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In chemistry a nitride is a compound of nitrogen with a less electronegative element where nitrogen has an oxidation state of -3. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. Note that there are exceptions to this naming convention, the nitrides of hydrogen, NH3 and carbon, (CN)2, are called ammonia and cyanogen respectively and that the nitrides of bromine, iodine are called nitrogen tribromide and nitrogen triiodide. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Cyanogen is the Chemical compound with the formula ( C[[nitrogen N]]2 Nitrogen triiodide, also called nitrogen iodide, more correctly triiodine nitride, is the Chemical compound with the formula N[[Iodine I]]3 Note that nitrogen also forms pernitrides, that contain N22− and azides, that contain N3−.
Nitrogen has one of the highest electronegativities, only oxygen, fluorine and chlorine (in Paulling & Mulliken scales) are higher. " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons This means that the nitrides are a very large group of compounds. They have wide range of properties and applications.

Classification of such a varied group of compounds is necessarily arbitrary. Lithium nitride is a compound of Lithium and Nitrogen with the Formula Li3N The following is based around their structure:

Contents

Nitride ion

The nitride ion is N3− (a nitrogen atom plus three electrons). An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge The extra electrons give the nitrogen atom a closed inert gas shell. The nitride ion is isoelectronic with the oxide anion, O2−, and the fluoride anion, F− and has an ionic radius estimated to be 140 pm. Two or more molecular entities ( Atoms Molecules Ions are described as being isoelectronic with each other if they have the same number of An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Fluoride is the reduced form of Fluorine. Both organic and Inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides The nitride ion is a strong π-donor ligand, stronger than O2−. It forms nitrido complexes which have a short metal nitrogen bond length indicating multiple bonding.

Salt like nitrides

The salt like nitrides are formed by:

Lithium nitride and the alkaline earth nitrides deprotonate hydrogen gas, and are rapidly hydrolysed by water to form ammonia. Zinc nitride ( Zn3[[Nitrogen N2]] is an Inorganic compound of Zinc and Nitrogen. Lithium nitride is a compound of Lithium and Nitrogen with the Formula Li3N

Covalent nitrides

3 dimensional structures
These include, boron nitride silicon and phosphorus.
Diamond like nitrides
The diamond like nitrides of aluminium, gallium and indium all have the wurtzite structure in which each atom occupies tetrahedral sites. Aluminium nitride ( Al[[Nitrogen N]] is a Nitride of Aluminium. Gallium nitride ( is a very hard material commonly used in bright LEDs since the 1990s Indium nitride ( is a small bandgap semiconductor material which has potential application in Solar cells and high speed electronics This article is about the mineral wurtzite For the wurtzite crystal structure see Wurtzite (crystal structure. For example in aluminium nitride, each aluminium atom has four neighbouring nitrogen atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron and similarly each nitrogen atom has four neighbouring aluminium atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron. This structure is like hexagonal diamond (Lonsdaleite) where every carbon atom occupies a tetrahedral site (however wurzite differs from sphalerite and diamond in the relative orientation of tetrahedra) Note that thallium(III) nitride, TlN is not known, whereas thallium(I) nitride, Tl3N is. Sphalerite (( Zn, Fe) S) is a Mineral that is the chief Ore of Zinc. In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in
Molecular
These include cyanogen, (CN)2 and S2N2 and tetrasulfur tetranitride, S4N4. Cyanogen is the Chemical compound with the formula ( C[[nitrogen N]]2 Tetrasulfur tetranitride is an Inorganic compound with the formula S4N4 (Note that sulfur forms another nitride which is polymeric, (SN)x, this is a metallic conductor and has been called a one-dimensional metal. Tetrasulfur tetranitride is an Inorganic compound with the formula S4N4 )

Interstitial nitrides

The interstitial nitrides are formed by transition metals where there is a sufficient difference in size between the metal atom and the nitrogen to allow the host metal lattice to accommodate the nitrogen atom. This condition is true for the group 4, 5 and 6 transition metals i. Biological occurances The group 4 elements are not known to be involved in the biological chemistry of any living systems Biological occurrences Of the group 5 elements only vanadium has been identified as playing a role in the biological chemistry of living systems it is involved in some of the Biological occurrences Group 6 is notable in that it contains some of the only elements in periods 5 and 6 with a known role in the biological chemistry of living organisms molybdenum e. the Titanium, Vanadium and Chromium groups. The group 4 and 5 nitrides are refractory i. A refractory is a material that retains its strength at high Temperatures ASTM C71 defines refractories as "non-metallic materials having those chemical and physical e. high melting and chemically stable.

Intermediate nitrides

Group 7 and 8 transition metals form nitrides that decompose readily e. See also "Group 8" redirects here For the Swedish organization see Group 8 (Sweden. g iron nitride, Fe2N melts with decomposition at 200oC. The precious metals are currently being investigated by a number of researchers and thin films of platinum, gold and osmium nitrides have been produced. However there is some discussion as to their structures and their properties. Platinum nitride and osmium nitride for example are now believed to contain N2 units and as such should not be called nitrides. [3] [4]

General references

Footnotes

  1. ^ Synthesis and structure of Na3N, Fischer, D. , Jansen, M. Angew Chem Intnl 41, 10, 1755 (2002) DOI:10. 1002/1521-3773(20020517)41:10<1755::AID-ANIE1755>3. 0. CO;2-C
  2. ^ Synthesis and structure of K3N, Fischer, D. ; Cancarevic, Z. ; Schön, J. C. ; Jansen, M. Z. fur anorg allgem Chemie, 630, 1, 156, DOI: 10. 1002/zaac. 200300280
  3. ^ Gold film with gold nitride-A conductor but harder than gold, L. Siller, N. Peltekis, S. Krishnamurthy, Y. Chao, S. J. Bull, M. R. C. Hunt, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 22, 221912, (2005) DOI: 10. 1063/1. 1941471
  4. ^ OsN2: Crystal structure and electronic properties, J. A. Montoya, A. D Hernandez, C. Sanloup, E Gregoryanz, S Scandolo, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 1, 011909 (2007) DOI: 10. 1063/1. 2430631

Dictionary

nitride

-noun

  1. (chemistry) A compound of nitrogen with more electropositive elements.
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