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The Noongar (alternate spellings: Nyungar/Nyoongar/Nyoongah/Nyungah/Nyugah),[1] are an indigenous Australian people who live in the southwest corner of Western Australia from Geraldton on the west coast to Esperance on the south coast. Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. Esperance is a town in Western Australia, located on the south coast around half-way between Albany and the South Australian border Their country extend from Jurien Bay in the north, to the southern coast, and east to Ravensthorpe and Southern Cross. Jurien, also called Jurien Bay, is a small coastal town in Western Australia, located north of Perth facing the Indian Ocean. Ravensthorpe is a town 541 km of Perth, 40 km inland from the south coast of Western Australia. Southern Cross is a town in Western Australia, 371 kilometres east of Perth on the Great Eastern Highway. Noongar is also the name for their common language. Their name, in the various original dialects is thought to mean "people". A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of In the south the spelling Noongar is preferred, reflecting a broader accent.

Prior to European settlement the Noongar people, 13 dialectal groups, shared a common language and culture. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of Newcomers noted that the Noongar people could be identified by two common factors:

It includes five cultural groups

  1. Perth Type: Matrilineal moieties and totemic clans. Patrilineal local descent groups. Includes Amangu, Yued, Wadjuk, Binjareb, Wardandi, Ganeang and Wilmen.
  2. Nyakinyaki Type: Alternate generational levels similar to Western Desert type, with patrilineal local descent groups. Includes Balardong and Nyakinyaki.
  3. Bibelmen type: Patrilieal moieties and patrilineal local descent groups. Includes Bibulmen and Mineng.
  4. Wudjari type: similar to Nyakinyaki except they have named patrilineal totemic local descent groups.
  5. Nyunga type: similar to Wangai with two endogamous named divisions (Bee-eater and King fisher), in which marriage took place within one's own division but children were in the opposite, modified from the Western Desert system. Includes Nyunga.

Since colonisation, Noongar have maintained identification with regional groupings and awareness of kinship within the community. Colonisation (also known as Colonization) occurs whenever any one or more species populates a new area Noongar people and their culture have been substantially affected by the colonisation and development of Western Australia.

Noongar groups according to Norman Tindale's map (1930)
Noongar groups according to Norman Tindale's map (1930)

Contents

History

(see Aboriginal History of Western Australia)

Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Noongar population has been estimated, variously, as between 6,000 and some tens of thousands. Norman Barnett Tindale ( 12 October 1900 &ndash 19 November 1993) was an Australian Anthropologist, Archaeologist The history of the indigenous inhabitants of Western Australia has been dated for tens of thousands of years prior to European contact Colonisation by the British resulted in both violence and new diseases, taking a heavy toll on the population; [2] nowadays, however, according to the Noongar themselves, they number today more than 28,000. The 2001 census figures (ABS) showed that 21,000 people identified themselves as indigenous in the southwest of Western Australia. The Australian Bureau of Statistics ( ABS) is Australia 's national statistical agency. In 2006, the community claimed to comprise of over 28 000 people. [3]

Traditional Noongar made a living by hunting and trapping a variety of game, including kangaroos, possums and wallabies; by fishing using spears and fish traps; as well as by gathering an extensive range of edible wild plants including wattle seeds. A possum is any of about 64 small to medium-sized Arboreal Marsupial Species native to Australia, New Guinea, and Sulawesi Bushfood (also called bush tucker) refers to any food native to Australia and used as sustenance by the original inhabitants the Australian Aborigines, Acacia is a Genus of Shrubs and Trees belonging to the Subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first Noongar people utilised quartz instead of flint for spear and knife edges and developed a now-lost art of working quartz crystals. Quartz (from German) is the most abundant Mineral in the Earth 's Continental crust (although Feldspar is more common in Flint (or flintstone) is a hard sedimentary Cryptocrystalline form of the Mineral Quartz, categorized as a variety of Chert

The Noongar considered themselves of superior culture, especially in comparison with the invading British. Reflecting this attitude, they called the newcomers Djanga (or djanak), meaning "white devils"[4]. Djanga (or djanak) supposedly meaning "white devils" was the initial name given to Europeans (now more commonly called wetjala) by indigenous Noongar From early on, the Noongar were wary in their dealings with the Europeans, having had unfortunate contact with sealers kidnapping and marooning Aboriginal women on the south coast. The Noongar were horrified by what they perceived as the waste and slaughter whites brought to the lands that were their home. The Noongar lived in large extended family groups, and historically their way of life included a respect and reverence for the land that fed them.

