Nobelium

1st: 641. Mendelevium (ˌmɛndəˈlɛviəm is a Synthetic element with the symbol Md (formerly Mv) and the Atomic number 101 Lawrencium (ləˈrɛnsiəm is a Radioactive Synthetic element with the symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and Atomic number 103 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in History of the actinoid series From the earlier known chemical properties of actinium (89 up to uranium (92 indicating a relation to the Transition metals it was generally In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Occurrence Scandium yttrium and the Lanthanides (except promethium tend to occur together in the Earth's crust and are relatively abundant compared with most D-block A period 7 element is one of the Chemical elements in the seventh row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. The f-block of the Periodic table of the elements consists of those elements (sometimes referred to as the inner transition elements) for which in the The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Radon (ˈreɪdɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Rn and Atomic number 86 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron 6 kJ/mol

2nd: 1254. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 3 kJ/mol

3rd: 2605. 1 kJ/mol

Miscellaneous

CAS registry number

10028-14-5

Selected isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of nobelium
iso	NA	half-life	DM	DE (MeV)	DP
²⁶²No	syn	5 ms	SF
²⁶⁰No	syn	106 ms	SF
²⁵⁹No	syn	58m	75% α	7. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Nobelium ( No) has no stable isotopes A standard atomic mass cannot be given Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in Spontaneous fission (SF is a form of Radioactive decay characteristic of very heavy Isotopes and is theoretically possible for any atomic nucleus whose mass is greater A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an Atomic nucleus emits an Alpha particle (two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle 69,7. 61,7. 53. . . .	²⁵⁵Fm
²⁵⁹No	syn	58m	25% ε		²⁵⁹Md
²⁵⁸No	syn	1. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 2 ms	SF
²⁵⁷No	syn	25 s	α	8. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 32,8. 22	²⁵³Fm
²⁵⁶No	syn	2. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 91 s	99. 5% α	8. 45,8. 40	²⁵²Fm
²⁵⁶No	syn		0. 5% f
²⁵⁵No	syn	3. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 1 m	61% α	8. 12,8. 08,7. 93	²⁵¹Fm
²⁵⁵No	syn		39% ε	2. 012	²⁵⁵Md
²⁵⁴No^m2	syn	198 µs	γ		²⁵⁴No^m1
²⁵⁴No^m1	syn	275 ms	γ		²⁵⁰No^g
²⁵⁴No^g	syn	51 s
²⁵³No^m	syn	43. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 5 µs	γ		²⁵³No^g
²⁵³No	syn	1. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 62 m	α	8. 14,8. 06,8. 04,8. 01	²⁴⁹Fm
²⁵²No^m	syn	110 ms
²⁵²No^g	syn	2. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 44 s	75% α	8. 42,8. 37	²⁴⁸Fm
²⁵²No^g	syn		25% SF
²⁵¹No	syn	0. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 76 s	α	8. 62,8. 58	²⁴⁷Fm
²⁵⁰No^m	syn	43 µs	SF
²⁵⁰No^g	syn	3. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 7 µs	SF

References

Nobelium (pronounced /noʊˈbɛliəm/ or /noʊˈbiːliəm/) is a synthetic element with the symbol No and atomic number 102. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages In chemistry the Chemical elements labeled as synthetic are too unstable to be found naturally on Earth. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton

Nobelium

Common English pronunciation of nobelium

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It was first correctly identified in 1966 by scientists at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia. Little is known about the element but limited chemical experiments have shown that it forms a stable divalent ion in solution as well as the predicted trivalent ion that is associated with its presence as one of the actinoids. History of the actinoid series From the earlier known chemical properties of actinium (89 up to uranium (92 indicating a relation to the Transition metals it was generally

1 Discovery profile
2 Naming
3 Electronic structure
4 Physical properties
5 Experimental chemistry
- 5.1 Aqueous phase chemistry
- 5.2 Summary of compounds and (complex) ions
6 Isotopes
7 History of synthesis of isotopes by cold fusion
8 History of synthesis of isotopes by hot fusion
9 Synthesis of isotopes as decay products
10 Chronology of isotope discovery
11 Isomerism in nobelium nuclides
12 Chemical yields of isotopes
- 12.1 Cold fusion
- 12.2 Hot fusion
13 Retracted isotopes
- 13.1 ²⁴⁹No
14 Popular culture
15 References
16 Notes
17 External links

Discovery profile

The discovery of element 102 was first announced by physicists at the Nobel Institute in Sweden in 1957. The Norwegian Nobel Institute (Det Norske Nobelinstitutt was established in 1904 in Kristiania (today Oslo) Norway. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The team reported that they created an isotope with a half-life of 10 minutes, decaying by emission of an 8. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 5 MeV alpha particle, after bombarding ²⁴⁴Cm with ¹³C nuclei. The activity was assigned to ²⁵¹102 or ²⁵³102. The scientists proposed the name nobelium (No) for the new element. Later they retracted their claim and associated the activity to background effects.

