Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984)
British first edition cover
Author	George Orwell
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Genre(s)	Dystopian, Political Novel
Publisher	Secker and Warburg (London)
Publication date	8 June, 1949
Media type	Print (Hardcover & Paperback) & e-book, audio-CD
Pages	326 pp (Paperback edition)
ISBN	ISBN 0-452-28423-6 (Paperback edition)

Nineteen Eighty-Four (also titled 1984),^[1] by George Orwell (the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair), is an English novel about life in an authoritarian regime as lived by Winston Smith, an intellectual worker at the Ministry of Truth. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The utopia and its offshoot the dystopia, are genres of literature that explore social and political structures Political fiction is a Subgenre of Fiction that deals with Political affairs. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view Secker & Warburg is a British publishing company formed in 1936 from a takeover of Martin Secker, which was in receivership by Fredric Warburg and Roger Senhouse Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable The year 1949 in literature involved some significant events and new books A hardcover (or hardback or hardbound) is a Book bound with rigid protective covers (typically of cardboard covered with Cloth Paperback, softback, or softcover describe and refer to a Book by the nature of its binding. An e-book (for electronic book: also ebook) is the Digital media equivalent of a conventional printed Book. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union Winston Smith is a Fictional character and the Protagonist of George Orwell 's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Winston is degraded and psychologically tortured after he is arrested by the thoughtpolice under the instruction of the totalitarian government of Oceania, in the year 1984. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private

The book has major significance for its vision of an all-observing government which uses constant surveillance and propaganda, both insidious and blatant, to control its citizens. The book had a substantial impact both in literature and on the perception of public surveillance, coining such terms as 'Big Brother' and 'Orwellian'. The adjective Orwellian describes the situation idea or societal condition that George Orwell identified as being destructive to the welfare of a free-society

History

George Orwell, who had "encapsulate[d] the thesis at the heart of his novel" in 1944, wrote most of Nineteen Eighty-Four on the island of Jura, Scotland during 1947-1948 while critically ill with tuberculosis. Jura ( Scottish Gaelic Diùra) is an Island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland, situated adjacent and to the north-east of Islay ^[2] He sent the final typescript to his friends, Secker and Warburg, on 4 December 1948, who published the book on 8 June 1949. Secker & Warburg is a British publishing company formed in 1936 from a takeover of Martin Secker, which was in receivership by Fredric Warburg and Roger Senhouse "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[3]

Nineteen Eighty-Four has been translated to sixty-two languages. The novel's title, its terms, and its language (Newspeak), and its author's surname are bywords for personal privacy lost to national state security. Newspeak is a Fictional language in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The adjective "Orwellian" denotes totalitarian action and organization; the phrase: Big Brother is Watching You connotes pervasive, invasive surveillance. The adjective Orwellian describes the situation idea or societal condition that George Orwell identified as being destructive to the welfare of a free-society

Although the novel has been banned or challenged in some countries, it is, along with Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, among the most famous literary representations of dystopia. Brave New World is a 1932 Novel by Aldous Huxley. Set in the London of AD 2540 (632 A Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 &ndash 22 November 1963 was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. Fahrenheit 451 is a Dystopian Soft science fiction Novel authored by Ray Bradbury and first published in 1953 Ray Douglas Bradbury (born August 22 1920 is an American mainstream, Fantasy, horror, Science fiction and mystery A dystopia (from the Greek δυσ- and τόπος alternatively cacotopia, kakotopia, cackotopia, or anti-utopia) is the vision of a society ^[4] In 2005, Time magazine listed it among the hundred best English-language novels published since 1923. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and ^[5] The dystopian novel We by Yevgeny Zamyatin is largely considered to have been a primary influence for Nineteen Eighty-Four. We (Мы is a Dystopian novel by Yevgeny Zamyatin completed in 1921. Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin (Евге́ний Ива́нович Замя́тин) ( February 1, 1884 – March 10, 1937) was a Russian

Background

Nineteen Eighty-Four introduces Oceania, one of the world's three intercontinental totalitarian super-states. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private The story occurs in London, the "chief city of Airstrip One",^[6] itself a province of Oceania that "had been called England or Britain". London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Airstrip One is the name of the province of Oceania that covers the British Isles in George Orwell 's futuristic Dystopian novel Nineteen England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands ^[7] Posters of "Big Brother", the Party leader, with the caption BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, dominate the city landscapes; two-way television (the telescreen) dominates the private and public spaces of the populace. Big Brother is a Fictional character in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the

