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Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide
Identifiers
CAS number [10102-43-9]
Properties
Molecular formula NO
Molar mass 30. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 0061
Appearance colourless gas
Density 1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 3 × 103 kg m−3 (liquid)

1. 34 g dm−3 (vapour)
Melting point

−163. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 6°C (109. 6 K)
Boiling point

−151. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid 7°C (121. 4 K)
Hazards
EU classification Toxic (T), corrosive (C)
NFPA 704
0
3
2
 
R-phrases R23, R24, R25, R34, R44
S-phrases S23, S36, S37, S39
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

Nitric oxide or Nitrogen monoxide is a chemical compound with chemical formula NO. Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the This gas is an important signaling molecule in the body of mammals, including humans, and is an extremely important intermediate in the chemical industry. This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter A signaling molecule is a Chemical involved in transmitting information between cells Such molecules are released from the cell sending the signal cross over Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals It is also a toxic air pollutant produced by automobile engines and power plants. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort An engine is a mechanical device that produces some form of output from a given input A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of

NO is an important messenger molecule involved in many physiological and pathological processes within the mammalian body both beneficial and detrimental. [1]. Appropriate levels of NO production are important in protecting an organ such as the liver from ischemic damage. However sustained levels of NO production result in direct tissue toxicity and contribute to the vascular collapse associated with septic shock, whereas chronic expression of NO is associated with various carcinomas and inflammatory conditions including juvenile diabetes, multiple sclerosis, arthritis and ulcerative colitis. [2]

Nitric oxide should not be confused with nitrous oxide (N2O), a general anaesthetic, or with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) which is another poisonous air pollutant. Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O. A general anaesthetic (or anesthetic, see Spelling differences) drug is an anaesthetic drug that brings about a reversible loss of Consciousness. Nitrogen dioxide is the Chemical compound with the formula N[[Oxygen O]]2 The nitric oxide molecule is a free radical, which is relevant to understanding its high reactivity. In Chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms molecules or ions with Unpaired electrons on an otherwise Open shell It reacts with the ozone in air to form nitrogen dioxide, signalled by the appearance of the reddish-brown color. OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. Nitrogen dioxide is the Chemical compound with the formula N[[Oxygen O]]2

Despite being a startlingly simple molecule, NO is a fundamental player in the fields of neuroscience, physiology, and immunology, and was proclaimed “Molecule of the Year” in 1992[3]

Contents

Production environmental effects

From a thermodynamic perspective, NO is unstable with respect to O2 and N2, although this conversion is very slow at ambient temperatures in the absence of a catalyst. Neuroscience is a field devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical Science that covers the study of all aspects of the Immune system in all Organisms It deals with The Breakthrough of the Year is an annual award made by the journal Science for the most significant development in scientific research Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Because the heat of formation of NO is endothermic, its synthesis from molecular nitrogen and oxygen requires elevated temperatures, >1000°C. In Thermodynamics, the word endothermic "within-heating" describes a process or reaction that absorbs Energy in the form of Heat. A major natural source is lightning. Lightning is an atmospheric discharge of Electricity, which typically occurs during Thunderstorms and sometimes during volcanic eruptions or The use of internal combustion engines has drastically increased the presence of nitric oxide in the environment. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a One purpose of catalytic converters in cars is to minimize NO emission by catalytic reversion to O2 and N2. A catalytic converter (colloquially "cat" or "catcon" is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an Internal combustion engine.

Nitric oxide in the air may convert to nitric acid, which has been implicated in acid rain. Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Acid rain is Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually Acidic It has harmful effects on plants aquatic animals and infastructure Furthermore, both NO and NO2 participate in ozone layer depletion. Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related observations a slow steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of Ozone in Earth's Nitric oxide is a small highly diffusible gas and a ubiquitous bioactive molecule.

