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Roadway noise is a major source of exposure
Roadway noise is a major source of exposure

Noise health effects are the health consequences of elevated sound levels. Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies Elevated workplace or other noise can cause hearing impairment, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance. is a one volume manga created by Tsutomu Nihei as a prequel to his ten-volume work Blame!. Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the Blood pressure is chronically elevated Ischaemic or ischemic heart disease (IHD or myocardial ischaemia, is a Disease characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle IF YOU ARE EDITING THIS ARTICLE TO LET US KNOW THAT YOUR FRIEND WHAT'S-HIS-OR-HER-NAME IS THE MOST ANNOYING PERSON IN THE WORLD PLEASE KNOW THE YOU ARE ABOUT THE BILLIONTH CLEVER GUY TO A sleep disorder (somnipathy is a medical disorder of the Sleep patterns of a person or animal Changes in the immune system and birth defects have been attributed to noise exposure, but evidence is limited. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth [1] Although some presbycusis may occur naturally with age,[2] in many developed nations the cumulative impact of noise is sufficient to impair the hearing of a large fraction of the population over the course of a lifetime. Presbycusis, or age-related Hearing loss, is the cumulative effect of aging on hearing. [3][4] Noise exposure has also been known to induce tinnitus, hypertension, vasoconstriction and other cardiovascular impacts. Tinnitus (tɪˈnaɪtəs or /ˈtɪnɪtəs/ from the Latin word for " Ringing " is the perception of sound within the human ear in the absence of corresponding Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the Blood pressure is chronically elevated Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels particularly the large Arteries, Arterioles This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" [5] Beyond these effects, elevated noise levels can create stress, increase workplace accident rates, and stimulate aggression and other anti-social behaviors. [6] The most significant causes are vehicle and aircraft noise, prolonged exposure to loud music, and industrial noise.

Contents

Hearing loss

Main article: Noise-induced hearing loss

The mechanism of hearing loss arises from trauma to stereocilia of the cochlea, the principal fluid filled structure of the inner ear. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL is an increasingly prevalent disorder that results from exposure to high-intensity Sound, especially over a long period of time Treatment of physical trauma is described here and in First aid. Stereocilia are apical modifications of the cell which are distinct from Microvilli and Cilia. The cochlea is the auditory portion of the Inner ear. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along The inner Ear is the bony labyrinth, a system of passages comprising two main functional parts the organ of hearing or Cochlea The pinna combined with the middle ear amplifies sound pressure levels by a factor of twenty, so that extremely high sound pressure levels arrive in the cochlea, even from moderate atmospheric sound stimuli. The pinna ( Latin for Feather) is the visible part of the Ear that resides outside of the head (this may also be referred to as the auricle or The middle ear is the portion of the ear internal to the Eardrum, and external to the Oval window of the Cochlea. Sound pressure is the local Pressure deviation from the ambient (average or equilibrium pressure caused by a Sound Wave. In Physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the internal or external environment Underlying pathology to the cochlea are reactive oxygen species, which play a significant role in noise-induced necrosis and apoptosis of the stereocilia. The cochlea is the auditory portion of the Inner ear. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along Reactive oxygen species (ROS are ions or very small molecules that include Oxygen Ions free radicals, and Peroxides both inorganic and Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = "dead" is the name given to unnatural Death of cells and living tissue. Stereocilia are apical modifications of the cell which are distinct from Microvilli and Cilia. [7] Exposure to high levels of noise have differing effects within a given population, and the involvement of reactive oxygen species suggests possible avenues to treat or prevent damage to hearing and related cellular structures. [7]

The elevated sound levels cause trauma to the cochlear structure in the inner ear, which gives rise to irreversible hearing loss. Treatment of physical trauma is described here and in First aid. The cochlea is the auditory portion of the Inner ear. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along The inner Ear is the bony labyrinth, a system of passages comprising two main functional parts the organ of hearing or Cochlea [8] A very loud sound in a particular frequency range can damage the cochlea's hair cells that respond to that range thereby reducing the ear's ability to hear those frequencies in the future. [9] However, loud noise in any frequency range has deleterious effects across the entire range of human hearing. [10] The outer ear (visible portion of the human ear) combined with the middle ear amplifies sound levels by a factor of 20 when sound reaches the inner ear. The ear is the sense organ that detects Sounds The Vertebrate ear shows a common biology from Fish to Humans with variations The ear is the sense organ that detects Sounds The Vertebrate ear shows a common biology from Fish to Humans with variations The middle ear is the portion of the ear internal to the Eardrum, and external to the Oval window of the Cochlea. Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies The inner Ear is the bony labyrinth, a system of passages comprising two main functional parts the organ of hearing or Cochlea [11]