Oceania's people are in three classes — (i) the Inner Party, (ii) the Outer Party, and (iii) the Proles. Proles is a term used in Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four to refer to the working class of Oceania (i This government, the Party, controls them via the Ministry of Truth (Minitrue), where Winston Smith, the protagonist, works; he is a member of the Outer Party. The Ministry of Truth (or Minitrue, in Newspeak) is one of the four ministries that govern Oceania in George Orwell 's novel His job in Minitrue is the continual rewriting and altering of history so that the government is always right and correct: destroying evidence, amending newspaper articles, deleting the existence of people identified as unpersons. For the critical reexamination of historical facts see Historical revisionism. In George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four, the Fictional language Newspeak attempts to influence thought by influencing the expressiveness of the

The story begins on April 4, 1984: "It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) "^[8] The date is questionable, because it is what Winston Smith perceives. In the story's course, he concludes it as irrelevant, because the State can arbitrarily alter it; the year 1984 and its world are transmutable.

The novel does not render the world's full history to 1984. Indeed, since the novel's only description of world history is contained in a book within a book given to Winston by a Party member, it is possible that what we read is itself meant to be a deception, and the history of the world of 1984 is somewhat different. Winston's recollections, and what he reads in The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism, by Emmanuel Goldstein, reveal that after the Second World War, the United Kingdom fell to civil war, becoming part of Oceania. The Theory and Practice Of Oligarchical Collectivism is a Fictional book which is an important element in both the plot and the overall theme of George Orwell Emmanuel Goldstein is a key character in George Orwell 's Novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state Simultaneously, the Soviet Union encompassed mainland Europe, forming Eurasia; the third super state, Eastasia, comprises the east Asian countries around China and Japan. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

There was an atomic war, fought mainly in Europe, western Russia, and North America. It is unclear what occurred first: the civil war wherein the Party assumed power or the United States' annexation of the British Empire or the war during which Colchester was bombed. Colchester ( /ˈkəʊltʃɛstə/ is a town and the largest settlement within the borough of Colchester, in Essex, England.

During the Second World War, George Orwell repeatedly said that British democracy, as it existed before 1939, would not survive the war; the question being: Would it end via Fascist coup d'état (from above) or via Socialist revolution (from below)? During the war, Orwell admitted events proved him wrong: "What really matters is that I fell into the trap of assuming that 'the war and the revolution are inseparable' ". The politics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland takes place in the framework of a Constitutional monarchy, in which the Monarch is Head Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution ^[9]

Story

Ministry of Truth bureaucrat Winston Smith is the protagonist; although unitary, the story is three-fold. Winston Smith is a Fictional character and the Protagonist of George Orwell 's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The first describes the world of 1984 as he perceives it; the second is his illicit romance with Julia and his intellectual rebellion from The Party; the third is his capture and imprisonment, interrogation, torture, and re-education in the Ministry of Love. Julia is the name of a Fictional character from George Orwell 's Dystopian Novel Nineteen Eighty-Four The Ministry of Love (or Miniluv in Newspeak) is one of the four ministries that govern Oceania in George Orwell 's novel

Oceania is a totalitarian state of omnipresent, two-way television surveillance; informants are everywhere; and Winston's romance with Julia is betrayed as a political transgression. Their imprisonment at the Ministry of Love (the most feared of the four ministries) features torture, brainwashing, and re-education in Room 101 (via the prisoner's worst fear). Those degradations re-educate them to love only Big Brother and The Party. Afterwards, disgusted by his love affair with Julia, Winston Smith surrenders his mind, body, and soul to Big Brother; like-wise Julia. On release, each admits having betrayed the other to survive, something they had vowed not to do; each is apathetic toward the other's betrayal.

The thematic likenesses between Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm are: the betrayed revolution; the person's subordination to the Party collective; the rigorously enforced class distinctions among Party members, i. Animal Farm is a Novel by George Orwell, and is the most famous satirical Allegory of Soviet Totalitarianism A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively e. the Inner Party, the Outer Party, the Proletariat; the Cult of Personality; concentration camps; Thought Police; compulsory, regimented, daily exercise; the youth leagues. A cult of personality or personality cult arises when a country's leader uses Mass media to create a heroic public image through unquestioning flattery and praise Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial The Thought Police ( thinkpol in Newspeak) are the Secret police of Oceania in George

As in the Nazi and Stalinist regimes, propaganda is pervasive; Smith's job is rewriting historical documents to match the contemporaneous party line, the orthodoxy of which changes daily. For the critical reexamination of historical facts see Historical revisionism. In Politics, the line or the party line is an Idiom for a Political party or Social movement 's canon Agenda He re-writes and re-prints newspaper articles (society's official records) to delete from the collective memory all people rendered unpersons by Party order.