Mechanism of action

There are several mechanisms by which NO has been demonstrated to affect the biology of living cells. These include oxidation of iron containing proteins such as ribonucleotide reductase and aconitase, activation of the soluble guanylate cyclase, ADP ribosylation of proteins, protein sulphhydryl group nitrosylation, and iron regulatory factor activation. Nitrosylation is a Protein modification in which a Nitrosyl group is post-translationally added to a protein [4] NO has been demonstrated to activate NFkB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, an important transcription factor in iNOS gene expression in response to inflammation. [5]. It was found that NO acts through the stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase which is a heterodimeric enzyme with subsequent formation of cyclic GMP. Cyclic GMP activates protein kinases and leads ultimately to the dephosphorylation of the myosine light chain. [6]

Technical applications

Although NO has relatively few direct uses, it is produced on a massive scale as an intermediate in the Ostwald process for the synthesis of nitric acid from ammonia. The Ostwald process is a chemical process for producing Nitric acid, which was developed by Wilhelm Ostwald (patented 1902 Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor In 2005, the US alone produced 6M metric tons of nitric acid. [7] It finds use in the semiconductor industry for various processes. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that In one of its applications it is used along with nitrous oxide to form oxynitride gates in CMOS devices. Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O. Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor ( CMOS) (pronounced "see-moss" siːmɔːs ˈsiːmɒs is a major class of Integrated circuits CMOS technology

Miscellaneous applications

Nitric oxide can be used for detecting surface radicals on polymers. Quenching of surface radicals with nitric oxide results in incorporation of nitrogen, which can be quantified by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In Chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms molecules or ions with Unpaired electrons on an otherwise Open shell X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS is a quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the elemental composition Empirical formula,

Biological functions

Main article: Endothelium-derived relaxing factor

NO is one of the few gaseous signaling molecules known. This article is about the biological functions of Nitric oxide. It is a key vertebrate biological messenger, playing a role in a variety of biological processes. Vertebrates are members of the Subphylum Vertebrata, Chordates with backbones or spinal columns The grouping sometimes includes In Biology, signal transduction refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another Nitric oxide, known as the 'endothelium-derived relaxing factor', or 'EDRF', is biosynthesised endogenously from arginine and oxygen by various nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes and by reduction of inorganic nitrate. This article is about the biological functions of Nitric oxide. Arginine (abbreviated as Arg or R) is an α- Amino acid. The L-form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Nitric oxide synthases ((NOSs are present among Eukaryotic enzymes as dimeric calmodulin-dependent or calmodulin-containing Cytochrome p450 -like Hemoprotein that Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins The endothelium (inner lining) of blood vessels use nitric oxide to signal the surrounding smooth muscle to relax, thus resulting in vasodilation and increasing blood flow. The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that line the interior surface of Blood vessels forming an interface between circulating Blood in the The blood vessels are part of the Circulatory system and function to transport Blood throughout the body Smooth muscle is a type of non- Striated muscle, found within the Tunica media layer of large and small Arteries and Veins, the bladder Nitric oxide is highly reactive (having a lifetime of a few seconds), yet diffuses freely across membranes. These attributes make nitric oxide ideal for a transient signal molecule between adjacent cells and within cells. [8] The production of nitric oxide is elevated in populations living at high-altitudes, which helps these people avoid hypoxia. Chronic Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole ( generalized hypoxia) or region of the body ( tissue hypoxia) is deprived of adequate Effects include blood vessel dilatation, neurotransmission (see Gasotransmitters), modulation of the hair cycle, and penile erections. See Chemical synapse for an introduction to concepts and terminology used in this article Gasotransmitters are Gaseous Molecules synthesized in the body Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis. The erection of the Penis, Clitoris or a Nipple is its enlarged and firm state Nitroglycerin and amyl nitrite serve as vasodilators because they are converted to nitric oxide in the body. Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN has been used to treat angina and Heart failure since at least 1870 Amyl nitrite is the Chemical compound with the formula C5H11ONO Sildenafil, popularly known by the trade name Viagra, stimulates erections primarily by enhancing signaling through the nitric oxide pathway in the penis. Sildenafil citrate, sold as Viagra, Revatio and under various other trade names is a drug used to treat Erectile dysfunction (male impotence

Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium. In humans, a high-salt intake was demonstrated to attenuate NO production. [9]

Nitric oxide is also generated by macrophages and neutrophils as part of the human immune response. Macrophages ( Greek: "big eaters" from makros "large" + phagein "eat" ( Mø) are cells within the tissues that Neutrophil granulocytes, generally referred to as neutrophils, are the most abundant type of White blood cells in humans and form an essential part of the An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor Nitric oxide is toxic to bacteria and other human pathogens. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos "suffering passion" and γἰγνομαι (γεν- gignomai (gen- "I give birth to" infectious In response, however, many bacterial pathogens have evolved mechanisms for nitric oxide resistance. [10]

