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None of the Above (NOTA) or against all is a ballot choice in some jurisdictions or organizations, placed so as to allow the voter to indicate his disapproval with all of the candidates in any voting system. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office An absentee ballot is a Vote cast by someone who is unable or unwilling to attend the official Polling station. Abstention is a term in Election procedure for when a participant in a vote either does not go to vote (on election day or in Parliamentary procedure, is present A ballot is a device (originally a small ball—see blackball) used to record choices made by Voters Each voter uses one ballot and ballots are not A ballot box is a temporarily sealed container usually cuboid though sometimes a tamper resistant bag with a narrow slot in the top sufficient to accept a ballot paper Ballot stuffing is the illegal act of one person submitting multiple Ballots during a Vote in which only one ballot per person is permitted Early voting, is the process which voters can cast their vote on a single or series of days prior to an election Election Day Registration, also known as "same-day voter registration" permits eligible citizens to register and vote on Election Day In Party-list proportional representation systems an election threshold is a clause that stipulates that a party must receive a minimum percentage of votes either The paradox of voting, also referred to as Downs paradox is a reference to the fact that for a rational self-interested Voter, the costs of voting Postal voting describes the method of voting in an election whereby ballot papers are distributed and/or returned by post to electors in contrast to electors voting in person at a A precinct is a space enclosed by the walls or other boundaries of a particular place or building or by an arbitrary and imaginary line drawn around it In an Open list proportional representation system voters can indicate their preference for a particular individual candidate on a Party list by A Protest vote is a Vote cast in an Election to demonstrate the caster's unhappiness with the choice of candidates or refusal of the current political system A provisional ballot is used to record a vote when there is some question in regards to a given voter's eligibility. A refused ballot, or similar alternative is a choice available to voters in many Elections. The secret ballot is a voting method in which a Voter 's choices are confidential In Voting, a Ballot is considered to be spoilt, void, null or informal if it is regarded by the Election authorities In Voting systems tactical voting (or strategic voting or sophisticated voting) occurs when a voter supports a candidate other than his or her A ticket refers to a single Election choice which fills more than one Political office or seat Ticket Splitters are those who vote for candidates from more than one Political party when they vote for public offices voting on the basis of individual personalities and records A vote center sometimes known as a super precinct is a Polling place that combines multiple precincts allowing voters to choose at which location to vote Vote pairing (or vote swapping as it has also been called is the method where a voter in one district agrees to vote tactically for a less-preferred candidate or party who In Politics, voter fatigue is the apathy that the electorate can experience when they are required to vote too often Voter registration is the requirement in some democracies for Citizens and residents to check in with some central registry specifically for the purpose of being allowed Voter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast a Ballot in an Election. A voting booth or polling booth is a room or cabin in a Polling station where voters are able to cast their vote in private to protect the secrecy of the ballot Voting machines are the total combination of mechanical electromechanical or electronic equipment (including Software, Firmware, and documentation required to program A ballot is a device (originally a small ball—see blackball) used to record choices made by Voters Each voter uses one ballot and ballots are not In Law, jurisdiction (from the Latin ius iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak" is the practical Authority An organization (or organisation &mdash see spelling differences) is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals which controls its own performance and A voting system allows voters to choose between options often in an Election where candidates are selected for public office. It is based on the principle that all legitimate consent requires the ability to withhold consent, allowing voters to withhold their consent in an election to office, just as they can by voting "no" on ballot questions. A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita The similar term for awards is no award (commonly nicknamed Noah Ward).
Entities that include "None of the Above" on ballots as standard procedure include the U.S. state of Nevada ("None of these candidates"), Ukraine ("Against all"), Spain (voto en blanco), France (vote blanc), Colombia (voto en blanco), the United States Libertarian Party, the Green Party, the Florida affiliate of the American Patriot Party, and the Debian Project. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Libertarian Party is a United States political party founded on December 11 1971 One of the Political parties in the United States, and similar in mission to many of the worldwide Green Parties, the Greens have been active as a third party Debian ( pronounced) is a computer Operating system composed entirely of Free and open source software. Russia had such an option on its ballots ("Against all") until it was abolished in 2006. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending [1]
When "None of the Above" is listed on a ballot, there is the theoretical possibility of NOTA receiving a majority of the vote cast. A majority, also known as a simple majority in the US, is a Subset of a group that is more than half of the entire group In such a case, a variety of formal procedures may be invoked, including having the office remain vacant, having the office filled by appointment, re-opening nominations, or beginning the election process again (in a body operating under parliamentary procedure). Nomination is part of the process of selecting a Candidate for either Election to an Office, or the bestowing of an honor or Award. Parliamentary procedure is the body of Rules Ethics, and Customs governing meetings and other operations of Clubs Organizations
In Nevada, the actual candidate with the greatest number of votes assumes office regardless of how many votes "None of the Above" gets. Thus "None of the Above" acts purely as a repository for protest votes. A Protest vote is a Vote cast in an Election to demonstrate the caster's unhappiness with the choice of candidates or refusal of the current political system