Carrolup River Native Settlement (c, 1951) near Katanning.
Carrolup River Native Settlement (c, 1951) near Katanning. Katanning is a town located 277 km south east of Perth, Western Australia on the Great Southern Highway.

Yagan arose as one of a number of leaders of the Noongar at the time when British settlers first arrived in the Swan River area in 1829 and Captain James Stirling declared that the local tribes were British subjects. Yagan (ˈjeɪgən rhymes with pagan) (c 1795 – 11 July 1833 was a Noongar warrior who played a key part in early indigenous Australian resistance Bold text' ]] ==Family background==He was the fifth son of eight of the fifteen children of Andrew Stirling Esq The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Although at first the Noongar traded amicably with the settlers, rifts and misunderstandings developed as land seizures went on, and attacks and reprisal attacks soon escalated. An example of such misunderstandings was the Noongar land-management practice of setting fires in early summer, mistakenly seen as an act of hostility by the settlers. Conversely, the Noongar saw the settlers' livestock as fair game to replace the dwindling stocks of native animals shot indiscriminately by settlers. Yagan participated in a number of food raids and in killing settlers in retaliation for the deaths of Noongar at white hands - notably, he warned nearby whites repeatedly that one white life would be taken for every Noongar killed by a white. Yagan (ˈjeɪgən rhymes with pagan) (c 1795 – 11 July 1833 was a Noongar warrior who played a key part in early indigenous Australian resistance He was shot by a shepherd boy and is now considered by many to have been one of the first indigenous resistance fighters. A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups dedicated to fighting an Invader in an occupied country or the government of a sovereign nation [5]

From August 1838 ten Aboriginal prisoners were sent to Rottnest Island (known as Wadjemup to the Noongar, possibly meaning "place across the water"[6]). Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Rottnest Island is located 18 km off the coast of Western Australia, near Fremantle. After a short period when both settlers and prisoners occupied the Island, the Colonial Secretary announced in June 1839 that the Island would become a penal establishment for Aboriginal people, and between 1838 and 1931, Rottnest Island was used as a prison to transfer Aboriginal prisoners "overseas". Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common In "pacifying" an Aboriginal population, men were rounded up and chained for offenses ranging from spearing livestock, burning the bush or digging vegetables on what had been their own land. Peace, in the modern usage is a concept defined by the ideal state of relationship as absence of hostility at the international level that of a War. It has been estimated that there may be as many as 369 Aboriginal graves on the Island, of which five were for prisoners who were hanged. Except for a short period between 1849 and 1855 during which the prison was closed, some 3,700 Aboriginal men and boys, many of them Noongars, but also many others from all parts of the State, were imprisoned [7]. Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year

From 1890 to 1958, the lives and lifestyles of Noongar people were subject to the Native Welfare Act. Two state-run "concentration" camps, Moore River Native Settlement and Carrolup (later known as Marribank), became the home of up to one third of the population. The Moore River Native Settlement was the name of the now defunct Aboriginal settlement located 135 km north of Perth and 11 km west of Mogumber in Marribank also known as Carrolup was the site of one of two large Concentration camps for Indigenous Australians established by the office of It is estimated that 10 to 25% of Noongar children were forcibly “adopted” during these years, in part of what has become known as the Stolen Generations[8].

Language

Nyunga / Noongar
Spoken in: Western Australia
Language extinction: disputed
Language family: Australian
 Nyunga / Noongar 
Writing system: Latin alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: aus
ISO 639-3: nys
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

The FATSIL (Federation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages) website states that out of thirteen dialects spoken by the Noongar people at the time of European settlement, only five still remain. [9] The word “Noongar” can be roughly translated into English as “human being".