The synthesis of element 102 was then claimed in April 1958 at the University of California, Berkeley by Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, John R. The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley Albert Ghiorso (born 15 July 1915) is an American nuclear scientist who helped discover numerous Chemical elements on the Periodic table Glenn Theodore Seaborg ( Glenn Teodor Sjöberg) ( April 19, 1912 &ndash February 25, 1999) won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Walton and Torbjørn Sikkeland. The team used the new heavy-ion linear accelerator (HILAC) to bombard a curium target (95% ²⁴⁴Cm and 5% ²⁴⁶Cm) with ¹³C and ¹²C ions. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge This article is about the chemical element Curium for the ancient city also called Curium (located in Cyprus see Kourion Curium (ˈkjuːriəm This article is about the chemical element Curium for the ancient city also called Curium (located in Cyprus see Kourion Curium (ˈkjuːriəm Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 They were unable to confirm the 8. 5 MeV activity claimed by the Swedes but were instead able to detect decays from ²⁵⁰Fm, supposedly the daughter of ²⁵⁴102, which had an apparent half-life of ~3 s. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page In 1959 the team continued their studies and claimed that they were able to produce an isotope that decayed predominantly by emission of an 8. 3 MeV alpha particle, with a half-life of 3 s with an associated 30% spontaneous fission branch. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Spontaneous fission (SF is a form of Radioactive decay characteristic of very heavy Isotopes and is theoretically possible for any atomic nucleus whose mass is greater The activity was initially assigned to ²⁵⁴No but later changed to ²⁵²No. The Berkeley team decided to adopt the name nobelium for the element.

$\, ^{244}_{96}\mathrm{Cm} + \, ^{12}_{6}\mathrm{C} \to \, ^{256}_{102}\mathrm{No}^{*}\to \,^{252}_{102}\mathrm{No} + 4 \,^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n}$

Further work in 1961 on the attempted synthesis of element 103 (see lawrencium) produced evidence for a Z=102 alpha activity decaying by emission of an 8. Lawrencium (ləˈrɛnsiəm is a Radioactive Synthetic element with the symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and Atomic number 103 2 MeV particle with a half-life of 15 s, and assigned to ²⁵⁵No. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page

Following initial work between 1958-1964, in 1966, a team at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) reported that they had been able to detect ²⁵⁰Fm from the decay of a parent nucleus (²⁵⁴No) with a half-life of ~50s, in contradiction to the Berkeley claim. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Furthermore, they were able to show that the parent decayed by emission of 8. 1 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of ~35 s. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page

$\, ^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} + \, ^{22}_{10}\mathrm{Ne} \to \, ^{260}_{102}\mathrm{No}^{*}\to \,^{254}_{102}\mathrm{No} + 6 \,^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n}$

In 1969, the Dubna team carried out chemical experiments on element 102 and concluded that it behaved as the heavier homologue of Ytterbium. The Russian scientists proposed the name joliotium (Jo) for the new element.

Later work in 1967 at Berkeley and 1971 at Oak Ridge fully confirmed the discovery of element 102 and clarified earlier observations.

In 1992, the IUPAC-IUPAP Transfermium Working Group (TWG) assessed the claims of discovery and concluded that only the Dubna work from 1966 correctly detected and assigned decays to Z=102 nuclei at the time. The Dubna team are therefore officially recognised as the discoverers of nobelium although it is possible that it was detected at Berkeley in 1959.

Naming

Element 102 was first named nobelium (No) by its claimed discoverers in 1957 by scientists at the Nobel Institute in Sweden. The name was later adopted by Berkeley scientists who claimed its discovery in 1959.

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) officially recognised the name nobelium following the Berkeley results. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization

In 1969, Russian scientists working in Dubna disputed the claims of these groups and suggested the name joliotium (Jo), in recognition of the work of Frédéric Joliot-Curie. Jean Frédéric Joliot-Curie born Joliot ( March 19, 1900 &ndash August 14, 1958) was a French Physicist and

In 1992, the TWG recognised the Dubna scientists as the official discoverers and acknowledged that the adoption of nobelium as the official name had been made prematurely.

