Noe Zhordania (Georgian: ნოე ჟორდანია, also transliterated as Jordania) (January 2, 1868 – January 11, 1953) was a Georgian journalist and Menshevik politician. Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between The Mensheviks (Minority (Меньшевик) were a faction of the Russian Revolutionary movement that emerged in 1903 after a dispute between Vladimir He played an eminent role in the Social Democratic revolutionary movement in Imperial Russia, and later chaired the government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia from July 24, 1918 until March 18, 1921, when the Soviet Russian Red Army invasion of Georgia forced him into exile to France where he led the government-in-exile until his death in 1953. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Democratic Republic of Georgia ( DRG; Georgian: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა Sakartvelos Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Red Army invasion of Georgia also known as the Soviet-Georgian War ( February 15 – March 17 1921) was a military campaign by the Soviet This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG continued to function as the Government in exile (National Government of Georgia NGG after the Soviet
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Early career
Noe Zhordania was born on March 9, 1869, to a petty landowner in the village of Lanchkhuti in Guria, western Georgia, then part of the Kutais guberniya of Imperial Russia. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Lanchkhuti (Georgian ლანჩხუთი is a Town in Western Georgian region of Guria. For the village in Bangladesh see Guria Bangladesh. Guria (გურია is a region ( Mkhare) in Georgia Kutaisi (ქუთაისი ancient names Aea / Aia, Kutatisi, Kutaïssi) is Georgia 's second largest city and the capital of the Guberniya (губе́рния) (also gubernia, guberniia, gubernya) was a major administrative subdivision of Imperial Russia, usually The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Having graduated from the Theological Seminary at Tiflis, he entered the Warsaw Veterinarian Institute. Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland.
Returning to Georgia, he propagated Marxist ideas among the workers of Tiflis and in the 1890s emerged as a leader of the first legal Marxist organization in Georgia called "Mesame Dasi" (the Third Group). Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. In 1894, he was tried by the Russian authorities for his participation in the "League of Freedom of Georgia". Elected a delegate to the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in 1903, he sided with the Menshevik faction and gained significant influence among them. The Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, or RSDLP ( Росси́йская Социа́л-Демократи́ческая Рабо́чая The Mensheviks (Minority (Меньшевик) were a faction of the Russian Revolutionary movement that emerged in 1903 after a dispute between Vladimir In 1905 he edited a Tiflis-based Georgian Menshevik newspaper Sotsial-Demokratia known for its fierce attacks on the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction During the Russian Revolution of 1905, he went against the armed uprising and advocated the creation of a legal workers’ party. See also Russian Revolution (1917 The 1905 Russian Revolution also known as the Failed Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide struggle of On the 4th Congress of the RSDLP in 1906, he supported the idea of land municipalization. Municipalization is the transfer of Corporations or other Assets to Municipal ownership The same year, he was elected to the First State Duma for the Tiflis Governorate and became a spokesman for the Social Democratic faction. Legislative elections were held in the Russian Empire in March 1906. Tiflis Governorate ( Old Russian: Тифлисская губернiя) was one of the Guberniyas ' of the Russian Empire with its centre The 5th Congress of the RSDLP elected him into the Central Committee where he maintained his post until 1912. Having signed the "Viborg declaration", a protest against the dissolution of the First Duma, in December 1907, he was sentenced to three months of imprisonment. In mid-1912, he edited a Baku-based legal Menshevik newspaper Nashe Slovo. Baku (Bakı sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakü, is the capital the largest city and the largest port of Azerbaijan In 1914, he collaborated with Leon Trotsky in the magazine Borba where he published a series of articles on the question of nationalities. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij
Revolution and independence
