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Nizhny Novgorod (English)
Нижний Новгород (Russian)

View of Nizhny Novgorod near the Oka River
Nizhny Novgorod (Russia)
Nizhny Novgorod
Location of Nizhny Novgorod on the map of Russia
Coordinates
56°20′N 44°0′E / 56.333, 44Coordinates: 56°20′N 44°0′E / 56.333, 44
Coat of Arms Flag
City Day: Second Sunday of September
Administrative status
Federal subject
In jurisdiction of
Administrative center of		 Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Local self-government
Charter Charter of Nizhny Novgorod
Municipal status Urban okrug
Head Vadim Bulavinov
Legislative body City Duma
Area
Area 411 km² (158. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. A flag is a piece of Cloth, often flown from a pole or mast, generally used Symbolically for signaling or identification Russia is a Federation which consists of 83  subjects. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Нижегоро́дская о́бласть Nizhegorodskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Нижегоро́дская о́бласть Nizhegorodskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Нижегоро́дская о́бласть Nizhegorodskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast A charter is the grant of authority or rights stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified Being the largest country in the world spanning a large percentage of Eurasia, and one of the most populated Russia is divided into several types and levels of A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 7 sq mi)
Population (as of the 2002 Census)
Population
- Rank
- Density
 1,311,252 inhabitants
4th
3,190. Russia 's area is about 17 million square kilometers (65 million sq Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried This is a list of cities and towns in Russia with population over 50000 grouped by federal subject and sorted by population Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 4/km² (8,263. 1/sq mi)
Events
Founded 1221
Renamed Gorky 1932
Renamed Nizhny Novgorod October 1990
Other information
Postal code 603xxx
Dialing code +7 831
Official website
http://www.admgor.nnov.ru/

Nizhny Novgorod (Russian: Ни́жний Но́вгород, Nižnij Novgorod), colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Novosibirsk. A postal code (known in various countries as a post code, postcode, or ZIP code) is a series of letters and/or digits appended to a All Country calling codes for the European Union countries start with +3x or +4x A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The classification system of the types of inhabited localities in Russia, the former Soviet Union, and some other post-Soviet states has certain peculiarities compared Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River History The city was founded in 1893 as the future site of the Trans-Siberian Railway bridge crossing the great Siberian river Ob, and was known as Population: 1,311,252 (2002 Census); 1,438,133 (1989 Census). Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried The 1989 Soviet Census was the final and most comprehensive census taken within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It is the economic and cultural center of the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and also the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District. Volga-Vyatka economic region (Во́лго-Вя́тский экономи́ческий райо́н tr Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Нижегоро́дская о́бласть Nizhegorodskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast Volga (Privolzhsky Federal District (Приво́лжский федера́льный о́круг tr

From 1932 to 1990 the city was known as Gorky (Го́рький) after the writer Maxim Gorky who was born there. Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov ( In Алексе́й Макси́мович Пешко́в ( &ndash June 18, 1936) better known as Maxim Gorky (Максим

Contents

History

A seat of medieval princes

The city was founded by Grand Duke Yuri II of Russia in 1221 at the confluence of two most important rivers of his principality, the Volga and the Oka. Yuri II (Ю́рий II also known as George II of Vladimir or Georgy II Vsevolodovich ( 1189 - March 4, 1238 Oka (Ока́ is a River in central Russia, the largest right Tributary of the Volga. Its name literally means Lower Newtown, to distinguish it from the older Novgorod. Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod A major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for

Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly-founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance and grew up into great centers of Russian political life during the period of Tatar yoke. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Tver (Тверь is a city in Russia, the administrative center of Tver Oblast. The Mongol invasion of Rus' was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 between Subutai 's reconnaissance unit and the combined force Its importance further increased, when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved here from Gorodets in 1350. Suzdal (Су́здаль is a town in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, situated north-east of Moscow, from the city of Gorodets (Городе́ц is a town in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Volga River, north-west Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323-1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow: he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. Dmitri Konstantinovich of Suzdal (Дми́трий Константи́нович Су́здальский (1324 &ndash June 5, 1383) The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the Laurentian Codex, was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377. A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way The Primary Chronicle (ѣѣтъ Пóвесть временны́х лет Povest' vremennykh let; Пóвість врéм'яних літ Povist' vremjanykh Laurentian Codex (Лаврентьевский список Лаврентьевская летопись is a collection of chronicles that includes the oldest extant version of the