Plot

A pyramid diagram of Oceania's social classes; Big Brother atop, The Party in middle, the Proles at bottom.

The intellectual Winston Smith is a member of the Outer Party, lives in the ruins of London (the "chief city of Airstrip One", a province of Oceania), who grew up in the post-World War II United Kingdom, during the revolution and the civil war. The Outer Party is a fictional social stratum from the George Orwell novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Airstrip One is the name of the province of Oceania that covers the British Isles in George Orwell 's futuristic Dystopian novel Nineteen As his parents disappeared in the civil war, the English Socialism Movement ("Ingsoc" in Newspeak), put him in an orphanage for training and employment in the Outer Party. In George Orwell 's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, Ingsoc is the ideology of the totalitarian government of

His squalid existence consists of living in a one-room apartment, eating a subsistence diet of black bread and synthetic meals washed down with Victory-brand gin. Pumpernickel is a type of German Bread traditionally made with coarsely-ground rye meal Gin is a spirit flavoured with Juniper berries. Distilled gin is made by redistilling white grain spirit which has been flavoured with juniper He is discontented, and keeps an illegal journal of dissenting, negative thoughts and opinions about The Party. If detected, it, and his eccentric behaviour, would result in torture and death by the Thought Police.

In his journal he explains thoughtcrime: Thoughtcrime does not entail death. In George Orwell 's Dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four the Government attempts to control not only the speech and actions but also the Thoughtcrime IS death. The Thought Police have two-way telescreens (in the living quarters of every Party member and in every public area), hidden microphones, and anonymous informers to spy potential thought-criminals who might endanger The Party. Children are indoctrinated to informing; to spy and report suspected thought-criminals — especially their parents.

Winston Smith is a bureaucrat in the Records Department of the Ministry of Truth, revising historical records to match The Party's contemporaneous, official version of the past. The revisionism is required so that the past reflect the shifts of the day in the Party's orthodoxy. Smith's job is perpetual; he re-writes the official record, re-touches official photographs, deleting people officially rendered as unpersons. The original or older document is dropped into a "memory hole" chute leading to an incinerator. Although he likes his work, especially the intellectual challenge of revising a complete historical record, he also is fascinated by the true past, and eagerly tries to learn more about that forbidden truth.

One day, in the office, a woman surreptitiously hands him a note. She is "Julia", a dark-haired mechanic who repairs the Ministry of Truth's novel-writing machines. Before that day, he had felt deep loathing for her, based on his assumptions that she was a brainwashed, fanatically devoted member of the Party; particularly annoying to him is her red sash of renouncement of and scorn for sexual intercourse. His preconceptions vanish on reading her hand-printed note: "I love you". After that, they begin a clandestine romantic relationship, first meeting in the countryside and at a ruined belfry, then regularly in a rented room atop an antiques shop in the city's proletarian neighbourhood. The shop owner chats him up with facts about the pre-revolutionary past, sells him period artifacts, and rents him the room to meet Julia. The lovers believe their hiding place paradaisical (the shop keeper having told them it has no telescreen) and think themselves alone and safe.

As their romance deepens, Winston's views change, and questions Ingsoc. Unknown to him, the Thought Police have been spying on him and Julia. Later, when approached by Inner Party member O'Brien, Winston believes that he's come into contact with The Brotherhood, opponents of the Party. O'Brien is a Fictional character in George Orwell 's novel O'Brien gives him a copy of "the book", The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism, a searing criticism of Ingsoc said to be written by the dissident Emmanuel Goldstein, the leader of the Brotherhood; it explains the perpetual war and exposes the truth behind the Party's slogan, "War is Peace; Freedom is Slavery; Ignorance is Strength. The Theory and Practice Of Oligarchical Collectivism is a Fictional book which is an important element in both the plot and the overall theme of George Orwell Emmanuel Goldstein is a key character in George Orwell 's Novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Perpetual War is the debut release by the Boston -based Metalcore music group Diecast. "