A number of small wordlists were recorded in the early days of the Swan River Colony, for example Robert Lyon's 1833 publication A Glance at the Manners and Language of Aboriginal Inhabitants of Western Australia. Swan River Colony was a British settlement established at the Swan River on the west coast of Australia in 1829 Robert Menli Lyon (born 1789 date of death unknown was a pioneering Western Australian settler who became one of the earliest outspoken advocates for Indigenous Australian Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Serious documentation of Noongar language began in 1842 with the publication of A Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language of the Aborigines by George Fletcher Moore, later republished in 1884 as part of Moore's Diary of Ten Years Eventful Life of an Early Settler in Western Australia. Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common A Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language in Common Use Amongst the Aborigines of Western Australia is a book by George Fletcher Moore. George Fletcher Moore ( 10 December 1798 – 30 December 1886) was a prominent early settler in colonial Western Australia Diary of Ten Years Eventful Life of an Early Settler in Western Australia and also A Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language of the Aborigines, often shortened to Diary This work included a substantial wordlist of Noongar. The first modern linguistic research on Noongar was carried out by Gerhardt Laves on the variety known as “Goreng", near Albany in 1930, but this material was lost for many years and has only recently been recovered. Gerhardt Laves ( July 15, 1906 - March 14, 1993) was a graduate student at the University of Chicago and Yale University Albany ( is located in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, situated around a port on the southern coast Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Beginning in the 1930s and then more intensively in the 1960s Wilfrid Douglas learned and studied Noongar, eventually producing a grammar, dictionary, and other materials. Wilfrid H Douglas ( 1918 - March 22, 2004) was a Missionary, linguist and Translator, and carried out important early work More recently Noongar people have taken a major role in this work as researchers, for example Rose Whitehurst who compiled the Noongar Dictionary in her work for the Noongar Language and Culture Centre.

Today the Noongar language is regarded as endangered, with few fluent speakers, although there has been a revival of interest in recent years. The Noongar Language and Culture Centre was set up by concerned individuals and has now grown to include offices in Bunbury, Northam and Perth. However, the language generally referred to as “Noongar” today, bears questionable resemblance to what was spoken by indigenous Australians before white settlement, and the original "Nyungar" language is listed by ISO 639-3 (code "nys") as extinct. ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages Ethnologue treats Nyungar and Neo-Nyungar (a term coined by Wilf Douglas[10] to refer to Nyungar people's English) under the same heading,[11][12] suggesting that any Nyungar that is spoken today consists of isolated words mixed in with English, and thus no longer constitutes a full-fledged language. Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian For comparison, the opening remarks of a research paper[13] were presented in both Noongar and English by self-described "Nyungar at research" Leonard Collard of the Kurongkul Katitijin School of Indigenous Australian Studies at Edith Cowan University in Perth. Edith Cowan University (ECU is located in Perth, Western Australia. Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia.

Visitors to Western Australia invariably notice the many placenames ending in -up, such as Joondalup, Nannup and Manjimup. Joondalup is a northern suburb and regional city in Perth, Western Australia. Nannup is a town and shire in the South West region of Western Australia, approximately south of Perth on the Blackwood River at Manjimup is a town in Western Australia, south of the state capital Perth. This is because in the Noongar language, -up means "place of". For example the name Ongerup means "place of the male kangaroo". Ongerup is a town located 410 km south-east of Perth and 54 km east of Gnowangerup in the Great Southern region of Western Australia. [14]

Many words vary in a regular way from dialect to dialect, depending on the area. For example: the words for bandicoot include quernt (south) and quenda (west); the word for water may be kep (south) or kapi (west).

Noongar words which have been adopted into West Australian English, or more widely in English, include the given name Kylie ("boomerang"), the marsupial quokka, gilgie (or jilgie) a freshwater crayfish similar to yabbies, and gidgie (or gidgee), meaning "spear". Western Australian English, or West Australian English, is the collective name given to the variety or varieties of English spoken in the Australian state These words of Australian Aboriginal origin include some which are almost universal in the English-speaking world such as kangaroo and boomerang. Kylie Ann Minogue, OBE, born 28 May 1968 is an Australian pop Singer - Songwriter and occasional Actress. The Quokka ( Setonix brachyurus) the only member of the genus Setonix, is a small Macropod about the size of a large domestic cat Cherax quinquecarinatus is a small freshwater Crayfish endemic to the south-west corner of Australia. Crayfish, crawfish, crawdads, or crodgers are freshwater Crustaceans resembling small Lobsters to which they are closely