Hearing loss is somewhat inevitable with age. Though older males exposed to significant occupational noise demonstrate significantly reduced hearing sensitivity than their non-exposed peers, differences in hearing sensitivity decrease with time and the two groups are indistinguishable by age 79. In Statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by Chance. [2] Women exposed to occupational noise do not differ from their peers in hearing sensitivity, though they do hear better than their non-exposed male counterparts. Due to loud music and a generally noisy environment, young people in the United States have a rate of impaired hearing 2. 5 times greater than their parents and grandparents, with an estimated 50 million individuals with impaired hearing estimated in 2050. [3]

In Rosen's work on health effects and hearing loss, one of his findings derived from tracking Maaban tribesmen, who were insignificantly exposed to transportation or industrial noise. Health effects, health impacts or health risks are changes in Health resulting from exposure to a source Maaban is a remote populated place in Ghana. Its coordinates are Latitude (DMS 6° 58' 60 N Longitude (DMS 2° 13' 0. A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use This population was systematically compared by cohort group to a typical U. S. population. The findings proved that aging is an almost insignificant cause of hearing loss, which instead is associated with chronic exposure to moderately high levels of environmental noise. Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life [8]

Cardiovascular effects

Noise has been associated with important cardiovascular health problems. [12] In 1999, the World Health Organization concluded that the available evidence showed suggested a weak association between long-term noise exposure above 67-70 dB(A) and hypertension. A-weighting is the most commonly used of a family of curves defined in the International standard IEC616722003 and various national standards relating to the measurement of sound [13] More recent studies have suggested that noise levels of 50 dB(A) at night may also increase the risk of myocardial infarction by chronically elevating cortisol production. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Cortisol is a Corticosteroid Hormone produced by the Adrenal gland (in the Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal cortex) [14][15][16]

Fairly typical roadway noise levels are sufficient to constrict arterial blood flow and lead to elevated blood pressure; in this case, it appears that a certain fraction of the population is more susceptible to vasoconstriction. Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the Blood pressure is chronically elevated This may result because annoyance from the sound causes elevated adrenaline levels trigger a narrowing of the blood vessels (vasoconstriction), or independently through medical stress reactions. Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels particularly the large Arteries, Arterioles Other effects of high noise levels are increased frequency of headaches, fatigue, stomach ulcers and vertigo. A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted A peptic ulcer, also known as PUD or peptic ulcer disease, is an Ulcer (defined as mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 0 Vertigo (from the Latin vertere, to turn and the suffix -igo, a condition i [17]

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency authored a pamphlet in 1978 that suggested a correlation between low-birthweight babies (using the World Health Organization definition of less than 2,500 g (~5. 5 lb) and high sound levels, and also correlations in abnormally high rates of birth defects, where expectant mothers are exposed to elevated sound levels, such as typical airport environs. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land Specific birth abnormalities included harelip, cleft palate, and defects in the spine. Cleft lip (cheiloschisis and cleft palate (palatoschisis which can also occur together as cleft lip and palate are variations of a type of clefting Congenital Cleft lip (cheiloschisis and cleft palate (palatoschisis which can also occur together as cleft lip and palate are variations of a type of clefting Congenital In Human anatomy, the vertebral column ( backbone or spine) is a column of 34 Vertebrae the Sacrum, Intervertebral According to Lester W. Sontag of The Fels Research Institute (as presented in the same EPA study): “There is ample evidence that environment has a role in shaping the physique, behavior and function of animals, including man, from conception and not merely from birth. Controversy over the beginning of pregnancy usually occurs in the context of the Abortion debate Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth Offspring. The fetus is capable of perceiving sounds and responding to them by motor activity and cardiac rate change. A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and " Noise exposure is deemed to be particularly pernicious when it occurs between 15 and 60 days after conception, when major internal organs and the central nervous system are formed. In Biology, an organ ( Latin: organum, "instrument tool" from Greek όργανον - organon "organ instrument In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. Later developmental effects occur as vasoconstriction in the mother reduces blood flow and hence oxygen and nutrition to the fetus. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Low birth weights and noise were also associated with lower levels of certain hormones in the mother, these hormones being thought to affect fetal growth and to be a good indicator of protein production. Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl The difference between the hormone levels of pregnant mothers in noisy versus quiet areas increased as birth approached.