The strongest fortress of Muscovy

Church of the Nativity of Our Lady, built by the Stroganovs
Church of the Nativity of Our Lady, built by the Stroganovs
Minin Square
Minin Square

After the city's incorporation into Muscovy (1392), the local princes took the name Shuisky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasili IV. The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and The Princes Shuisky (Шуйские were a Rurikid family of Boyars descending from Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Vladimir-Suzdal Vasili IV of Russia ( Russian: Василий IV Иванович Шуйский, other Transliterations: Vasily Vasiliy Vasilii) ( September After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan. Edigu, or Edigey, also İdegäy or Edege Mangit (1352-1419 was an Emir of the White Horde who founded the new political entity which The Russo-Kazan Wars was a series of wars fought between the Khanate of Kazan and Muscovite Russia in the 15th and 16th centuries until Kazan was finally The Kazan Khanate (Казан ханлыгы|Qazan xanlığı|قازان خانليغى Russian: Казанское ханство tr: Kazanskoe khanstvo The enormous red-brick kremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under supervision of Peter the Italian. View01jpg|thumb|right|250px|Remains of the Kolomna Kremlin]] Kremlin (Кремль Kreml) is the Russian word for "fortress" "citadel" or "castle" Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.

In 1612, the so-called national militia, gathered by a local merchant Kuzma Minin and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the Time of Troubles and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty. Kuzma Minich Minin (Кузьма Минич Минин) (? &ndash 1616 was a merchant from Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, who together with Prince Dmitry Pozharsky Kniaz’ or knyaz is a word found in some Slavic languages, denoting a Nobility rank For the ship of the same name see Sverdlov class cruiser Dmitry Mikhaylovich Pozharsky (Дмитрий Михайлович Пожарский ( November Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland For the Dungeons & Dragons plotline see Time of Troubles (Forgotten Realms. The House of Romanov (Рома́нов rʌˈmanəf was the second and last imperial Dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country from 1613 to 1917 The main square before the kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known as simply "Minin Square". Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. Also in commemoration of these events on October 21, 2005 an exact copy of Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Monument to Minin and Pozharsky is a bronze statue on Red Square of Moscow right in front of Saint Basil's Cathedral.

In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs (the wealthiest merchant family of Russia) as a base for their operations. The Stroganovs or Strogonovs (Строгановы Строгоновы also spelled in French manner as Stroganoffs, were a family of highly successful A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov style, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. Russian architecture follows a tradition whose roots were established in the Eastern Slavic state of Kievan Rus'.

The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1781 was: In a white field a red deer, horns and hoofs are black. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people The modern coat of arms circa 1992 is the same but the shield can be adorned with golden oak leaves tied with a stripe with colours of the Russian national flag.

Great trade centre

This building formerly housed the Great Russian Fair
This building formerly housed the Great Russian Fair

In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, which thereupon started to attract millions of visitors annually. Makariev Fair ( Russian: Макарьевская ярмарка) was a Fair in Russia held annually every July near Makariev Monastery By the mid-19th century, the city on the Volga was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire. Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The world's first radio receiver of engineer Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower and lattice shells-coverings of engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. Alexander Stepanovich Popov (Александр Степанович Попов (Gregorian March 16 1859 - January 13 1906, Julian March Hyperboloid structures are Architectural structures designed with Hyperboloid Geometry. Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (Владимир Григорьевич Шухов ( - February 2 1939) was a Russian Engineer - Polymath The All-Russia industrial and art exhibition 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod was held from May 28 (June 9 till October 1 (13 1896. Other industries gradually developed, and by the dawn of the 20th century it was a first-rank industrial hub as well. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending along engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther. Henry Ford ( July 30, 1863 &ndash April 7, 1947) was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of GAZ (RTSGAZA or Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod ( Russia, Nizhny Novgorod) translated as Gorky Automobile Plant (ГАЗ or Го́рьковский автомоби́льный For the Baseball player Walter Ruether see Dutch Ruether. Walter Philip Reuther ( September 1, 1907 –

