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41 zirconium ← niobium → molybdenum
V
↑
Nb
↓
Ta
General
Name, Symbol, Number niobium, Nb, 41
Chemical series transition metals
Group, Period, Block 5, 5, d
Appearance gray metallic
Standard atomic weight 92. Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 Molybdenum (məˈlɪbdənəm from the Greek word for the metal " Lead " is a Group 6 Chemical element with the symbol Mo Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23 Tantalum (ˈtæntələm (formerly tantalium /tænˈtæliəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Ta and Atomic number 73 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Biological occurrences Of the group 5 elements only vanadium has been identified as playing a role in the biological chemistry of living systems it is involved in some of the A period 5 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass 90638(2)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Kr] 4d4 5s1
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 12, 1
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 8. In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 57  g·cm−3
Melting point 2750 K
(2477 °C, 4491 °F)
Boiling point 5017 K
(4744 °C, 8571 °F)
Heat of fusion 30  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 689. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 9  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 24. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 60  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 2942 3207 3524 3910 4393 5013
Atomic properties
Crystal structure cubic body centered
Oxidation states 5, 4,[1] 3, 2,[2] 1[3]
(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 6 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st:  652. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 1  kJ·mol−1
2nd:  1380  kJ·mol−1
3rd:  2416  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 145  pm
Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) 198  pm
Covalent radius 137  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering no data
Electrical resistivity (0 °C) 152 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 53. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 7  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 7. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 3  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 3480 m/s
Young's modulus 105  GPa
Shear modulus 38  GPa
Bulk modulus 170  GPa
Poisson ratio 0. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 40
Mohs hardness 6. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 0
Vickers hardness 1320  MPa
Brinell hardness 736  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-03-1
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of niobium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
91Nb syn 6. The Vickers hardness test was developed in 1924 by Smith and Sandland as an alternative method to measure the Hardness of materials The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Naturally occurring Niobium ( Nb) is composed of one stable Isotope (Nb-93 Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 8×10² y ε - 91Zr
91mNb syn 60. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 86 d IT 0. Isomeric transition is a Radioactive decay process that occurs in an Atom where the nucleus is in an excited Meta state (e 104e 91Nb
92Nb syn 10. A conversion electron is a term used to describe an Electron which results from the Internal conversion process A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 15 d ε - 92Zr
γ 0. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 934 -
92Nb syn 3. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 47×107y ε - 92Zr
γ 0. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 561, 0. 934 -
93Nb 100% 93Nb is stable with 52 neutrons
93mNb syn 16. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 13 y IT 0. Isomeric transition is a Radioactive decay process that occurs in an Atom where the nucleus is in an excited Meta state (e 031e 93Nb
94Nb syn 2. A conversion electron is a term used to describe an Electron which results from the Internal conversion process A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 03×104 y β- 0. In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 471 94Mo
γ 0. Molybdenum (məˈlɪbdənəm from the Greek word for the metal " Lead " is a Group 6 Chemical element with the symbol Mo Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 702, 0. 871 -
95Nb syn 34. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 991 d β- 0. In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 159 95Mo
γ 0. Molybdenum (məˈlɪbdənəm from the Greek word for the metal " Lead " is a Group 6 Chemical element with the symbol Mo Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 765 -
95mNb syn 3. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 61 d IT 0. Isomeric transition is a Radioactive decay process that occurs in an Atom where the nucleus is in an excited Meta state (e 235 95Nb
References

Niobium (pronounced /naɪˈoʊbiəm/), or columbium (/kəˈlʌmbiəm/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Nb and atomic number 41. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton A rare, soft, gray, ductile transition metal, niobium is found in pyrochlore and columbite. Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in Pyrochlore ( Na, Ca)2 Nb 2 O 6( OH, F) is a solid solution between the niobium end member (pyrochlore Ferrocolumbite, also called niobite, niobite-tantalite, columbate and columbite ] Mn)( Nb, Ta)2 It was first discovered in the latter mineral and so was initially named columbium; now that mineral is also called "niobite". Niobium is used in special steel alloys as well as in welding, nuclear industries, electronics, optics and jewelry. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence. Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones

Contents

Notable characteristics

Niobium is a shiny gray, ductile metal that takes on a bluish tinge when exposed to air at room temperature for extended periods. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Blue is a Colour, the Perception of which is evoked by Niobium's chemical properties are almost identical to the chemical properties of tantalum, which appears below niobium in the periodic table. Tantalum (ˈtæntələm (formerly tantalium /tænˈtæliəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Ta and Atomic number 73 The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is

When it is processed at even moderate temperatures niobium must be placed in a protective atmosphere. The metal begins to oxidize in air at 200 ° C; its most common oxidation states are +3, and +5, although others are also known. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound.