Culture

Noongar people live in many country towns throughout the south west as well as in the major population centres of Perth, Bunbury, Geraldton, Esperance and Albany. Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. The port of Bunbury is the third largest city in Western Australia after Mandurah and Perth the state capital Albany ( is located in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, situated around a port on the southern coast Many country Noongar people have developed long standing relationships with wadjila (white fella[man]) farmers and continue to hunt kangaroo and gather bush tucker (food) as well as to teach their children stories about the land. A kangaroo is a Marsupial from the family Macropodidae (macropods meaning 'large foot' In a few areas in the south west visitors can go on bushtucker walks, trying foods such as: Kangaroo, emu, quandong jam or relish, bush tomatoes, witchetty grub paté & bush honey. The Emu ( Dromaius novaehollandiae, is the largest Bird native to Australia and the only extant member of the Genus Santalum acuminatum, the Desert Quandong, is an Australian plant in the Sandalwood family Santalaceae. The witchetty grub (also spelled witchety grub) is a term used in Australia for the large white wood-eating Larvae of several Moths Particularly

In Perth, the Noongar believe that the Darling Scarp is said to represent the body of a Wagyl, a snakelike being from Dreamtime that meandered over the land creating rivers, waterways and lakes, it is thought that the Wagyl created the Swan River. The Darling Scarp (previously known as the Darling Range or Darling Ranges) is a low Escarpment running north-south to the east of the The Wagyl (alternative spelling Waugal or Waagal) is according to Noongar culture a snakelike Dreamtime creature responsible for the creation The traditions and lore of Australia's indigenous peoples belongs to what may be the oldest continuous culture on Earth (circa 50000 years The Swan River estuary flows through the city of Perth, in the south west of Western Australia.

The Swan River
The Swan River
Swan River, with Canning River in light blue
Swan River, with Canning River in light blue

Also in Perth, Mount Eliza was an important site for the Noongar. The Canning River is a major Tributary of the Swan River in southwestern Western Australia. See also Kings Park Western Australia Mount Eliza is a hill which overlooks the city of Perth Western Australia and forms part of Kings Park. It was a hunting site where kangaroos were herded and driven over the edge to provide meat for gathering clans. In this context, the “clan” is a local descent group - larger than a family but based on family links through a common ancestry. At the base of Mount Eliza is a sacred site where the Wagyl is said to have rested during its journeys. This site is also the location of the former Swan Brewery which has been a source of contention between local Noongar groups, who would like to see the land, which was reclaimed from the river in the late 19th century, hence never previously existed, "restored" to them; and the owners who wished to develop the site. The Swan Brewery ( was founded in the centre of Perth, Australia in 1837 A Noongar protest camp existed here for many years in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Noongar culture is particularly strong with the written word. The plays of Jack Davis are on the school syllabus in several Australian states. Jack Davis ( 1917 - March 17, 2000) was a notable Australian 20th Century Playwright and Poet, also an Indigenous Kim Scott won the 2000 Miles Franklin Award for his novel “Benang'. Kim Scott (born 1957) is an Australian writer of an Aboriginal ancestry The Miles Franklin Literary Award is an annual Literary prize for the best Australian ‘published novel or play portraying Australian life in any of its phases’

Yirra Yaakin [15] describes itself as the response to the Aboriginal Community’s need for positive self-enhancement through artistic expression. The Yirra Yaakin Theatre Company is Australia's leading Aboriginal theatre company based in Perth Western Australia in the heart of the Noongar Nation - a distinct It is a theatre company which strives for community development and which also has a drive to create "exciting, authentic and culturally appropriate Indigenous theatre".

Many local governments in the south west have developed “compacts” or “commitments” with their local Noongar communities to ensure that sites of significance are protected and that the culture is respected. Elders are increasingly asked on formal occasions to provide a "Welcome to Country" and the first steps of teaching the Noongar language in the general curriculum have been made.

In recent years there has been considerable interest in Nyoongar visual arts. In 2006, Nyoongar culture was showcased as part of the Perth International Arts Festival. The UWA Perth International Arts Festival is a cultural festival held in Western Australia. A highlight of the Festival was the unveiling of the monumental 'Ngallak Koort Boodja - Our Heart Land Canvas'. The 8 metre canvas was commissioned for the festival by representatives of the united Elders and families from across the Nyoongar nation. It was painted by leading Nyoongar artists Shane Pickett, Lance Chadd, Yvonne Kickett, Alice Warrell and Sharyn Egan. Shane Pickett (born 1957 Quairading, Western Australia) is one of the foremost Nyoongar artists working in Australia today