Subsequently, there are indications that the IUPAC suggested the name flerovium (Fl) for the element in recognition of the Dubna laboratory and the name has been used in the literature in reference to the element. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization

However, in 1994, and subsequently in 1997, the IUPAC ratified the name nobelium (No) for the element on the basis that it had become entrenched in the literature over the course of 30 years and that Alfred Nobel should be commemorated in this fashion. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization (21 October 1833 Stockholm, Sweden – 10 December 1896 Sanremo, Italy) was a Swedish chemist engineer innovator armaments manufacturer

Contrary to some suggestions, at no time has element 102 been referred to as unnilbium (/juːˈnɪlbiəm/, symbol Unb) due to the above circumstances.

Electronic structure

Nobelium is element 102 in the Periodic Table. The two forms of the projected electronic structure are:

Bohr model: 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 2

Quantum mechanical model: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰ 4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰ 6p⁶7s²5f¹⁴

Physical properties

The appearance of this element is unknown, however it is most likely silvery-white or gray and metallic. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across If sufficient amounts of nobelium were produced, it would pose a radiation hazard. Image talkNew_radiation_symbol_ISO_21482svg for details --> Ionizing radiation Some sources quote a melting point of 827oC for nobelium but this cannot be substantiated from an official source and seems implausible regarding the requirements of such a measurement. However, the 1^st, 2^nd and 3^rd ionization energies have been measured. In addition, an electronegativity value of 1. 3 is also sometimes quoted. This is most definitely only an estimate since a true value can only be determined using a chemical compound of the element and no such compounds exist for nobelium.

Experimental chemistry

Aqueous phase chemistry

First experiments involving nobelium assumed that it predominantly formed a +III state like earlier actinoids. History of the actinoid series From the earlier known chemical properties of actinium (89 up to uranium (92 indicating a relation to the Transition metals it was generally However, it was later found that nobelium forms a stable +II state in solution, although it can be oxidised to an oxidising +III state. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state A reduction potential of -1. 78 V has been measured for the No³⁺ ion. The hexaaquanobelium(II) ion has been determined to have an ionic radius of 110 pm.

Summary of compounds and (complex) ions

Formula	Names(s)
[No(H₂O)₆]³⁺	hexaaquanobelium(III)
[No(H₂O)₆]²⁺	hexaaquanobelium(II)

Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of nobelium

Seventeen radioisotopes of nobelium have been characterized, with the most stable being ²⁵⁹No with a half-life of 58 minutes. Nobelium ( No) has no stable isotopes A standard atomic mass cannot be given A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Longer half-lives are expected for the as-yet-unknown ²⁶¹No and ²⁶³No. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page An isomeric level has been found in ²⁵³No and K-isomers have been found in ²⁵⁰No, ²⁵²No and ²⁵⁴No to date.

History of synthesis of isotopes by cold fusion

²⁰⁸Pb(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^256-xNo (x=1,2,3,4)

This cold fusion reaction was first studied in 1979 at the FLNR. Further work in 1988 at the GSI measured EC and SF branchings in ²⁵⁴No. In 1989, the FLNR used the reaction to measure SF decay characteristics for the two isomers of ²⁵⁴No. The measurement of the 2n excitation function was reported in 2001 by Yuri Oganessian at the FLNR.

Patin et al. at the LBNL reported in 2002 the synthesis of ^255-251No in the 1-4n exit channels and measured further decay data for these isotopes.

The reaction has recently been used at the Jyvaskylan Yliopisto Fysiikan Laitos (JYFL) using the RITU set-up to study K-isomerism in ²⁵⁴No. The scientists were able to measure two K-isomers with half-lives of 275 ms and 198 µs, respectively. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page They were assigned to 8^- and 16⁺ K-isomeric levels.

The reaction was used in 2004-5 at the FLNR to study the spectroscopy of ^255-253No. The team were able to confirm an isomeric level in ²⁵³No with a half-life of 43. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 5 µs.

²⁰⁸Pb(⁴⁴Ca,xn)^252-xNo (x=2)

This reaction was studied in 2003 at the FLNR in a study of the spectroscopy of ²⁵⁰No.