Nitric oxide can contribute to reperfusion injury when an excessive amount produced during reperfusion (following a period of ischemia) reacts with superoxide to produce the damaging free radical peroxynitrite. Reperfusion injury refers to damage to tissue caused when Blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of Ischemia. In Medicine, ischemia ( Greek ισχαιμία, isch- is restriction hema or haema is Blood) is a restriction Superoxide is the Anion O2&minus It is important as the product of the one-electron reduction of Dioxygen, which occurs widely in nature In Chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms molecules or ions with Unpaired electrons on an otherwise Open shell Peroxynitrite is the Anion with the formula ONOO− It is an unstable "valence isomer" of Nitrate, NO3− which has the In contrast, inhaled nitric oxide has been shown to help survival and recovery from paraquat poisoning, which produces lung tissue damaging superoxide and hinders NOS metabolism. Paraquat is the trade name for NN'-Dimethyl-44'-bipyridinium dichloride, a Viologen.

In plants, nitric oxide can be produced by any of four routes: (i)L-arginine-dependent nitric oxide synthase [11], [12],[13],(although the existence animal NOS homologs in plants is debated)[14],(ii) by plasma membrane-bound nitrate reductase, (iii) by mitochondrial electron transport chain, or (iv) by non-enzymatic reactions. Nitrate reductase Enzymes are a group of enzymes that reduce Nitrate to Nitrite. It is a signaling molecule, acts mainly against oxidative stress and also plays a role in plant pathogen interactions. Treating cut flowers and other plants with nitric oxide has been shown to lengthen the time before wilting. [15]

A biologically important reaction of nitric oxide is S-nitrosylation, the conversion of thiol groups, including cysteine residues in proteins, to form S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs). Nitrosylation is a Protein modification in which a Nitrosyl group is post-translationally added to a protein In Organic chemistry, a thiol is a compound that contains the functional group composed of a Sulfur atom and a Hydrogen atom (-SH Not to be confused with Cystine, its oxidized dimer Cysteine (abbreviated as Cys or C) is an α- Amino acid with S-Nitrosylation is a mechanism for dynamic, post-translational regulation of most or all major classes of protein. Nitrosylation is a Protein modification in which a Nitrosyl group is post-translationally added to a protein

Use in Pediatric Intensive Care

Nitric Oxide/Oxygen blends are used in critical care to promote capillary and pulmonary dilation to treat Primary Pulmonary Hypertension in neonatal patients[16][17] post meconium aspiration and related to birth defect. These are often a last-resort gas mixture before the use of ECMO. In Intensive care medicine, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO is an Extracorporeal technique of providing both cardiac and respiratory support Oxygen NO therapy has the potential to significantly increase the quality of life and in some cases save the lives of infants at risk for pulmonary vascular disease. [18]

Reactions

2NO + O2 → 2NO2
This conversion has been speculated as occurring via the ONOONO intermediate. In water, NO react with oxygen and water to form HNO2 or nitrous acid. Nitrous acid (molecular formula H[[Nitrogen N]] O 2 is a weak and monobasic Acid known only in Solution and in the form of Nitrite The reaction is thought to proceed via the following stoichiometry:
4 NO + O2 + 2 H2O → 4 HNO2
2NO + Cl2 → 2NOCl
Traube reaction
This is a very old reaction (1898) but of interest today in NO prodrug research. Acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is a colorless mobile flammable An alkoxide is the Conjugate base of an Alcohol and therefore consists of an organic group bonded to a negatively charged Oxygen atom Methyl acetate, also known as acetic acid methyl ester or methyl ethanoate, is a clear flammable liquid with a characteristic not unpleasant smell like certain A prodrug is a pharmacological substance ( drug) that is administered in an inactive (or significantly less active form Nitric oxide can also react directly with sodium methoxide, forming sodium formate and nitrous oxide [20]. Sodium formate, HCOONa is the sodium salt of Formic acid, HCOOH Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O.