The Noongar Ecology

Noongar culture occupied was dependent upon and helped maintain the Mediterranean climate lands of the South Weste of Western Australia, and made sustainable use of 7 biogeographic regions of Western Australia, from Northwest to South East namely

These 7 regions have been acknowkedged as a biodiversity hot-spot[16], having a generally greater number of endemic species than most other regions in Australia. A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the Climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide Geraldton Sandplains is an Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA region in Western Australia. The Swan Coastal Plain in Western Australia is the geographic feature that lies directly west of the Darling Scarp, and which contains the Swan River Avon Wheatbelt is an Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA region in Western Australia. Jarrah Forest is an Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA region in Western Australia. Esperance Plains, also known as Eyre Botanical District, is a biogeographic region in southern Western Australia. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere The ecological damage done to this region, through clearing, introduced species, and by feral animals and non-endemic plants is also severe, and has resulted in a high proportion of plants and animals being included in the categories of rare, threatened and endangered. In modern times many Aboriginal men were employed intermittently as rabbiters, and rabbit came to play an important part in Noongar diets in the early 20th century. The Noongar territory also happens to conform closely with the SW Indian Ocean Drainage Region, and the use of these water resources played a very important seasonal part in their culture.

The Noongar thus have a close connection with the earth and as a consequence they divided the year into six distinct seasons that corresponded with moving to different habitats and feeding patterns based on seasonal foods.

Birak (December/January)

Dry and hot. Noongar burned sections of scrubland to force animals into the open for easier hunt.

Bunuru (February/March)

Hottest part of the year, with sparse rainfall throughout. Noongar moved to estuaries for fishing.

Djeran (April/May)

Cooler weather begins. Fishing continued and bulbs and seeds were collected for food.

Makuru (June/July)

Cold fronts that have until now brushed the lower south west coast begin to cross further north. This is usually the wettest part of the year. Noongar moved inland to hunt once rains had replenished inland water resources.

Djilba (August/September)

Often the coldest part of the year, with clear, cold nights and days, or warmer, rainy and windy periods. As the nights begin to warm up there are more clear, sunny days. Roots were collected and emus, possums and kangaroo were hunted.

Kambarang (October/November)

A definite warming trend is accompanied by longer dry periods and fewer cold fronts crossing the coast. The height of the wildflower season. Noongar moved towards the coast where frogs, tortoises and freshwater crayfish were caught.

Native Title

On 19 September 2006 the Federal Court of Australia brought down a judgment which recognised Native Title in an area over the city of Perth and its surrounds, known as Bennell v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1243. The Federal Court of Australia is the Australian court in which most civil disputes and some summary criminal matters governed by federal law are decided Native title is a concept in the Law of Australia that recognises in certain cases there was and is a continued beneficial legal interest in land held by local Indigenous Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. [1]. An appeal was subsequently lodged and was heard in April 2007. In Law, an appeal is a process for requesting a formal change to an official decision The remainder of the larger “Single Noongar Claim” area, covering 193,956km² of the south-west of Western Australia, remains outstanding, and will hinge on the outcome of this appeal process. In the interim, the Noongar people continue to be involved in Native Title negotiations with the Government of Western Australia, and are represented by the South-West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council. The formation of the Government of Western Australia is prescribed in its Constitution which dates from 1890 although it has been amended many times since then

Justice Wilcox's judgment is noteworthy for several reasons. It highlights Perth's wealth of post-European settlement writings which provide an insight into Aboriginal life, including laws and customs, around the time of settlement in 1829 and also into the beginning of the last century. These documents enabled Justice Wilcox to find that laws and customs governing land throughout the whole Single Noongar Claim (taking in Perth, and many other towns in the greater South West) were those of a single community. The claimants shared a language and had extensive interaction with others in the claim area.

Importantly, Justice Wilcox found the Noongar community constituted a united society which had continued to exist despite the disruption resulting from mixed marriage and people being forced off their land and dispersed to other areas as a result of white settlement and later Government policies. If it survives the forthcoming appeal, the decision is likely to have major implications for other native title cases across Australia, and Noongar claimants may seek compensation from the government for vacant and unallocated crown land within the claim area which was alienated after 1975. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In April 2008 the Full Bench of the Federal Court upheld parts of the appeal by the Western Australian and Commonwealth governments against Justice Wilcox's judgment.