During the World War I years, he maintained a “defensist” position and worked for Plekhanov’s Samozaschita (1916). World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov (Георгий Валентинович Плеханов ( December 11, 1856 &ndash May 30, 1918; After the February Revolution of 1917, he chaired the Tiflis soviet and on March 6 1917 was elected a commissar of the executive committee of the Tiflis Soviet. The February Revolution (Февральская революция in 1917 in Russia was the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. In August 1917, he was elected to the Central Committee of the RSDLP(u[nited]). On the session of the Tiflis Soviet of September 3 1917, he made a speech calling the workers not to succumb to the Bolshevist sentiments, but rather to fight for the establishment of a parliamentary republic. A parliamentary republic or parliamentary constitutional republic is a form of a Republic which operates under a Parliamentary system of government In October 1917, he joined the all-Russian Pre-Parliament, but soon became disillusioned in it and returned to his native Georgia. On November 26, 1917, he became a chair of the Presidium of the National Council of Georgia and played a leading role in the consolidation of the Menshevik power in Georgia. His wavering position on the formal secession from Bolshevist Russia ended in May 1918, and Zhordania effectively chaired a parliament session which declared the independent Democratic Republic of Georgia. Bolshevist Russia or Bolshevik Russia is a common term for the Bolshevik side in the Russian Civil War, or more specifically the Russian The Democratic Republic of Georgia ( DRG; Georgian: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა Sakartvelos On July 24, 1918, he became a Head of the Government of Georgia. Within the three years of rule, his government organized a successful land reform, adopted comprehensive social and political legislation, and cultivated widespread international ties, enabling Georgia to become the only Transcaucasian nation to earn de jure recognition from Soviet Russia and the Western powers. Apart from a massive peasant support, his government managed to gain, through combining socialism, democracy, and a moderate form of nationalism, the loyalty of intellectual élites and nobility, and played a crucial role in transforming Georgia into the modern political nation. [1] However, the invasion of the Soviet armies in February-March 1921 toppled down the Georgian government, forcing Zhordania and many of his colleagues to take refuge in France where he led the government-in-exile and continued his efforts to earn the international recognition of the Soviet occupation of Georgia and a foreign support for the Georgian independence cause until his death in Paris in 1953. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city
In 1923, Noe Zhordania made an appeal to Washington on which he said:
| “ | In the twentieth century, before the eyes of the civilized world, I appeal to the conscience of civilized nations and all honest people to condemn this persecution of a small nation and the criminals inspiring and carrying out these barbarous acts — the Bolshevik Government. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction | ” |
He also said in the appeal that Chekists had killed without trial hundreds of people, including women and children, many of them from the Georgian intellectual class. The Cheka ( ЧК - чрезвычайная комиссия Chrezvychaynaya Komissiya,) was the first of a succession of Soviet State security For the coffee shop company often called Intelligentsia for short see Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea. [2]
Zhordania was buried on Leuville-sur-Orge Cemetery in France. Leuville-sur-Orge is a French town 25 km south of Paris whose Cemetery is a burial ground to many prominent Georgian political emigres This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
Works
- Noi Nikolaevich Zhordania, My Life, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, California, 1968, ISBN 0817940316
References
- ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition, p. The Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace is a libertarian Public policy Think tank and Library founded in 1919 by U Stanford is a Census-designated place (CDP in Santa Clara County, California, United States. Ronald Grigor Suny is currently the Charles Tilly Collegiate Professor of Social and Political History at the University of Michigan, and Emeritus Professor of Political 207. Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-20915-3. Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is a Publishing house at Indiana University that engages in Academic publishing, specializing
- ^ Sons of Thargamos, TIME Magazine, May 19, 1923
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and , 2007), Zhordania, Noe. Dictionary of Georgian National Biography. Retrieved on May 24, 2007. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- (Russian) Noi Zhordania. Hronos. Retrieved on May 24, 2007. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