²⁰⁷Pb(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^255-xNo (x=2)

The measurement of the 2n excitation function for this reaction was reported in 2001 by Yuri Oganessian and co-workers at the FLNR. The reaction was used in 2004-5 to study the spectroscopy of ²⁵³No.

²⁰⁶Pb(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^254-xNo (x=1,2,3,4)

The measurement of the 1-4n excitation functions for this reaction were reported in 2001 by Yuri Oganessian and co-workers at the FLNR. The 2n channel was further studied by the GSI to provide a spectroscopic determination of K-isomerism in ²⁵²No. A K-isomer with spin and parity 8^- was detected with a half-life of 110 ms. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page

²⁰⁴Pb(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^252-xNo (x=2)

The measurement of the 2n excitation function for this reaction was reported in 2001 by Yuri Oganessian at the FLNR. They reported a new isotope ²⁵⁰No with a half-life of 36µs. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page The reaction was used in 2003 to study the spectroscopy of ²⁵⁰No. They were able to observe two spontaneous fission activities with half-lives of 5. Spontaneous fission (SF is a form of Radioactive decay characteristic of very heavy Isotopes and is theoretically possible for any atomic nucleus whose mass is greater Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 6µs and 54µs and assigned to ²⁵⁰No and ²⁴⁹No, respectively. The latter activity was later assigned to a K-isomer in ²⁵⁰No. ^[1] The reaction was reported in 2006 by Peterson et al. at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) in a study of SF in ²⁵⁰No. They detected two activities with half-lives of 3. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 7µs and 43µs and both assigned to ²⁵⁰No, the latter associated with a K-isomer. ^[2]

History of synthesis of isotopes by hot fusion

²³²Th(²⁶Mg,xn)^258-xNo (x=4,5,6)

The cross sections for the 4-6n exit channels have been measured for this reaction at the FLNR.

²³⁸U(²²Ne,xn)^260-xNo (x=4,5,6)

This reaction was first studied in 1964 at the FLNR. The team were able to detect decays from ²⁵²Fm and ²⁵⁰Fm. The ²⁵²Fm activity was associated with an ~8 s half-life and assigned to ²⁵⁶102 from the 4n channel, with a yield of 45 nb. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page They were also able to detect a 10 s spontaneous fission activity also tentatively assigned to ²⁵⁶102. Spontaneous fission (SF is a form of Radioactive decay characteristic of very heavy Isotopes and is theoretically possible for any atomic nucleus whose mass is greater Further work in 1966 on the reaction examined the detection of ²⁵⁰Fm decay using chemical separation and a parent activity with a half-life of ~50 s was reported and correctly assigned to ²⁵⁴102. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page They also detected a 10 s spontaneous fission activity tentatively assigned to ²⁵⁶102. Spontaneous fission (SF is a form of Radioactive decay characteristic of very heavy Isotopes and is theoretically possible for any atomic nucleus whose mass is greater The reaction was used in 1969 to study some initial chemistry of nobelium at the FLNR. They determined eka-ytterbium properties, consistent with nobelium as the heavier homologue. In 1970, they were able to study the SF properties of ²⁵⁶No. In 2002, Patin et al. reported the synthesis of ²⁵⁶No from the 4n channel but were unable to detect ²⁵⁷No.

The cross section values for the 4-6n channels have also been studied at the FLNR.

²³⁸U(²⁰Ne,xn)^258-xNo

This reaction was studied in 1964 at the FLNR. No spontaneous fission activities were observed. Spontaneous fission (SF is a form of Radioactive decay characteristic of very heavy Isotopes and is theoretically possible for any atomic nucleus whose mass is greater

²³⁶U(²²Ne,xn)^258-xNo (x=4,5,6)

The cross sections for the 4-6n exit channels have been measured for this reaction at the FLNR.

²³⁵U(²²Ne,xn)^257-xNo (x=5)

This reaction was studied in 1970 at the FLNR. It was used to study the SF decay properties of ²⁵²No.

²³³U(²²Ne,xn)^255-xNo

The synthesis of neutron deficient nobelium isotopes was studied in 1975 at the FLNR. In their experiments they observed a 250 µs SF activity which they tentatively assigned to ²⁵⁰No in the 5n exit channel. Later results have not been able to confirm this activity and it is currently unidentified.

²⁴²Pu(¹⁸O,xn)^260-xNo (x=4?)

This reaction was studied in 1966 at the FLNR. The team identified an 8. 2 s SF activity tentatively assigned to ²⁵⁶102.