The Soviet Era

Shukhov towers built in Nizhny Novgorod suburbs near Dzerzhinsk in 1927–1929
Shukhov towers built in Nizhny Novgorod suburbs near Dzerzhinsk in 1927–1929

The famous writer Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexei Maximovich Peshkov. Shukhov Tower on the Oka River (Dzerzhinsk High-Voltage Mast is the world’s only surviving hyperboloid Electricity pylon. Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov ( In Алексе́й Макси́мович Пешко́в ( &ndash June 18, 1936) better known as Maxim Gorky (Максим In his novels he realistically described the dismal life of the city proletariat. The proletariat (from Latin la ''proles'' "offspring" is a term used to identify a lower Social class; a member of such a class is proletarian Even during his lifetime, the city was renamed Gorky following his return to the Soviet Union in 1932 on invitation of Joseph Stalin. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party The city bore Gorky's name until 1991; his childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House (Russian: Домик Каширина), after Alexei's grandfather who owned the place. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages

During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. A closed city or closed town is a settlement in the former Soviet Union with travel and residency restrictions Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even the street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s.

The physicist and the Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980-1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (Андре́й Дми́триевич Са́харов (May 21 1921 – December 14 1989 was an eminent Soviet nuclear Physicist

An end to the "closed" status of the city has accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990. Asociación de amigos de Gorki, a UNESCO recognised organisation from Spain, was the first Western tourist group in the city after cancellation of this closed status.

Economy

Nizhny Novgorod Region ranks seventh in Russia in industrial output, while the processing industry predominates in the local economy. More than 633 industrial companies employ nearly 700 000 people, or 62% of the workforce involved in material production. Industry generates 83% of the regional GDP and makes 89% of all material expenditures. The leading sectors are engineering and metalworking, followed by the chemical and petrochemical industries and the forestry, woodworking, and paper industries. The first three sectors account for about 75% of all industrial production.

Nizhny Novgorod Region has traditionally been attractive to investors. Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Нижегоро́дская о́бласть Nizhegorodskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast In 2002, Moody's rating agency confirmed a Caa1 rating based on the region's long-term foreign currency liabilities [1]. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.

The region maintains trade relations with many countries and has an export surplus. The largest volume of exports goes to Ukraine, Belarus, Switzerland, Kazakhstan, Belgium, and France. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Imports come mainly from Ukraine, Germany, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Austria, the Netherlands, China, and the United States. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

The stock market infrastructure is quite well developed in Nizhny Novgorod, and the exchange business is expanding. Companies and organizations registered in the region include 1153 joint-stock companies, 63 investment institutions, 34 commercial banks, 35 insurance companies, 1 voucher investment fund, 1 investment fund, 17 nongovernmental pension funds, 2 associations of professional stock market dealers, and 3 exchanges (stock, currency, and agricultural). Nizhny Novgorod Region is noted for having relatively highly developed market relations.

Information technology

Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT Industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers . The phrase research and development (also R and D or more often R&D) according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers In Nizhny Novgorod there are number of offshore outsourcing software developers, including Devetel Ltd., MERA Networks, RealEast Networks, and Teleca, that specialize in delivering services to telecommunication vendors. Offshore outsourcing is the practice of hiring an external organization to perform some business functions in a country other than the one where the products or services MERA Networks is a Russian software R&D services provider for telecom equipment manufactures and IT solutions vendors Also Intel has opened a software R&D center with more than 500 engineers in Nizhny Novgorod.

There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Niznny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod Technical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies (former MERA Networks training center), that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management. Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy (Нижегоро́дская госуда́рственная медици́нская акаде́мия is one of the medical schools MERA Networks is a Russian software R&D services provider for telecom equipment manufactures and IT solutions vendors

Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park—a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.