Applications

Niobium has a number of uses: it is a component of some stainless steels and an alloy of other nonferrous metals. In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has It is also a very important alloy addition in HSLA steels, which are widely used as structural components in modern automobiles. High strength low alloy ( HSLA) steel is a type of Steel alloy that provides better mechanical properties or greater resistance to corrosion than Carbon These alloys are strong and are often used in pipeline construction. Other uses;

Niobium becomes a superconductor when lowered to cryogenic temperatures. Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain Materials generally at very low Temperatures characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance Cryogenics is often used incorrectly to refer to Cryonics, cryopreserving humans or animals Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature At atmospheric pressure, it has the highest critical temperature of the elemental superconductors: 9. 3 K. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic Niobium has the largest magnetic penetration depth of any element. Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain Materials generally at very low Temperatures characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance In addition, it is one of the three elemental superconductors that are Type II (the others being vanadium and technetium). A Type II superconductor is a Superconductor characterised by its gradual transition from the superconducting to the normal state within an increasing magnetic field Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23 Technetium (tɛkˈniːʃɪəm is the lightest Chemical element with no Stable isotope. Niobium-tin and niobium-titanium alloys are used as wires for superconducting magnets capable of producing exceedingly strong magnetic fields. Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 A superconducting magnet is an Electromagnet that is built using superconducting coils In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges Niobium is also used in its pure form to make superconducting accelerating structures for particle accelerators.

History

Niobium (Greek mythology: Niobe, daughter of Tantalus) was discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Niobe (Νιόβη was the daughter of the semi-legendary ruler Tantalus, called the " Phrygian " and sometimes even as "King of Phrygia In Greek mythology Tantalus ( Greek Τάνταλος was a son of Zeus and the Nymph Plouto. Charles Hatchett ( 2 January 1765 - 10 March 1847) was an English chemist who discovered the element Niobium. Hatchett found niobium in columbite ore that was sent to England in the 1750s by John Winthrop, the first governor of Connecticut. Ferrocolumbite, also called niobite, niobite-tantalite, columbate and columbite ] Mn)( Nb, Ta)2 John Winthrop ( 12 January 1587/8 26 March 1649) led a group of English Puritans to the New World, joined Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. There was a considerable amount of confusion about the difference between the closely-related niobium and tantalum that wasn't resolved until 1846 by Heinrich Rose and Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, who rediscovered the element. Tantalum (ˈtæntələm (formerly tantalium /tænˈtæliəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Ta and Atomic number 73 Heinrich Rose ( 6 August 1795 &ndash 27 January 1864) was a German mineralogist and analytical chemist. Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac ( April 24, 1817 &ndash April 15, 1894) was a Swiss chemist whose work with Since Rose was unaware of Hatchett's work, he gave the element a different name, niobium. In 1864 Christian Blomstrand was the first to prepare the pure metal, reducing niobium chloride by heating it in a hydrogen atmosphere. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1

Columbium (symbol Cb) was the name originally given to this element by Hatchett, but the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) officially adopted "niobium" as the name for element 41 in 1950 after 100 years of controversy. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization This was a compromise of sorts; the IUPAC accepted tungsten instead of wolfram, in deference to North American usage; and niobium instead of columbium, in deference to European usage. Tungsten (ˈtʌŋstən also known as wolfram (/ˈwʊlfrəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol W and Atomic number 74 Not everyone agreed, however, and while many leading chemical societies and government organizations refer to it by the official IUPAC name, many leading metallurgists, metal societies, and most leading American commercial producers still refer to the metal by the original "columbium. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the "