²⁴¹Pu(¹⁶O,xn)^257-xNo

This reaction was first studied in 1958 at the FLNR. The team measured ~8. 8 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 30 s and assigned to ^253,252,251102. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page A repeat in 1960 produced 8. 9 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 2-40 s and assigned to ²⁵³102 from the 4n channel. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Confidence in these results was later diminished.

²³⁹Pu(¹⁸O,xn)^257-xNo (x=5)

This reaction was studied in 1970 at the FLNR in an effort to study the SF decay properties of ²⁵²No.

²³⁹Pu(¹⁶O,xn)^255-xNo

This reaction was first studied in 1958 at the FLNR. The team were able to measure ~8. 8 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 30 s and assigned to ^253,252,251102. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page A repeat in 1960 was unsuccessful and it was concluded the first results were probably associated with background effects.

²⁴³Am(¹⁵N,xn)^258-xNo (x=4)

This reaction was studied in 1966 at the FLNR. The team were able to detect ²⁵⁰Fm using chemical techniques and determined an associated half-life significantly higher than the reported 3 s by Berkeley for the supposed parent ²⁵⁴No. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Further work later the same year measured 8. 1 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 30-40 s. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page

²⁴³Am(¹⁴N,xn)^257-xNo

This reaction was studied in 1966 at the FLNR. They were unable to detect the 8. 1 MeV alpha particles detected when using a N-15 beam.

²⁴¹Am(¹⁵N,xn)^256-xNo (x=4)

The decay properties of ²⁵²No were examined in 1977 at Oak Ridge. The team calculated a half-life of 2. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 3 s and measured a 27% SF branching.

²⁴⁸Cm(¹⁸O,αxn)^262-xNo (x=3)

The synthesis of the new isotope ²⁵⁹No was reported in 1973 from the LBNL using this reaction.

²⁴⁸Cm(¹³C,xn)^261-xNo (x=3?,4,5)

This reaction was first studied in 1967 at the LBNL. The new isotopes ²⁵⁸No,²⁵⁷No and ²⁵⁶No were detected in the 3-5n channels. The reaction was repeated in 1970 to provide further decay data for ²⁵⁷No.

²⁴⁸Cm(¹²C,xn)^260-xNo (4,5?)

This reaction was studied in 1967 at the LBNL in their seminal study of nobelium isotopes. The reaction was used in 1990 at the LBNL to study the SF of ²⁵⁶No.

²⁴⁶Cm(¹³C,xn)^259-xNo (4?,5?)

This reaction was studied in 1967 at the LBNL in their seminal study of nobelium isotopes.

²⁴⁶Cm(¹²C,xn)^258-xNo (4,5)

This reaction was studied in 1958 by scientists at the LBNL using a 5% ²⁴⁶Cm curium target. This article is about the chemical element Curium for the ancient city also called Curium (located in Cyprus see Kourion Curium (ˈkjuːriəm They were able to measure 7. 43 MeV decays from ²⁵⁰Fm, associated with a 3 s ²⁵⁴No parent activity, resulting from the 4n channel. The 3 s activity was later reassigned to ²⁵²No, resulting from reaction with the predominant ²⁴⁴Cm component in the target. It could however not be proved that it was not due to the contaminant ^250mFm, unknown at the time. Later work in 1959 produced 8. 3 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 3 s and a 30% SF branch. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page This was initially assigned to ²⁵⁴No and later reassigned to ²⁵²No, resulting from reaction with the ²⁴⁴Cm component in the target. The reaction was restudied in 1967 and activities assigned to ²⁵⁴No and ²⁵³No were detected.

²⁴⁴Cm(¹³C,xn)^257-xNo (x=4)

This reaction was first studied in 1957 at the Nobel Institute in Stockholm. The scientists detected 8. 5 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 10 minutes. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page The activity was assigned to ²⁵¹No or ²⁵³No. The results were later dismissed as background. The reaction was repeated by scientists at the LBNL in 1958 but they were unable to confirm the 8. 5 MeV alpha particles. The reaction was further studied in 1967 at the LBNL and an activity assigned to ²⁵³No was measured.