Preparation

8HNO3 + 3Cu → 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO
2 NaNO2 + 2 NaI + 2 H2SO4 → I2 + 4 NaHSO4 + 2 NO
2 NaNO2 + 2 FeSO4 + 3 H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + 2 NaHSO4 + 2 H2O + 2 NO
3 KNO2(l) + KNO3 (l) + Cr2O3(s) → 2 K2CrO4(s) + 4 NO (g)
The iron(II) sulfate route is simple and has been used in undergraduate laboratory experiments. Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Sodium nitrite, with Chemical formula Na[[Nitrogen N]] O 2 is used as a Color fixative and Preservative in meats and Sodium bisulfate, also sodium hydrogen sulfate, has the Chemical formula NaHSO4 Potassium nitrate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula K[[Nitrogen N]] O 3
4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O
The uncatalyzed endothermic reaction of O2 and N2 which is performed at high temperature (>2000°C) with lightning has not been developed into a practical commercial synthesis:
N2 + O2 → 2NO

Coordination Chemistry

Main article: metal nitrosyl

NO forms complexes with all transition metals to give complexes called metal nitrosyls. In Thermodynamics, the word endothermic "within-heating" describes a process or reaction that absorbs Energy in the form of Heat. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Metal nitrosyls are complexes that contain Transition metals bonded to Nitric oxide, N[[oxygen O]] In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in Metal nitrosyls are complexes that contain Transition metals bonded to Nitric oxide, N[[oxygen O]] The most common bonding mode of NO is the terminal linear type (M-NO). The angle of the M-N-O group can vary from 160-180° but are still termed as "linear". In this case the NO group is formally considered a 3-electron donor. In the case of a bent M-N-O conformation the NO group can be considered a one electron donor. [21]. Alternatively, one can view such complexes as derived from NO+, which is isoelectronic with CO.

Nitric oxide can serve as a one-electron pseudohalide. In such complexes, the M-N-O group is characterized by an angle between 120-140°.

The NO group can also bridge between metal centers through the nitrogen atom in a variety of geometries.

Measurement of nitric oxide concentration

The concentration of nitric oxide can be determined using a simple chemiluminescent reaction involving ozone:[22] A sample containing nitric oxide is mixed with a large quantity of ozone. Chemiluminescence (sometimes " chemoluminescence " is the emission of Light ( Luminescence) with limited emission of heat as the result of a chemical OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. The nitric oxide reacts with the ozone to produce oxygen and nitrogen dioxide. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Nitrogen dioxide is the Chemical compound with the formula N[[Oxygen O]]2 This reaction also produces light (chemiluminescence), which can be measured with a photodetector. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 Photosensors or photodetectors are Sensors of Light or other Electromagnetic energy The amount of light produced is proportional to the amount of nitric oxide in the sample.

NO + O3 → NO2 + O2 + light

Other methods of testing include electroanalysis(amperometric approach), where NO reacts with an electrode to induce a current or voltage change. Electrochemistry is a branch of Chemistry that studies Chemical reactions which take place in a Solution at the interface of an electron conductor The detection of NO radicals in biological tissues is particularly difficult due to the short lifetime and concentration of these radicals in tissues. One of the few practical methods is spin trapping of nitric oxide with iron-dithiocarbamate complexes and subsequent detection of the mono-nitrosyl-iron complex with Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). Spin trapping is an analytical technique employed in the detection and identification of short-lived Free radicals. Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaS2CN(C2H52 Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR or electron spin resonance (ESR Spectroscopy is a technique for studying Chemical species that have one or more unpaired [23][24]

A group of fluorescent dye indicators exist that are also available in acetylated form for intracellular measurements. A fluorophore, in analogy to a Chromophore, is a component of a molecule which causes a molecule to be Fluorescent. In Organic chemistry, acetyl (ethanoyl is a Functional group, the Acyl of Acetic acid, with Chemical formula - C[[Oxygen The most common compound is 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2). [3]