Annoyance

Because some stressful effects depend on qualities of the sound other than its absolute decibel value, the annoyance associated with sound may need to be considered in regard to health effects. For example, noise from airports is typically perceived as more bothersome than noise from traffic of equal volume. [18]Annoyance effects of noise are minimally affected by demographics, but fear of the noise source and sensitivity to noise both strongly affect the 'annoyance' of a noise. [19] Even sound levels as low as 40 dB(A) (about as loud as a refrigerator or library[20]) can generate noise complaints[21] and the lower threshold for noise producing sleep disturbance is 45 dB(A) or lower. A sleep disorder (somnipathy is a medical disorder of the Sleep patterns of a person or animal [22] Other factors that affect the 'annoyance level' of sound include beliefs about noise prevention and the importance of the noise source, and annoyance at the cause (i. e. non-noise related factors) of the noise. [23] Evidence regarding the impact of long-term noise versus recent changes in ongoing noise is equivocal on its impact on annoyance. [23]

Estimates of sound annoyance typically rely on weighting filters, which consider some sound frequencies to be more important than others based on their presumed audibility to the human ear. A weighting filter is used to emphasise or suppress some aspects of a phenomenon compared to others for measurement or other purposes The older dB(A) weighting filter described above is used widely in the U. S. , but underestimates the impact of frequencies around 6000 Hz and at very low frequencies. The newer ITU-R 468 noise weighting filter is used more widely in Europe. The ITU-R 468-weighting curve (originally defined in CCIR recommendation 468 is widely used when measuring noise in audio systems especially in the UK Europe and former countries of The propagation of sound varies between environments; for example, low frequencies typically carry over longer distances. Therefore different filters, such as dB(B) and dB(C), may be recommended for specific situations. A weighting filter is used to emphasise or suppress some aspects of a phenomenon compared to others for measurement or other purposes A weighting filter is used to emphasise or suppress some aspects of a phenomenon compared to others for measurement or other purposes

When young children are exposed to speech interference levels of noise on a regular basis (the actual volume of which varies depending on distance and loudness of the speaker), there may develop speech or reading difficulties, because auditory processing functions are compromised. In particular the writing learning impairment known as dysgraphia is commonly associated with environmental stressors in the classroom. Dysgraphia (or agraphia) is a deficiency in the ability to write, regardless of the ability to read, not due to Intellectual impairment. In chemistry a stressor is something that either speeds up a Reaction rate or keeps the reaction rate the same

Regulations

Main article: Noise regulation

Environmental noise regulations usually specify a maximum outdoor noise level of 60 to 65 dB(A), while occupational safety organizations recommend that the maximum exposure to noise is 40 hours per week at 85 to 90 dB(A). Noise regulation includes Statutes or guidelines relating to sound transmission established by national state or provincial and Municipal levels of government Noise regulation includes Statutes or guidelines relating to sound transmission established by national state or provincial and Municipal levels of government The decibel ( dB) is a logarithmic unit of measurement that expresses the magnitude of a physical quantity (usually power or intensity relative to For every additional 3 dB(A), the maximum exposure time is reduced by a factor 2, e. g. 20 hours per week at 88 dB(A). Sometimes, a factor of two per additional 5 dB(A) is used. However, these occupational regulations are acknowledged by the health literature as inadequate to protect against hearing loss and other health effects