Engineering industry

The engineering industry is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod economy. It is mainly oriented towards transportation, i. e. , the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture, and machine tools, with the auto industry being the leading sector (50%). Largest plants are:

Transport

ZiU-9G trolleybus in Nizhny Novgorod, Vaneev Street
ZiU-9G trolleybus in Nizhny Novgorod, Vaneev Street
One of the three bridges spanning the Oka
One of the three bridges spanning the Oka

Gorkovskaya Railroad (Горьковская железная дорога), which operates some 5,700 km of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region (of which some 1,200 in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast), is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Oka (Ока́ is a River in central Russia, the largest right Tributary of the Volga. Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from Moscow. Since December 2002, a fast train transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than five hours. A train is a connected series of vehicles that move along a track ( Permanent way) to transport freight or passengers from one place to another One can continue from Nizhny Nogorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to Beijing. The Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad (Транссибирская магистраль Транссиб in Russian, or Transsibirskaya magistral' Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving

Nizhny Novgorod Strigino Airport has direct flights to major Russian cities, as well as to Frankfurt (Lufthansa flights to the city three times a week). Nizhny Novgorod International Airport (Международный аэропорт Нижний Новгород (sometimes referred to as Strigino Airport (Аэропорт The air base Sormovo was an important military airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an interceptor aircraft base during the Cold War. Sormovo (or Gorkiy Sormovo) is an airfield in Russia, located on the outskirts of Nizhny Novgorod, some 8 km (5 miles from the center city Pravdinsk Air Base was an air base in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia located 5 km northwest of Balakhna and 38 km northwest of Nizhny Novgorod An interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of Fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy Aircraft, particularly Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the S7 Airlines goes to Moscow Domodedovo airport daily. OJSC Siberia Airlines (ОАО «Авиакомпания „Сибирь“» operating as S7 Airlines is an Airline headquartered in Moscow, Russia

Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. In the summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Astrakhan. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Astrakhan (А́страхань Ästerxan Persian: حاجی‌ترخان Haji-Tarkhan) is a major city in southern European Russia and In 2006 the small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river. A hydrofoil is a Boat with wing-like foils mounted on struts below the hull.

The city is served by Russian highway M-7 (Moscow–Nizhny Novgorod–Kazan–Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network. The Russian Route M7 (also known as the Volga Highway) is a major Trunk road running from Moscow through Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod Kazan (Каза́нь Казан tt Qazan) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities Ufa (Уфа́ Өфө Öfö; Уфа|Ufa Ӗпхӳ Ephü) is the capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia.

Public transport within the city is provided by a small subway system (Nizhny Novgorod Metro), tramways, marshrutkas or minibuses, buses and trolleybuses. The Nizhny Novgorod Metro (Нижегородское метро formerly known as Gorky Metro (Горьковское Метро is a Rapid-transit system that serves A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train Marshrutka ( Bulgarian, маршру́тка mɘr'ʂrutkɘ from marshrutnoye taksi (Mаршрутное такси is a Share taxi in Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.

Free shuttle buses run from several points in the city to the MEGA shopping complex, which opened in October 2006 in Fedyakovo, a few kilometers to the east of Nizhny Novgorod city line. Fedyakovo (Федяково is a village in Kstovsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located just a few kilometers [1]

Culture

Planetarium and Circus
Planetarium and Circus

There are more than six hundred unique historic, architectural, and cultural monuments in the city; that gave grounds to UNESCO to include Nizhny Novgorod in the list of 100 cities of the world which are of great historical and cultural value. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16

There are about two hundred culture and art institutions of oblast and municipal subordination in Nizhny Novgorod.

Among these institutions there are eight theatres, five concert halls, ninety-seven libraries (with branches), seventeen movie theaters (including five movie theaters for children), twenty-five institutions of children optional education, eight museums (sixteen including branches), and seven parks.

City layout and landmarks

Inside Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin
Inside Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin
Nizhny Novgorod Panorama oposite side from river Oka bank
Nizhny Novgorod Panorama oposite side from river Oka bank

Nizhny Novogorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. Oka (Ока́ is a River in central Russia, the largest right Tributary of the Volga. The Upper City (Russian: Нагорная часть, Nagornaya Chast) is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:

The Lower City (Russian: Заречная часть, Zarechnaya Chast) occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:

All of the today's lower city was annexed to Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.

Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles. The Russian Revival style (Псевдорусский неорусский стиль is the generic term for a number of different movements within Russian architecture Stalinist architecture (also referred to as Stalin 's Empire style Stalinist Gothic, or Socialist Classicism The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500-11), with its red-brick towers. View01jpg|thumb|right|250px|Remains of the Kolomna Kremlin]] Kremlin (Кремль Kreml) is the Russian word for "fortress" "citadel" or "castle" After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624-31), first built in stone in the 13th century.

