates growth of acetylcholine receptors. May also cause nerves to regenerate. Piracetam markedly decreases the formation of neuronal lipofuscin. [9] It improves posture in elderly people. [10] It is not regulated in the US. It is a pyrrolidone derivative. 2-Pyrrolidone (2-Py is an Organic compound consisting of a five-membered Lactam.

Aniracetam
Main article: Aniracetam

Aniracetam is a pyrrolidone derivative drug, analogous of piracetam, and considered more potent. Aniracetam (Draganon Sarpul Ampamet is a Nootropic compound of the Racetam family purported to be considerably more potent than Piracetam. Like piracetam, aniracetam protects against some memory impairing chemicals, such as diethyldithiocarbamate and clonidine. [11] Also like piracetam, aniracetam may enhance memory in aging adults by increasing levels of brain biogenic monoamines, which are beneficial to learning and memory. [2] Both racetams have possible therapeutic use in treating fetal alcohol syndrome. History Historical references Anecdotal accounts of prohibitions against maternal alcohol use from biblical, ancient Greek, and ancient Roman [12] Aniracetam increases vigilance[8]. Aniracetam has shown to positively potentiate AMPA receptors. The alpha- a mino-3-hydroxy-5- m ethyl-4-isoxazole' p' ropionic a cid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor

Oxiracetam
Main article: Oxiracetam

Oxiracetam is a drug of the racetam family. Oxiracetam is a Nootropic drug of the Racetam family Several animal studies suggest that the substance is safe even when high doses are consumed for a long period It is similar to, but far stronger than piracetam and aniracetam. [citation needed] Several animal studies suggest that the substance is safe even when high doses are consumed for a long period of time. However the mechanism of action of oxiracetam is still a matter of research.

Other cholinergic

Excess acetylcholine is considered by many to be potentially harmful; see cholinesterase inhibitor. An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or anti-cholinesterase is a chemical that inhibits the Cholinesterase enzyme from breaking down Acetylcholine

Dopaminergics

Dopaminergics are substances that affect the neurotransmitter dopamine or the components of the nervous system that use dopamine. Dopaminergic means "related to the Neurotransmitter Dopamine " Dopamine is a Hormone and Neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals including both vertebrates and invertebrates Dopamine is produced in the synthesis of all catecholamine neurotransmitters, and is the rate limiting step for this synthesis. Dopaminergic nootropics include dopamine precursors and cofactors, and dopamine reuptake inhibitors:

Serotonergics

Serotonergics are substances that affect the neurotransmitter serotonin or the components of the nervous system that use serotonin. Serotonergic means "related to the Neurotransmitter Serotonin " Serotonin (ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən ( 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a Monoamine Neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic Neurons Serotonergic nootropics include serotonin precursors and cofactors, and serotonin reuptake inhibitors:

Anti-depression, adaptogenic (antistress), and mood stabilization

Depression and depressed mood negatively affect cognitive performance. Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe Feelings of sadness, guilt, helplessness, hopelessness, anxiety, and fear caused by depression detract from productive thought, while apathy (which is also induced by depression) is the lack of motivation and driving moods (like curiosity, interest, determination, etc. Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components ) Other symptoms include disturbed sleep patterns, mental fatigue and loss of energy, trouble concentrating or making decisions, and a generalized slowing and obtunding of cognition, including memory. Obviously, removing these effects improves intelligence and mental performance, and therefore, counteracting and preventing depression are effective nootropic strategies. There is a high correlation between depression and a reduction or depletion of neurotransmitters (dopamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin) in the brain, therefore it is no surprise that increasing the brain's supply of neurotransmitters alleviates (or at least reduces the symptoms of) most depressions. Stress is another major factor in neurotransmitter depletion, being both a cause and effect of it (creating a vicious downward spiral), therefore stress management and anti-stress substances are also very useful nootropic strategies. Stress management encompasses techniques intended to equip a person with effective coping mechanisms for dealing with psychological stress, with stress defined as a person's

All of the "nergics" listed above have been found to increase stress tolerance and alleviate depression (by replenishing or increasing the brain's supply of specific neurotransmitters), especially when used in precursor/co-factor combinations.

Below are additional nootropics which affect mood and stress:

Brain energy and improved oxygen supply

Mental agility, concentration, stamina, and focus

Purported memory enhancement and learning improvement

All of the "nergics" listed above are purported to improve memory (encoding and recall), As do all nootropics which improve general brain performance in categories such as the brain energy and oxygen supply, and nerve growth stimulation and protection. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD is a neurobehavioral developmental disorder affecting about 3-5% of the world's population Carphedon ( C 12 H 14 N 2 O 2 2-(4-phenyl-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-ylacetamide) is a derivative Other agents purported to have these specific benefits are mentioned in their own sections.