References

  1. ^ Hou Y. C. , Janczuk A. and Wang P. G. (1999): Current trends in the development of nitric oxide donors. Curr. Pharm. Des. June, 5 (6): 417- 471
  2. ^ Tylor B. S. , Kion Y. M. , Wang Q. I. , Sharpio R. A. , Billiar T. R. and Geller D. A. (1997): Nitric oxide down regulates hepatocyte-inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression. Arch. Surg. 1, (32). Nov. ; 1177-1182.
  3. ^ a b Elizabeth Culotta and Daniel E. Koshland Jr (December 1992). "NO news is good news. (nitric oxide; includes information about other significant advances & discoveries of 1992) (Molecule of the Year). ". Science 258 (5090): 1862-1864.  
  4. ^ Shami P. J. , Moore J. O. , Cockerman J. P. , Halhorn W. J. , Misukonis M. A. , and Weinberg J. B. (1995): Nitric oxide modulation of the growth and differentiation of freshly isolated acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Leukaemia Research; 19(8): 527 - 534.
  5. ^ Kaibori M. , Sakitani K. , Oda M. , Kamiyama Y. , Masu Y. and Okumura T. (1999). Immunosuppressant FK56 inhibits iNOS gene expression at a step of NK-Kappa B activation in rat hepatocytes. J. Hepatol. Jan; 30 (6): 1138-1145.
  6. ^ Denninger J. W. and Marletta M. A. (1999): Guanylate cyclase and the No/cGMP singling pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, May; 1411 (2-3): 334-356.
  7. ^ “Production: Growth is the Norm” Chemical and Engineering News, July 1 0, 2006, p. 59.
  8. ^ Stryer, Lubert (1995). Biochemistry, 4th Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company, pp. 732. ISBN 0-7167-2009-4.  
  9. ^ [1]
  10. ^ C. A. Janeway, et al. (2005). Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease, 6th ed. , New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-4101-6.  
  11. ^ Corpas et al. (2004). "Cellular and subcellular localization of endogenous nitric oxide in young and senescent pea plants". Plant Physiology 136 (1): 2722-33.  
  12. ^ Corpas et al. (2006). "Constitutive arginine-dependent nitric oxide synthase activity in different organs of pea seedlings during plant development". Planta 224 (2): 246-54.  
  13. ^ Valderrama et al. (2007). "Nitrosative stress in plants". FEBS Lett 581 (3): 453-61.  
  14. ^ Corpas et al. (2004). "Enzymatic sources of nitric oxide in plant cells – beyond one protein–one function". New Phytologist 162: 246-7.  
  15. ^ Judy Siegel-Itzkovich. Viagra makes flowers stand up straight. Student BMJ, September 1999. Student BMJ (StudentBMJ sBMJ is a monthly open-access (no registration free of charge international Medical journal for medical students and junior doctors
  16. ^ Finer NN, Barrington KJ (2006). "Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD000399. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000399.pub2. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17054129.  
  17. ^ Chotigeat U, Khorana M, Kanjanapattanakul W (February 2007). "Inhaled nitric oxide in newborns with severe hypoxic respiratory failure". J Med Assoc Thai 90 (2): 266–71. PMID 17375630.  
  18. ^ Hayward C. S. , Kelly R. P. and Macdonald P. S. (1999): Inhaled nitric oxide in cardiology practice. Cadio. Vasc. Res. Aug. ; 15, 43 (3): 628 - 638.
  19. ^ Ueber Synthesen stickstoffhaltiger Verbindungen mit Hülfe des Stickoxyds Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie Volume 300, Issue 1, Date: 1898, Pages: 81-128 Wilhelm Traube doi:10.1002/jlac.18983000108
  20. ^ Nitric Oxide Reacts with Methoxide Frank DeRosa, Larry K. Official title Annalen der Chemie, 1832–1839 Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 1840–1872 (ISSN 0075-4617 CODEN JLACBF Wilhelm Traube ( 10 January 1866 &ndash 28 September 1942) was a German Chemist. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Keefer, and Joseph A. Hrabie J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 1139-1142 doi:10.1021/jo7020423
  21. ^ Catherine E. The Journal of Organic Chemistry (abbreviated as J Org Chem or JOC) is a Scientific journal for original contributions of fundamental A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe: "Inorganic Chemistry", page 570. Pearson Education Limited 2001, 2005
  22. ^ Fontijn, A. , A. J. Sabadell and R. J. Ronco (1970). "Homogeneous chemiluminescent measurement of nitric oxide with ozone. " Analytical Chemistry 42(6): 575-579.
  23. ^ Vanin A. F. ; Huisman A. ; van Faassen E. E. ; Methods in Enzymology vol 359 (2002) 27 - 42
  24. ^ Nagano T. ; Yoshimura T. ; "Bioimaging of nitric oxide", Chemical Reviews vol 102 (2002) 1235 - 1269.

Further reading

External links

Dictionary

nitric oxide

-noun

  1. (chemistry) the binary compound of nitrogen and oxygen NO; an unstable compound which rapidly oxidizes in the presence of air
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