²⁴⁴Cm(¹²C,xn)^256-xNo (x=4,5)

This reaction was studied in 1958 by scientists at the LBNL using a 95% ²⁴⁴Cm curium target. This article is about the chemical element Curium for the ancient city also called Curium (located in Cyprus see Kourion Curium (ˈkjuːriəm They were able to measure 7. 43 MeV decays from ²⁵⁰Fm, associated with a 3 s ²⁵⁴No parent activity, resulting from the reaction (²⁴⁶Cm,4n). The 3 s activity was later reassigned to ²⁵²No, resulting from reaction (²⁴⁴Cm,4n). It could however not be proved that it was not due to the contaminant ^250mFm, unknown at the time. Later work in 1959 produced 8. 3 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 3 s and a 30% SF branch. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page This was initially assigned to ²⁵⁴No and later reassigned to ²⁵²No, resulting from reaction with the ²⁴⁴Cm component in the target. The reaction was restudied in 1967 at the LBNL and an new activity assigned to ²⁵¹No was measured.

²⁵²Cf(¹²C,αxn)^260-xNo (x=3?)

This reaction was studied at the LBNL in 1961 as part of their search for element 104. Rutherfordium (ˌrʌðɚˈfɔrdiəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Rf and Atomic number 104 They detected 8. 2 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 15 s. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page This activity was assigned to a Z=102 isotope. Later work suggests an assignment to ²⁵⁷No, resulting most likely from the α3n channel with the ²⁵²Cf component of the californium target. Californium (ˌkælɪˈforniəm is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Cf and Atomic number 98

²⁵²Cf(¹¹B,pxn)^262-xNo (x=5?)

This reaction was studied at the LBNL in 1961 as part of their search for element 103. Lawrencium (ləˈrɛnsiəm is a Radioactive Synthetic element with the symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and Atomic number 103 They detected 8. 2 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 15 s. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page This activity was assigned to a Z=102 isotope. Later work suggests an assignment to ²⁵⁷No, resulting most likely from the p5n channel with the ²⁵²Cf component of the californium target. Californium (ˌkælɪˈforniəm is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Cf and Atomic number 98

²⁴⁹Cf(¹²C,αxn)^257-xNo (x=2)

This reaction was first studied in 1970 at the LBNL in a study of ²⁵⁵No. It was studied in 1971 at the Oak Ridge Laboratory. They were able to measure coincident Z=100 K X-rays from ²⁵⁵No, confirming the discovery of the element.

Synthesis of isotopes as decay products

Isotopes of nobelium have also been identified in the decay of heavier elements. Observations to date are summarised in the table below:

Evaporation Residue	Observed No isotope
²⁶²Lr	²⁶²No
²⁶⁹Hs, ²⁶⁵Sg, ²⁶¹Rf	²⁵⁷No
²⁶⁷Hs, ²⁶³Sg, ²⁵⁹Rf	²⁵⁵No
²⁵⁴Lr	²⁵⁴No
²⁶¹Sg, ²⁵⁷Rf	²⁵³No
²⁶⁴Hs, ²⁶⁰Sg, ²⁵⁶Rf	²⁵²No
²⁵⁵Rf	²⁵¹No

Chronology of isotope discovery

Isotope	Year discovered	Discovery reaction
²⁵⁰No^m	2001	²⁰⁴Pb(⁴⁸Ca,2n)
²⁵⁰No^g	2006	²⁰⁴Pb(⁴⁸Ca,2n)
²⁵¹No	1967	²⁴⁴Cm(¹²C,5n)
²⁵²No^g	1959	²⁴⁴Cm(¹²C,4n)
²⁵²No^m	~2002	²⁰⁶Pb(⁴⁸Ca,2n)
²⁵³No^g	1967	²⁴²Pu(¹⁶O,5n),²³⁹Pu(¹⁸O,4n)
²⁵³No^m	1971	²⁴⁹Cf(¹²C,4n)^[3]
²⁵⁴No_g	1966	²⁴³Am(¹⁵N,4n)
²⁵⁴No_m1	1967?	²⁴⁶Cm(¹³C,5n),²⁴⁶Cm(¹²C,4n)
²⁵⁴No_m2	~2003	²⁰⁸Pb(⁴⁸Ca,2n)
²⁵⁵No	1967	²⁴⁶Cm(¹³C,4n),²⁴⁸Cm(¹²C,5n)
²⁵⁶No	1967	²⁴⁸Cm(¹²C,4n),²⁴⁸Cm(¹³C,5n)
²⁵⁷No	1961? , 1967	²⁴⁸Cm(¹³C,4n)
²⁵⁸No	1967	²⁴⁸Cm(¹³C,3n)
²⁵⁹No	1973	²⁴⁸Cm(¹⁸O,α3n)
²⁶⁰No	?	²⁵⁴Es + ²²Ne,¹⁸O,¹³C - transfer
²⁶¹No	unknown
²⁶²No	1988	²⁵⁴Es + ²²Ne - transfer (EC of ²⁶²Lr)

Isomerism in nobelium nuclides

²⁵⁴No

The study of K-isomerism was recently studied by physicists at the University of Jyvalkyla (JYFL). They were able to confirm a previously reported K-isomer and detected a second K-isomer. They assigned spins and parities of 8^- and 16⁺ to the two K-isomers.