Pechersky Ascension Monastery
Pechersky Ascension Monastery
New Fair Cathedral (Aleksandr Nevsky Cathedral)
New Fair Cathedral (Aleksandr Nevsky Cathedral)
Saviour (Old Fair) Cathedral
Saviour (Old Fair) Cathedral

Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval abbeys. An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. Pechersky Ascension Monastery (Печёрский Вознесенский монастырь Pechyorsky Vozensensky Monastyr) is a monastery in Nizhny Novgorod, The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.

There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. The Stroganovs or Strogonovs (Строгановы Строгоновы also spelled in French manner as Stroganoffs, were a family of highly successful Naryshkin Baroque, also called Moscow Baroque, or Muscovite Baroque, is the name given to a particular style of architecture and decoration which was Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (1694-97) survives in the former village of Gordeevka (now, part of the city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.

Other notable churches include:

There is also a mosque in Sennaya Square, where the muslim populations of the city go for Friday prayers, Islamic activities and activities which are organised by the mosque. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger "Juma" redirects here For the indigenous Brazilian group see Juma people. There is also a small shop to buy halal meats. Most of the muslims in this city are Tatars. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups

The city has many industrial suburbs, such as Kstovo, Dzerzhinsk, and Bor. Kstovo (Ксто́во is a town in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. Dzerzhinsk (Дзержи́нск is a city in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, situated along the Oka River, about east Bor (Бор is a town in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the left (northern bank of the Volga River, across from The town of Semyonov, to the north of Nizhny Novgorod, is known as a craft center for Khokhloma wood painting. Khokhloma ( Хохлома, Хохломская роспись in Russian, or Khokhlomskaya rospis' is the name of a Russian Wood painting Another suburb, Balakhna, is noted for its medieval architecture. Balakhna (Балахна is a town in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia.

A singular monument of industrial architecture is a 128-metre-high open-work hyperboloid tower built on the bank of the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a powerline river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929. Shukhov Tower on the Oka River (Dzerzhinsk High-Voltage Mast is the world’s only surviving hyperboloid Electricity pylon. Dzerzhinsk, transliterated from Russian, may be the name of one of the following places Electric power transmission, a process in the delivery of Electricity to consumers is the bulk transfer of electrical power Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (Владимир Григорьевич Шухов ( - February 2 1939) was a Russian Engineer - Polymath

The climate in the region is continental, and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of

Nizhny Novgorod art gallery

The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and museums of human history and culture. An art gallery or art museum is a space for the exhibition of art, usually Visual art. A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic

Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more. Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov (Виктор Михайлович Васнецов ( Lop'jal, May 15 ( N Karl Pavlovich Briullov (Russian Карл Павлович Брюллов) called by his friends the Great Karl ( December 12, 1799 – June Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (Иван Иванович Шишкин 25 January 1832 – 20 March 1898) was a Russian Landscape Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoi ( June 8 (OS May 27 1837 - April 6 (O Ilya Yefimovich Repin (Илья́ Ефи́мович Ре́пин Ілля Юхимович Рєпін ( Chuhuiv, Russian Empire (now in Ukraine Isaac Ilyich Levitan ( Russian: Исаак Ильич Левитан, August 30, 1860 &ndash) was a classical Russian Landscape Vasily Ivanovich Surikov (Василий Иванович Суриков ( January 24[[ 848]] ( Julian calendar: January 12) &ndash March 19 Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (Иван Константинович Айвазовский Հովհաննես Այվազովսկի - Hovhannes Aivazovsky July 29, Boris Mikhaylovich Kustodiev (Бори́с Миха́йлович Кусто́диев ( March 7, 1878 &ndash May 28, 1927) was a Russian Nicholas Roerich, ( October 9, 1874 - December 13, 1947) also known as Nikolai Konstantinovich Rerikh (misspelled surname ( Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' David Teniers the Younger ( December 15, 1610 – April 25, 1690) a Flemish Artist born in Antwerp, was the Bernardo Bellotto (30 January 1720 &ndash 17 October 1780 was an Italian urban landscape painter or vedutista, and Printmaker in Lucas Cranach the Elder ( Lucas Cranach der Ältere, 4 October 1472 &ndash 16 October 1553) was a German painter Pieter Fransz de Grebber ( Haarlem, c 1600 - Haarlem 1652 or 1653 was a Dutch painter Giuseppe Maria Crespi ( March 14 1665 &ndash July 16 1747) nicknamed Lo Spagnuolo ("the Spanish One" was an Italian

Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. The Russian avant-garde is an umbrella term used to define the large influential wave of Modern art that flourished in Russia from approximately 1890 to Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (Казимир Северинович Малевич Kazimierz Malewicz Ukrainian Казимир Северинович Малевич sɛʋɛˈrɪnoʋɪtʃ Wassily Kandinsky (Russian Василий Кандинский first name pronounced as) ( – 13 December 1944 was a Russian painter, Printmaker Natalia Sergeevna Goncharova (Наталья Сергеевна Гончарова June 4, 1881 - October 17, 1962) was a Russian Mikhail Fyodorovich Larionov ( Russian: Михаил Фёдорович Ларионов, June 3, 1881 &ndash May 10, 1964 There is also collection of East Asian art.

Notable People

Historic center of Nizhny Novgorod, including Church of the Nativity and Kremlin walls on the hill
Historic center of Nizhny Novgorod, including Church of the Nativity and Kremlin walls on the hill
Main article: List of people in Nizhny Novgorod

Sister cities


Weather averages for Nizhny Novgorod
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 5. This is a list of famous people who have lived in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Essen (ˈɛsən is a City in the center of the Ruhr Area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Tampere ( ˈtɑmpɛrɛ Swedish: Tammerfors or) is a city in southern Finland located between two lakes Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Linz is the third largest city of Austria and capital of the state of Upper Austria (Oberösterreich Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Jinan ( in some literatures the pinyin without tones is given as Ji'nan, to disambiguate from a possible misreading as Jin'an is a Sub-provincial city China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Novi Sad ( Cyrillic: Нови Сад 'nɔviː 'saːd; Hungarian: Újvidék Slovak Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Suwon ( Suwon-si) is the provincial capital of Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Kharkiv or Kharkov (Харків Харьков is the second largest city in Ukraine. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Matanzas is the capital of the Cuban province of Matanzas. It is famed for its Afro-Cuban folklore. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la 5 (42) 7. 0 (45) 17. 3 (63) 26. 3 (79) 32. 5 (91) 36. 3 (97) 36. 4 (98) 36. 0 (97) 31. 0 (88) 24. 2 (76) 13. 2 (56) 7. 0 (45) 36. 4 (98)
Average high °C (°F) -8. 1 (17) -7. 2 (19) -1. 1 (30) 8. 9 (48) 17. 3 (63) 22. 0 (72) 23. 6 (74) 21. 8 (71) 15. 3 (60) 6. 8 (44) -0. 7 (31) -5. 9 (21) 7. 9 (46)
Average low °C (°F) -14. 5 (6) -13. 8 (7) -8. 2 (17) 0. 7 (33) 7. 5 (46) 12. 0 (54) 14. 3 (58) 12. 5 (55) 7. 3 (45) 1. 1 (34) -5. 4 (22) -11. 6 (11) 0. 2 (32)
Record low °C (°F) -41. 2 (-42) -37. 2 (-35) -28. 3 (-19) -19. 7 (-3) -6. 9 (20) -1. 8 (29) 5. 1 (41) 0. 9 (34) -5. 4 (22) -16. 0 (3) -29. 4 (-21) -41. 4 (-43) -41. 4 (-43)
Precipitation mm (inches) 40 (1. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 6) 33 (1. 3) 28 (1. 1) 36 (1. 4) 52 (2) 64 (2. 5) 76 (3) 67 (2. 6) 57 (2. 2) 59 (2. 3) 56 (2. 2) 50 (2) 618 (24. 3)
Source: Pogoda. ru. net[2] 8. 09. 2007

References

  1. ^ How to get to MEGA
  2. ^ Pogoda.ru.net (Russian). Retrieved on September 8, 2007.

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