Other nootropics with specific effects on memory encoding and recall include:

Nerve growth stimulation and brain cell protection

Recreational drugs with purported nootropic effects

See also: Controlled substances act and Misuse of Drugs Act 1971

Dietary Nootropics

Some regular food items are rich sources of substances with alleged nootropic benefits:

Other nootropics

See also

Brain and neurology

Thought and thinking (what nootropics are used for)

Health

References

  1. ^ n_10/12577719 at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  2. ^ a b Stancheva, S. In Neurophysiology, the action potential is a self-regenerating Wave of Electrochemical activity that allows Nerve cells to carry a signal One of the key concerns of older adults is the experience of Memory loss, especially as it is one of the hallmark symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. Dendrites (from Greek δένδρον déndron, “tree” are the branched projections of a Neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical The human brain controls the Central nervous system (CNS by way of the Cranial nerves and Spinal cord, the Peripheral nervous system (PNS In Neuroscience, long-term potentiation ( LTP) is the long-lasting improvement in communication between two Neurons that results from stimulating them The nervous system is a Network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself Any projection from the Cell body of a Neuron can be referred to as a neurite. Neurons (ˈnjuːɹɒn also known as neurones and nerve cells) are responsive cells in the Nervous system that process and transmit information Neuroplasticity (variously referred to as brain plasticity, cortical plasticity or cortical re-mapping) refers to the changes that occur in Neuroscience is a field devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system See Chemical synapse for an introduction to concepts and terminology used in this article Sensory neuroscience is a subfield of Neuroscience which explores the anatomy and physiology of Neurons that are part of Sensory systems such as vision Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which Neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in Muscles or Glands In Neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of the connection or Synapse, between two Neurons to change in strength. '''Nootropics''' popularly referred to as " smart drugs " " smart nutrients " " cognitive enhancers " and " brain enhancers --> Abstraction is the process or result of generalization by reducing the information Attention is the Cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things Attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual's like or dislike for an item Brainstorming is a group creativity technique designed to generate a large number of Ideas for the solution to a Problem. Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought Cognitive science may be broadly defined as the multidisciplinary study of mind and behavior Creativity is a mental process involving the generation of new Ideas or Concepts, or new associations of the creative mind between existing ideas or concepts Critical thinking consists of mental processes of discernment, Analysis and Evaluation. Decision making can be regarded as an outcome of mental processes ( cognitive process) leading to the selection of a course of action among several alternatives Eidetic memory, photographic memory, or total recall is the ability to recall Images Sounds, or objects in Memory An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours The word feeling has several possible definitions The word was first used in the English language to describe the physical sensation of Touch either through experience Emotional Intelligence ( EI) often measured as an Emotional Intelligence Quotient ( EQ) describes an Ability, capacity Skill or (in A goal or objective consists of a projected state of affairs which a Person or a System plans or intends to achieve or bring about — a personal or An idea is a form (such as a Thought) formed by Consciousness (including Mind) through the Process of ideation. Imagination is the ability to form Mental images/sounds/feelings or the ability to Spontaneously Generate images/sounds/feelings within one's own Mind Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities Introspection is the self-observation and reporting of Conscious inner Thoughts desires and Sensations It is a conscious mental and usually Lateral thinking is a term coined by Edward de Bono, a Maltese psychologist physician and writer In the fields of Neuropsychology, Personal development and Education, Learning is one of the most important Mental function of humans In Psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store retain and subsequently retrieve information The memory-prediction framework is a theory of Brain function that was created by Jeff Hawkins and described in his book On Intelligence. Mental calculation comprises mathematical Calculations using only the Human brain, with no help from a Calculator or Computer, or Pen The phrase " mind's eye " refers to the human ability for visual Perception, Imagination, Visualization, and Memory, or in other words A mindset, in Decision theory and general systems theory, refers to a Set of assumptions methods or notations held by one or more people or groups A mood is a relatively long lasting affective or emotional state Motivation is the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior especially Human behavior as studied in Philosophy, Conflict, Economics In Psychology and the Cognitive sciences perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory Information. Personality psychology studies personality based on theories of individual differences Picture thinking, visual thinking or visual/spatial learning is the common phenomenon of thinking through visual processing Problem shaping means revising a question so that the solution process can begin or continue Problem solving forms part of thinking. Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions problem solving has been defined as higher-order Cognitive Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking Recollection is the retrieval of Memory. It is not a passive process people employ Metacognitive strategies to make the best use of their memory and priming Human self-reflection is the capacity of Humans to exercise Introspection and the willingness to learn more about our fundamental nature Purpose and Thought and thinking are mental forms and Processes respectively ("thought" is both Picture thinking, visual thinking or visual/spatial learning is the common phenomenon of thinking through visual processing Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components Cognitive psychology is a branch of Psychology that investigates internal mental processes such as problem solving memory and language Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression Confusion, of a Pathological degree usually refers to loss of orientation (ability to place oneself correctly in the world by time location and personal identity and Cosmetic pharmacology refers to the use of drugs to improve cognition in normal healthy individuals for the purpose of enhancement rather than treatment of a formal pathology A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body A parasympathomimetic drug is a drug or Poison that acts by stimulating or mimicking the Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS A prescription drug is a licensed medicine that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained The prohibition of drugs through sumptuary Legislation or Religious law is a common means of attempting to control Drug use and the A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain Psychedelic drugs are Psychoactive drugs whose primary action is to alter the thought processes of the brain and perception of the mind Human enhancement refers to any attempt to temporarily or permanently overcome the current limitations of the Human body through natural or artificial means Ergogenic aids are any external influences that can positively affect physical or mental performance Life extension refers to an increase in maximum or average lifespan, especially in humans by slowing down or reversing the processes of aging. Neurodegenerative Disease ( Greek νέυρο- néuro-, "nerval" and Latin dēgenerāre, "to decline" or "to Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support A sleep disorder (somnipathy is a medical disorder of the Sleep patterns of a person or animal Stress management encompasses techniques intended to equip a person with effective coping mechanisms for dealing with psychological stress, with stress defined as a person's Dorland's is the brand name of a family of medical reference works (including dictionaries, spellers word books and spell-check software) in various media (including L. , Petkov, V. D. , Hadjiivanova, C. 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External links

Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Dictionary

nootropic

-noun

  1. (medicine) Any substance purported to increase cognitive abilities.
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