²⁵³No

In 1971, Bemis et al. was able to determine an isomeric level decaying with a half-life of 31 µs from the decay of ²⁵⁷Rf. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page This was confirmed in 2003 at the GSI by also studying the decay of ²⁵⁷Rf. Further support in the same year from the FLNR appeared with a slightly higher half-life of 43. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 5 µs, decaying by M2 gamma emission to the ground state.

²⁵²No

In a recent study by the GSI into K-isomerism in even-even isotopes, a K-isomer with a half-life of 110 ms was detected for ²⁵²No. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page A spin and parity of 8^- was assigned to the isomer.

²⁵⁰No

In 2003, scientists at the FLNR reported that they had been able to synthesise ²⁴⁹No which decayed by SF with a half-life of 54µs. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Further work in 2006 by scientists at the ANL showed that the activity was actually due to a K-isomer in ²⁵⁰No. The ground state isomer was also detected with a very short half-life of 3. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 7µs.

Chemical yields of isotopes

Cold fusion

The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing nobelium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

Projectile	Target	CN	1n	2n	3n	4n
⁴⁸Ca	²⁰⁸Pb	²⁵⁶No		²⁵⁴No: 2050 nb ; 22. 3 MeV
⁴⁸Ca	²⁰⁷Pb	²⁵⁵No		²⁵³No: 1310 nb ; 22. 4 MeV
⁴⁸Ca	²⁰⁶Pb	²⁵⁴No	²⁵³No: 58 nb ; 23. 6 MeV	²⁵²No: 515 nb ; 23. 3 MeV	²⁵¹No: 30 nb ; 30. 7 MeV	²⁵⁰No: 260 pb ; 43. 9 MeV
⁴⁸Ca	²⁰⁴Pb	²⁵²No		²⁵⁰No:13. 2 nb ; 23. 2 MeV

Hot fusion

The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for hot fusion reactions producing nobelium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

Projectile	Target	CN	4n	5n	6n
²⁶Mg	²³²Th	²⁵⁸No	²⁵⁴No:1. 6 nb	²⁵³No:9 nb	²⁵²No:8 nb
²²Ne	²³⁸U	²⁶⁰No	²⁵⁶No:40 nb	²⁵⁵No:200 nb	²⁵⁴No:15 nb
²²Ne	²³⁶U	²⁵⁸No	²⁵⁴No:7 nb	²⁵³No:25 nb	²⁵²No:15 nb

Retracted isotopes

²⁴⁹No

In 2003, scientists at the FLNR claimed to have discovered the lightest known isotope of nobelium. However, subsequent work showed that the 54 µs activity was actually due to ²⁵⁰No and the isotope ²⁴⁹No was retracted.

Popular culture

Nobelium was the most recent element "of which the news had come to Harvard" when Tom Lehrer wrote "The Elements Song" and was therefore the element with the highest atomic number to be included. Thomas Andrew "Tom" Lehrer (born April 9 1928)is an American Singer-songwriter, satirist, Pianist, and mathematician " The Elements " ( 1959) is a song by musical humorist Tom Lehrer, which recites the names of all the Chemical elements known at the time of writing

References

^ "Spontaneous-fission decay properties and production cross-sections for the neutron-deficient nobelium isotopes formed in the 44, 48Ca + 204, 206, 208Pb reactions", Belezerov et al. , Eur. Phys. J. A. , 2003, 16. 4, 447-456. Retrieved on 2008-24-03
^ "Decay modes of ²⁵⁰No", Peterson et al. , Phys. Rev. C 74, 014316 (2006). Retrieved on 2008-24-03
^ see rutherfordium

Notes

Los Alamos National Laboratory - Nobelium
Guide to the Elements - Revised Edition, Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1
It's Elemental - Nobelium

External links

WebElements.com - Nobelium

Rutherfordium (ˌrʌðɚˈfɔrdiəm is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Rf and Atomic number 104

Dictionary

-noun

a transuranic chemical element (symbol No) with an atomic number of 102.