See also

References

  1. ^ Passchier-Vermeer W, Passchier WF (2000). Aircraft noise is defined as Sound produced by any aircraft or its components during various phases of a flight on the ground while parked such as auxiliary power Noise mitigation is a set of strategies to reduce Noise pollution. Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life Tinnitus (tɪˈnaɪtəs or /ˈtɪnɪtəs/ from the Latin word for " Ringing " is the perception of sound within the human ear in the absence of corresponding "Noise exposure and public health". Environ. Health Perspect. 108 Suppl 1: 123–31. PMID 10698728.  
  2. ^ a b Rosenhall U, Pedersen K, Svanborg A (1990). "Presbycusis and noise-induced hearing loss". Ear Hear 11 (4): 257–63. PMID 2210099.  
  3. ^ a b Schmid, RE. "Aging nation faces growing hearing loss", CBS News, 2007-02-18. CBS News is the news division of American Television and Radio network CBS. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy  
  4. ^ Senate Public Works Committee, Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972, S. Rep. No. 1160, 92nd Cong. 2nd session
  5. ^ Noise: Health Effects and Controls. University of California, Berkeley. The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley Retrieved on 2007-12-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies
  6. ^ Kryter, Karl D. (1994). The handbook of hearing and the effects of noise: physiology, psychology, and public health. Boston: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-427455-2.  
  7. ^ a b Henderson D, Bielefeld EC, Harris KC, Hu BH (2006). "The role of oxidative stress in noise-induced hearing loss". Ear Hear 27 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1097/01.aud.0000191942.36672.f3. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16446561.  
  8. ^ a b S. Rosen and P. Olin, Hearing Loss and Coronary Heart Disease, Archives of Otolaryngology, 82:236 (1965)
  9. ^ HeadWize - Article: Preventing Hearing Damage When Listening With Headphones (A HeadWize Headphone Guide)
  10. ^ High-Frequency Hearing Loss Incurred by Exposure to Low-Frequency Noise
  11. ^ Noise: A Health Problem United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, Washington, DC 20460, August, 1978
  12. ^ Ising H, Babisch W, Kruppa B (1999). Heart disease is an Umbrella term for a variety for different diseases affecting the Heart. Otolaryngology is the branch of Medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of Ear, Nose, Throat, and head and neck disorders "Noise-Induced Endocrine Effects and Cardiovascular Risk". Noise Health 1 (4): 37–48. PMID 12689488.  
  13. ^ Berglund, B; Lindvall T, Schwela D, Goh KT (1999). World Health Organization: Guidelines for Community Noise. World Health Organization.
  14. ^ Maschke C (2003). "Stress Hormone Changes in Persons exposed to Simulated Night Noise". Noise Health 5 (17): 35–45. PMID 12537833.  
  15. ^ Franssen EA, van Wiechen CM, Nagelkerke NJ, Lebret E (2004). "Aircraft noise around a large international airport and its impact on general health and medication use". Occup Environ Med 61 (5): 405–13. PMID 15090660.  
  16. ^ Lercher P, Hörtnagl J, Kofler WW (1993). "Work noise annoyance and blood pressure: combined effects with stressful working conditions". Int Arch Occup Environ Health 65 (1): 23–8. PMID 8354571.  
  17. ^ Noise: A Health Problem United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, Washington, DC 20460, August, 1978
  18. ^ Miedema and Oudshoorn 2001 cited in Hypertension and exposure to noise near airports. Medscape.
  19. ^ Miedema HME, Vos H. "Demographic and attitudinal factors that modify annoyance from transportation noise". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105 (6): 3336–44. doi:10.1121/1.424662. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  20. ^ [1. pdf Noise Facts and Figures!] (PDF). Chiltern District Council. Quality of Rural Life In May 2008 the district was named by the Halifax bank as having the best rural quality of life anywhere in Britain Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
  21. ^ Gelfand, Stanley A. Essentials of Audiology. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers. ISBN 1-58890-017-7.  
  22. ^ Walker, JR; Fahy, Frank (1998). Fundamentals of noise and vibration. London: E & FN Spon. ISBN 0419227008.  
  23. ^ a b Field, JM (1993). "Effect of personal and situational variables upon noise annoyance in residential areas". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93 (5): 2753–63. doi:10.1121/1.405851. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  

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