Economics

Since the Noongar are largely urbanised or concentrated in major regional towns studies have shown that the direct economic impact of the Noongar community on the WA economy was estimated to range between $500 million and $700 million per year. [17]

Current issues

As a consequence of the Stolen Generation and problems integrating with modern westernised society many difficult issues face the present day Noongar. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings For example the Noongar Men of the SouthWest gathering in 1996 outlined the following major community problems:

Many of these issues are not unique to the Noongar, but in many cases they are unable to receive the appropriate government agency care. The report that was produced after this gathering also stated that Noongar men die 20 years sooner than non-Aboriginal men, and go to hospital 3 times more often.

The Noongar still have large extended families and many families find difficulties trying to fit into the available structures of sheltered housing in Western Australia - Paper on Housing. Sheltered housing is a term covering a wide range of rented housing for older and/or Disabled or other vulnerable people The West Australian government has dedicated several areas for the purpose of building communities specifically for the Noongar people, such as the Swan Valley Nyungah Community. The Swan Valley Nyungah (Noongar Community was an Indigenous Australian community of Noongar people at Lockridge Western Australia.

The Noongar themselves are tackling their own issues, for example, the Noongar Patrol, which is an Aboriginal Advancement Council initiative. It was set up to deter Aboriginal young people from offending behaviour and reduce the likelihood of their contact with the Criminal Justice System. Most people in Perth would associate this with patrols run in the entertainment hotspot Northbridge. The Patrol uses mediation and negotiation with indigenous youth in an attempt to curb anti-social and offending behaviour of young people who come into the city at night.

See also

References

  1. ^ Norman Barnett Tindale South Australia Museum. Whadjuk, also called Wadjuk, Whajook and Wadjug, is the name according to Norman Tindale for the Aboriginal group inhabiting The Binjareb, Pindjarup or Pinjareb is the name of the Indigenous Australian group of Noongar speakers living in the region of South West Mokare plaquejpg|right|250px]] Mokare (c 1800 - 1831 was a Noongar man an Aboriginal man from the south-west corner of Australia who was pivotal in History The Noongar people have been acknowledged as the traditional owners of this area Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. Indigenous Australians had distinct ways of dividing the year up Retrieved 20 September 2006. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
  2. ^ NOONGAR HISTORY AND CULTURE www. noongar. org. au. Retrieved 20 September 2006. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
  3. ^ Commitment to a new Relationship www. noongar. org. au. Retrieved 20 September 2006. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
  4. ^ The Minang and the destruction of the Southern Right Whale 7 February kiangardarup. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince blogspot. com. 2005 Retrieved 20 September 2006. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
  5. ^ Yagan: an Aboriginal resistance hero Green Left Weekly, Craig Cormick Retrieved 20 September 2006. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
  6. ^ Wadjemup (Rottnest Island) (www. creativespirits. info) Retrieved 24 January 2007
  7. ^ Green, Neville, & Moon, Susan (1997), "Far From Home: Aboriginal Prisoners of Rottnest Island, 1838-1931" (Perth)
  8. ^ Haebich, Anna & Delroy, Anne (1999) "The Stolen Generations - the separation of Aboriginal Children from their Families in Western Australia", (Western Australian Museum)
  9. ^ LANGUAGE OF THE MONTH SERIES (number 11) FATSIL. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved 20 September 2006. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
  10. ^ Douglas, Wilfrid H. (1976). The Aboriginal Languages of the South-West of Australia. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. ISBN 0-85575-050-2.  
  11. ^ Nyunga - An extinct language of Australia SIL International, 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2006. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
  12. ^ English - A language of United Kingdom SIL International, 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2006. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
  13. ^ Research and development in Kurongkul Katitijin Retrieved 20 September 2006. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
  14. ^ "Place of the Male Kangaroo" Albany GateWAy Co-operative Limited, 28 July 2006. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Retrieved 20 September 2006. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
  15. ^ Yirra Yaakin Noongar Theatre Retrieved 20 September 2006. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
  16. ^ Biodiversity Hotspots - Australia - Overview
  17. ^ A Study of the Impact of the Noongar Community on the Western Australian Economy Duncan Ord, 19 June 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2006. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.

Published sources

External links

Dictionary

Noongar

-proper noun

  1. An indigenous people of southwestern Australia
  2. The common language of an indigenous people of southwestern Australia

-adjective

  1. Pertaining to and/or describing either the language, persons or culture of the Noongar people
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