The Thought Police capture Winston and Julia in their sanctuary bedroom and they are separately interrogated at the Ministry of Love, where the regime's opponents are tortured and killed, but sometimes released (to be executed at a later date); Charrington, the shop keeper who rented them the room reveals himself an officer of the Thought Police. In the Ministry of Love torture chamber, O'Brien tells Smith that he will be cured of his hatred for the Party. During a session, he explains to Winston that torture's purpose is to alter his way of thinking, not to extract a fake confession, adding that once cured — accepting reality as the Party describes — he then will be executed; electroshock torture will achieve that, continuing until O'Brien decides Winston is cured. Electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT) also known as electroshock, is a controversial psychiatric treatment in which Seizures are electrically induced

One night, a dreaming Winston suddenly wakes, yelling: "Julia! Julia! Julia, my love! Julia!" O'Brien rushes in and questions him, and then sends him to Room 101, the most feared room in the Ministry of Love. Room 101 is a place introduced in the Novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell. This is where a person's greatest fear is forced upon him or her for the final re-education step: acceptance. Winston, who has a primal fear of rats, is shown a wire cage filled with starving rats and told that it will be fitted over his head like a mask, so that when the cage door is opened, the rats will bore into his face until it is stripped to the bone. Just as the cage brushes his cheek, he shouts frantically: "Do it to Julia!" The torture ends, Winston is returned to society, brainwashed to accept Party doctrine.

After his release, Winston and Julia fortuitously meet in a park. With distaste, they remember the "bad" feelings they once shared; they acknowledge having betrayed each other; they are apathetic. Torture and re-education were successful; Winston happily reconciled to his impending execution, and accepting the Party line about the past and the present. In his mind, he celebrates the false fact of a news bulletin reporting Oceania's recent, decisive victory over Eurasia. Winston imagines himself back at the Ministry of Love. He imagines the scene he created during his imprisonment of walking down the white hallway and being shot by the guard. He finally accepts that he loves Big Brother.

Title

The novel's original title was The Last Man in Europe, but publisher Frederic Warburg suggested changing it to a marketable title. Fredric John Warburg ( November 27, 1898 - May 25, 1981) was an English publisher best known for his association with the British author ^[10] Orwell's reasons for the title are unknown; he might be alluding to the centenary of the socialist Fabian Society founded in 1884^[11], or to Jack London's novel The Iron Heel (wherein a political movement's acme in power is 1984), or to G. K. Chesterton's The Napoleon of Notting Hill, set in 1984, or to the poem "End of the Century, 1984", by Eileen O'Shaughnessy (his first wife). The Fabian Society is a British Intellectual Socialist movement whose purpose is to advance the principles of Social democracy via Gradualist Jack London (January 12 1876 &ndash November 22 1916 was an American author who wrote The Call of the Wild, White Fang, and The The Iron Heel is a Dystopian Novel by American writer Jack London, first published in 1908 Gilbert Keith Chesterton (29 May 1874 – 14 June 1936 was an influential English writer of the early 20th century The Napoleon of Notting Hill is a Novel written by G K Chesterton in 1904 set in a nearly-unchanged London in 1984 Eileen Maud O'Shaughnessy ( September 25, 1905 - March 29, 1945) was the first wife of British Writer George Orwell. According to the introduction of the Penguin Modern Classics edition, Orwell originally meant 1980 as the story's time, but as the writing became prolonged, he re-titled it 1982, then 1984. The full title of the first edition was Nineteen Eighty-Four. A novel. He also might have titled the book 1984 because he began writing it in 1948, so he switched that year's digits 4 and 8 .

Orwell's influences

In the essay Why I Write, Orwell explains that all the serious work he wrote since the Spanish Civil War in 1936 was "written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism. Why I Write ( 1946) is an essay by George Orwell detailing his personal journey to becoming a writer The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private Democratic socialism is a description used by various socialist movements tendencies and organizations to emphasize the democratic character of their political orientation "^[12] Therefore, Nineteen Eighty-Four is an anti-totalitarian cautionary tale about the betrayal of a revolution by its defenders. A cautionary tale is a traditional story told in Folklore, to warn its hearer of a Danger. He already had stated distrust of totalitarianism and betrayed revolutions in Homage to Catalonia and Animal Farm. Homage to Catalonia is political journalist and Novelist George Orwell 's personal account of his experiences and observations in the Animal Farm is a Novel by George Orwell, and is the most famous satirical Allegory of Soviet Totalitarianism Coming Up For Air, at points, celebrates the personal and political freedoms lost in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Coming Up for Air is a Novel by George Orwell, published before World War II and predicting that conflict