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Contents

Discovery profile

Naming

Electronic structure

Physical properties

Experimental chemistry

Aqueous phase chemistry

Summary of compounds and (complex) ions

Isotopes

History of synthesis of isotopes by cold fusion

208Pb(48Ca,xn)256-xNo (x=1,2,3,4)

208Pb(44Ca,xn)252-xNo (x=2)

207Pb(48Ca,xn)255-xNo (x=2)

206Pb(48Ca,xn)254-xNo (x=1,2,3,4)

204Pb(48Ca,xn)252-xNo (x=2)

History of synthesis of isotopes by hot fusion

232Th(26Mg,xn)258-xNo (x=4,5,6)

238U(22Ne,xn)260-xNo (x=4,5,6)

238U(20Ne,xn)258-xNo

236U(22Ne,xn)258-xNo (x=4,5,6)

235U(22Ne,xn)257-xNo (x=5)

233U(22Ne,xn)255-xNo

242Pu(18O,xn)260-xNo (x=4?)

241Pu(16O,xn)257-xNo

239Pu(18O,xn)257-xNo (x=5)

239Pu(16O,xn)255-xNo

243Am(15N,xn)258-xNo (x=4)

243Am(14N,xn)257-xNo

241Am(15N,xn)256-xNo (x=4)

248Cm(18O,αxn)262-xNo (x=3)

248Cm(13C,xn)261-xNo (x=3?,4,5)

248Cm(12C,xn)260-xNo (4,5?)

246Cm(13C,xn)259-xNo (4?,5?)

246Cm(12C,xn)258-xNo (4,5)

244Cm(13C,xn)257-xNo (x=4)

244Cm(12C,xn)256-xNo (x=4,5)

252Cf(12C,αxn)260-xNo (x=3?)

252Cf(11B,pxn)262-xNo (x=5?)

249Cf(12C,αxn)257-xNo (x=2)

Synthesis of isotopes as decay products

Chronology of isotope discovery

Isomerism in nobelium nuclides

254No

253No

252No

250No

Chemical yields of isotopes

Cold fusion

Hot fusion

Retracted isotopes

249No

Popular culture

References

Notes

External links

Dictionary

nobelium

-noun

²⁰⁸Pb(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^256-xNo (x=1,2,3,4)

²⁰⁸Pb(⁴⁴Ca,xn)^252-xNo (x=2)

²⁰⁷Pb(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^255-xNo (x=2)

²⁰⁶Pb(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^254-xNo (x=1,2,3,4)

²⁰⁴Pb(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^252-xNo (x=2)

²³²Th(²⁶Mg,xn)^258-xNo (x=4,5,6)

²³⁸U(²²Ne,xn)^260-xNo (x=4,5,6)

²³⁸U(²⁰Ne,xn)^258-xNo

²³⁶U(²²Ne,xn)^258-xNo (x=4,5,6)

²³⁵U(²²Ne,xn)^257-xNo (x=5)

²³³U(²²Ne,xn)^255-xNo

²⁴²Pu(¹⁸O,xn)^260-xNo (x=4?)

²⁴¹Pu(¹⁶O,xn)^257-xNo

²³⁹Pu(¹⁸O,xn)^257-xNo (x=5)

²³⁹Pu(¹⁶O,xn)^255-xNo

²⁴³Am(¹⁵N,xn)^258-xNo (x=4)

²⁴³Am(¹⁴N,xn)^257-xNo

²⁴¹Am(¹⁵N,xn)^256-xNo (x=4)

²⁴⁸Cm(¹⁸O,αxn)^262-xNo (x=3)

²⁴⁸Cm(¹³C,xn)^261-xNo (x=3?,4,5)

²⁴⁸Cm(¹²C,xn)^260-xNo (4,5?)

²⁴⁶Cm(¹³C,xn)^259-xNo (4?,5?)

²⁴⁶Cm(¹²C,xn)^258-xNo (4,5)

²⁴⁴Cm(¹³C,xn)^257-xNo (x=4)

²⁴⁴Cm(¹²C,xn)^256-xNo (x=4,5)

²⁵²Cf(¹²C,αxn)^260-xNo (x=3?)

²⁵²Cf(¹¹B,pxn)^262-xNo (x=5?)

²⁴⁹Cf(¹²C,αxn)^257-xNo (x=2)

²⁵⁴No

²⁵³No

²⁵²No

²⁵⁰No

²⁴⁹No