Works
- Noi Nikolaevich Zhordania, My Life, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, California, 1968
| Preceded by Noe Ramishvili |
Head of the Government of Georgia 1918–1921 |
Succeeded by Soviet rule |
| Preceded by None |
Head of the Government of Georgia in Exile 1921–1953 |
Succeeded by Evgeni Gegechkori |
| Heads of Government of Georgia |
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Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1921): |
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Soviet era: as part of |
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Georgia since 1991: |
.svg/22px-Flag_of_Georgia_(1990-2004).svg.png){kind=small}
| Leaders of Georgia since 1918 |
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Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921): |
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Soviet era: Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee (1921–1922): Filipp Makharadze | Polikarp Mdivani |
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Soviet era, c'td. The Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace is a libertarian Public policy Think tank and Library founded in 1919 by U Stanford is a Census-designated place (CDP in Santa Clara County, California, United States. Noe Ramishvili (ნოე რამიშვილი his name is also transliterated as Noah or Noi) ( 1881 - December 7, 1930) was The Prime Minister of Georgia is the most senior minister within the Cabinet of Georgia of the Republic of Georgia, appointed by the President of Georgia The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (საქართველოს საბჭოთასოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა The Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG continued to function as the Government in exile (National Government of Georgia NGG after the Soviet Evgeni Gegechkori (ევგენი გეგეჭკორი (1881-1954 was a Georgian politician and Social Democratic revolutionary The Prime Minister of Georgia is the most senior minister within the Cabinet of Georgia of the Republic of Georgia, appointed by the President of Georgia The Democratic Republic of Georgia ( DRG; Georgian: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა Sakartvelos Noe Ramishvili (ნოე რამიშვილი his name is also transliterated as Noah or Noi) ( 1881 - December 7, 1930) was The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Հայաստանի Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Azerbaijani: The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (საქართველოს საბჭოთასოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა Sergey or Sergo Kavtaradze ( Georgian: სერგო ქავთარაძე Sergo Kavtaradze; Russian: Сергей Иванович Кавтарадзе Polikarp "Budu" Mdivani (პოლიკარპე მდივანი Поликарп Гургенович Мдивани Polikarp Gurgenovich Mdivani) (1877 Shalva Eliava (შალვა ელიავა Шалва Зурабович Элиава Shalva Zurabovich Eliava) ( September 18 1883 – December Filipp Makaradze ( Georgian: ფილიპე მახარაძე Russian: Филипп Махарадзе (1868–1941 was President of the Georgian Tengiz Sigua (born 1934) is a Georgian politician and former Prime Minister of the country Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Tengiz Sigua (born 1934) is a Georgian politician and former Prime Minister of the country Besarion Gugushvili (born 1945 is a Georgian politician and a former Prime Minister of the country Tengiz Sigua (born 1934) is a Georgian politician and former Prime Minister of the country Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze (ედუარდ შევარდნაძე ɛduɑrd ʃɛvɑrdnɑdzɛ (born 25 January 1928 in Mamati, Lanchkhuti Avtandil Jorbenadze (* 1951) is a former Prime Minister of Georgia. Zurab Zhvania ( Georgian: ზურაბ ჟვანია ( December 9[[ 963]] &ndash February 3 2005) was a prominent Georgian politician Giorgi Baramidze (გიორგი ბარამიძე born 1968 is a Georgian Politician, Vice - Prime Minister of Georgia and State Zurab Noghaideli (ზურაბ ნოღაიდელი (born 22 October 1964) is a Georgian businessman and a retired politician who served Vladimer "Lado" Gurgenidze (ვლადიმერ (ლადო გურგენიძე (born December 17, 1970) is a Georgian Politician The President of Georgia (საქართველოს პრეზიდენტი is the Commander-in-chief of Georgia. The Democratic Republic of Georgia ( DRG; Georgian: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა Sakartvelos Noe Ramishvili (ნოე რამიშვილი his name is also transliterated as Noah or Noi) ( 1881 - December 7, 1930) was Filipp Makaradze ( Georgian: ფილიპე მახარაძე Russian: Филипп Махарадзе (1868–1941 was President of the Georgian Polikarp "Budu" Mdivani (პოლიკარპე მდივანი Поликарп Гургенович Мдивани Polikarp Gurgenovich Mdivani) (1877 : as part of |
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Georgia since 1991, Presidents: |
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