The Green Party of California included NOTA in its original 1991 bylaws, to offer voters a choice of rejecting all candidates presented. The Green Party of California ( GPCA) was established as a ballot-qualified political party in California in 1991, using the petition method of gaining After one round of successful elections in which a candidate in Southern California and all gubernatorial candidates were retired after the primary by NOTA, a lawsuit promulgated by the California Secretary of State led to the disallowal of NOTA in Green Party primaries. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government
In 2000, Michael Moore advocated a write-in candidate Ficus (the plant) for Congress as a unified vote for none of the above in congressional seats where the incumbent was running unopposed. Michael Francis Moore (born April 23 1954 is an Academy Award -winning American filmmaker author and liberal Political commentator. [1]
In 2004, the Oklahoma Green, Libertarian and Constitution parties endorsed a "NOTA" campaign for president that was organized by Oklahomans for Ballot Access Reform. Key values The Green Party of Oklahoma is a third party founded on the Four Pillars of the Green Party: ecological wisdom social justice grass-roots The Oklahoma Libertarian Party is the branch of the Libertarian Party in Oklahoma. The Oklahoma Constitution Party is a member of the Oklahomans for Ballot Access Reform Coalition (OBAR and is affiliated with the national Constitution Party. The campaign called for voters to leave the Presidential ballot line blank in protest of restrictive ballot access laws. Ballot access rules called nomination rules outside the US, regulate the conditions under which a candidate or Political party is either entitled to stand for election
Ralph Nader ran as a NOTA candidate and supports the NOTA option as a method of voters to withhold consent and to initiate a new round of elections. Ralph Nader (born February 27 1934 is an American Attorney, Author, Lecturer, political activist, and independent candidate for President
In elections where "None of the Above" is not an option, a ballot is usually regarded as spoilt if a voter decides to cross the entire ballot paper, or leave it blank. In Voting, a Ballot is considered to be spoilt, void, null or informal if it is regarded by the Election authorities
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Re-open Nominations (RON)
Many students' unions in the United Kingdom (including the National Union of Students) use a very similar ballot option called re-open nominations (RON) in instant runoff voting (alternative vote) and single transferable vote elections. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Instant-runoff voting ( IRV) is a Voting system used for single-winner elections in which voters have one vote and rank Candidates in order of Instant-runoff voting ( IRV) is a Voting system used for single-winner elections in which voters have one vote and rank Candidates in order of The key difference is that RON is an active vote against all candidates in FPTP (First Past The Post) and all subsequent candidates in an STV election. The plurality voting system is a Single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member STV is the brand used by both ITV licensees in Northern and Central Scotland formerly known as Grampian TV (now legally STV North Ltd
There are several ways of dealing with a RON candidate. In a single member constituency or election to a single position RON is treated as a normal candidate. If re-open nominations is deemed elected to any position then at the end of the count that position is declared vacant and nominations must later be re-opened for that position.
In a multi-member constituency either when a RON candidate is elected, all other candidates below RON are declared not to be elected and the counting process stops, the election is then re-run for that and all other unfilled positions. Or in the other case, RON is elected to a position, then any surplus is transferred to another RON(2) candidate as if such an option had been presented on the ballot paper. If RON(2) is elected, then the process carries on with RON(3), RON(4) candidates and so on until all seats are filled. [2].
"None of the Above" candidate
- David Gatchell of Tennessee ran for governor in 2002 and for Senate in 2006 as a protest, officially changing his middle name from "Leroy" to "None of the Above. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. The Tennessee United States Senate election of 2006 was held on November 7, 2006. " [3] In 2006, he got 3,738 votes (0. 2 percent).
- Geoff Richardson changed his full name to "Of The Above None" and stood as an independent for the seat of Gilmore at the 2007 Australian federal election. The Division of Gilmore is an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. Federal elections for the Parliament of Australia were held on Saturday 24 November 2007 after a 6-week campaign in which 13 His name appeared as "NONE, Of the Above" on the ballot.
- A Prince George businessman ran in the June 2, 1997 Canadian election in the district of Prince George-Bulkley Valley [4] under the name of "Zznoneoff, Thea Bove" (Thea Bove Zznoneoff); ballots listing candidates alphabetically by surname, he appeared at the bottom. He came sixth of seven candidates with 0. 977 percent of votes cast.
- Brewster's Millions (1985 film) In the film Brewster (played by Richard Pryor) joins the race for Mayor of New York City and throws most of his money at a protest campaign urging a vote for "None of the Above. Brewster's Millions is a 1985 comedy film starring Richard Pryor based on the 1902 novel of the same name by George Barr McCutcheon " The two major candidates sue Brewster for his confrontational rhetoric, leading to a massive settlement which of course furthers their competitor's true goal. Unfortunately, Brewster is forced to end the protest campaign when he learns that he is leading in the polls as a write-in candidate and has to publicly announce that he cannot accept the mayoralty if he won it.
Illegal ballots in Robert's Rules of Order
Robert's Rules of Order, Newly Revised, 10th edition, p. Robert's Rules of Order is the informal short title of a book containing Rules of order intended to be adopted for use by a Deliberative assembly. 402, describes various forms of "illegal ballots," which are ballots which do not count for any candidate. Blanks are treated as "scrap paper" and are of no effect, but "unintelligible ballots or ballots cast for an unidentifiable candidate or a fictional character are treated as "illegal votes. " "All illegal votes cast by legal voters . . . are taken into account in determining the number of votes cast for purposes of computing the majority. " RRONR always requires a majority for election, and so casting an illegal ballot, or one for a hopeless candidate, whether on the ballot or as a write-in, is equivalent to voting No for all other candidates. "The principle is that a choice has no mandate from the voting body unless approval is expressed by more than half of those entitled to vote and registering any evidence of having some opinion. "
See also
References
- ^ http://www.commondreams.org/news2000/0426-09.htm Ficus Plant Announces Candidacy For Congress
External links
- Voters for None of the Above
- Green Party of California v. Jones (1995) [registration required]
- None of the Above DNC Parody Site
- Website of Geoff Robinson, aka Of the Above None
- None Of The Above - Tennessee
- American Patriot Party
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