Occurrence

Niobium
Niobium

The element is never found as a free element but does occur in the minerals columbite ((Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6), columbite-tantalite or coltan ((Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6), pyrochlore ((Na,Ca)2Nb2O6OH,F), and euxenite ((Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6). Ferrocolumbite, also called niobite, niobite-tantalite, columbate and columbite ] Mn)( Nb, Ta)2 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Tantalum (ˈtæntələm (formerly tantalium /tænˈtæliəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Ta and Atomic number 73 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Coltan is the colloquial African name for Columbite - Tantalite, a metallic Ore from which is extracted the elements Niobium and Coltan is the colloquial African name for Columbite - Tantalite, a metallic Ore from which is extracted the elements Niobium and Pyrochlore ( Na, Ca)2 Nb 2 O 6( OH, F) is a solid solution between the niobium end member (pyrochlore Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen Fluorine, fluorum meaning "to flow" is the Chemical element with the symbol F and Atomic number 9 Euxenite or euxenite-(Y (a correct mineralogical name is a brownish black Mineral with a metallic luster. Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the Thorium (ˈθɔːriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Th and Atomic number 90 Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 Minerals that contain niobium often also contain tantalum. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate igneous rocks) and as a constituent of pyrochlore. Carbonatites (kɑrˈbɒnətaɪt are Intrusive or extrusive Igneous rocks defined by mineralogy that comprises more than 50 volume-% Carbonate Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 For the Artificial intelligence Androids of the 1990s Science fiction series Space Above and Beyond, see Silicate (AI Igneous rocks (etymology from Latin ignis, fire are rocks formed by solidification of cooled Magma (molten rock Brazil and Canada are the major producers of niobium mineral concentrates and extensive ore reserves are also in Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, and in Russia. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending A large producer in Brazil is CBMM located in Araxá, Minas Gerais. Araxá is a city and municipality in southwest Minas Gerais state Brazil.

Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of niobium

Naturally occurring niobium is composed of one stable isotope (Nb-93). Naturally occurring Niobium ( Nb) is composed of one stable Isotope (Nb-93 Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides The most stable radioisotopes are Nb-92 with a half-life of 34. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 7 million years, Nb-94 (half life: 20300 years), and Nb-91 with a half life of 680 years. Nb-93 has a meta state form (93mNb) with gamma line energy at 31 keV and half-life of 16. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies 13 years. Twenty three other radioisotopes have been characterized. Most of these have half lives that are less than two hours except Nb-95 (35 days), Nb-96 (23. 4 hours) and Nb-90 (14. 6 hours). The primary decay mode before the stable Nb-93 is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission with some neutron emission occurring in the first mode of the two mode decay of Nb-104, 109 and 110. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted Neutron emission is a type of Radioactive decay of atoms containing excess Neutrons in which a neutron is simply ejected from the nucleus

Only Nb-95 (35 days) and Nb-97 (72 minutes) and heavier isotopes (halflives in seconds) are fission products in significant quantity, as the other isotopes are shadowed by stable or very long-lived (Zr-93) isotopes of the preceding element zirconium from production via beta decay of neutron-rich fission fragments. Fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large nucleus fissions. 93Zr is a Radioisotope of Zirconium with a Half life of 153 million years decaying with a low-energy Beta particle to Niobium Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted Nb-95 is the decay product of Zr-95 (64 days), so disappearance of Nb-95 in used nuclear fuel is slower than would be expected from its own 35 day halflife alone. In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Spent nuclear fuel, occasionally called used nuclear fuel, is Nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a Nuclear reactor (usually at a Nuclear power Tiny amounts of the other isotopes may be produced as direct fission products.

Precautions

Niobium-containing compounds are relatively rarely encountered by most people, but some are toxic and should be treated with care. Niobium has no known biological role. Metallic niobium dust is an eye and skin irritant and also can be a fire hazard. However niobium metal, without compounds, is physiologically inert (and thus hypoallergenic) and harmless. It is frequently used in jewelry.

150 Years Semmering Alpine Railway Coin made of Niobium and Silver.
150 Years Semmering Alpine Railway Coin made of Niobium and Silver. Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special Euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone.

Niobium in numismatics

Niobium is occasionally used as a precious metal in commemorative coins, often together with silver or gold. One of the most recent samples is the 25 euro 150 Years Semmering Alpine Railway Coin. Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special Euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone. The "phil" of the coin is made of green Niobium (other coins may use other colors, like brown, purple or yellow).

See also

References

  1. ^ Niobium: niobium(IV) fluoride compound data. WebElements. com. Retrieved on 2007-12-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V
  2. ^ Niobium: niobium(II) oxide compound data. WebElements. com. Retrieved on 2007-12-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V
  3. ^ Niobium: niobium(I) chloride compound data. Bernath. UWaterloo. ca. Retrieved on 2007-12-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V
  4. ^ Godley, Reut; David Starosvetsky, and Irena Gotman (2004). "Bonelike apatite formation on niobium metal treated in aqueous NaOH" (PDF). Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 15: 1073–1077. doi:10.1023/B:JMSM.0000046388.07961.81. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  

External links

Dictionary

niobium

-noun

  1. a metallic chemical element (symbol Nb) with an atomic number of 41.
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