Much of Oceanic society is based upon Stalin's Soviet Union. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The "Two Minutes' Hate" was the ritual demonisation of State enemies and rivals; Big Brother resembles Joseph Stalin; the Party's archenemy, Emmanuel Goldstein, resembles Leon Trotsky (both are Jewish, both have the same physiognomy, and Trotsky's real surname was 'Bronstein'). In George Orwell 's Novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the Two Minutes Hate (alternatively two minute hate is a daily period in which Party members Big Brother is a Fictional character in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the Emmanuel Goldstein is a key character in George Orwell 's Novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Another suggested inspiration for Goldstein is Emma Goldman, the famous Anarchist figure. Emma Goldman (June 27 1869 – May 14 1940 was an anarchist known for her political activism writing and speeches Doctored photography is a propaganda technique and the creation of unpersons in the story, analogous to Stalin's enemies being made nonpersons and being erased from official photographic records; the police treatment of several characters recalls the Moscow Trials of the Great Purge. In George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four, the Fictional language Newspeak attempts to influence thought by influencing the expressiveness of the Examples There are many possible meanings associated with the term nonperson. The Moscow Trials were a series of trials of political opponents of Joseph Stalin during the Great Purge. Great Purge (Большая чистка transliterated Bolshaya chistka) was a series of campaigns of Political repression and Persecution

Biographer Michael Shelden notes these influences: the Edwardian world of his childhood in Henley — for the golden country; being bullied at St. Cyprian's — empathy with victims; his policeman's life in the Indian Burma Police — the techniques of violence; and suffering censorship in the BBC — capriciously-wielded authority. Class and society Socially the Edwardian era was a period during which the British Class system was very rigid Henley-on-Thames is a town on the north side of the River Thames in south Oxfordshire, England, about 10 miles downstream and north-east from St Cyprian's School was an English preparatory school for boys which operated in the early 20th century in Eastbourne, East Sussex. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor ^[13]

Specific literary influences include Darkness at Noon and The Yogi and the Commissar by Arthur Koestler, The Iron Heel (1908) by Jack London; Brave New World (1932) by Aldous Huxley; We (1921) by Yevgeny Zamyatin, which Orwell read in French and reviewed in 1946;^[14] and The Managerial Revolution (1940) by James Burnham, predicting permanent war among three totalitarian superstates, broadly equivalent to those in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Darkness at Noon is the most famous novel by Hungarian -born British novelist Arthur Koestler. Arthur Koestler CBE ( September 5, 1905, Budapest &ndash March 3, 1983, London) was a The Iron Heel is a Dystopian Novel by American writer Jack London, first published in 1908 Brave New World is a 1932 Novel by Aldous Huxley. Set in the London of AD 2540 (632 A We (Мы is a Dystopian novel by Yevgeny Zamyatin completed in 1921. James Burnham (1905&ndash1987 was an American popular political theorist former Communist activist and Intellectual, known for his work The Managerial Orwell told Jacintha Buddicom that he would write a novel stylistically like A Modern Utopia by H. G. Wells. Jacintha Buddicom ( 10 May 1901 -1994 was a poetess and a childhood friend of George Orwell (Eric Blair A Modern Utopia is a nonfiction work by H G Wells. Wells's proposal for social reform was the formation of a world state a concept that would Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 &ndash 13 August 1946 He was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political

World War II acts as the grounding for Orwell's more fantastic elements. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Most of the novel contains direct parallels, and occasional outright pastiche, of the rhetoric and politics surrounding the end of the war and the changing alliances of the nascent Cold War. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The overseas service of the BBC, controlled by the Ministry of Information, was the model for the Ministry of Truth. The Ministry of Love's ultimate weapon against dissidents, Room 101, is named after a conference room at BBC Broadcasting House where Orwell used to sit through tedious meetings. Room 101 is a place introduced in the Novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell. Broadcasting House is the headquarters and Registered office of the BBC in Portland Place, London, England. ^[15] The Senate House, where the Ministry of Information was housed, is the architectural inspiration for the Ministry of Truth. Senate House, the administrative centre of the University of London, lies in the heart of Bloomsbury between the School of Oriental and African Studies Nineteen Eighty-Four's world reflects the socio-political life of the UK and the USA, i. e. the poverty of Britain in 1948, when the economy was poor, the Empire dissolving, while newspapers reported imperial triumphs, and wartime ally Soviet Russia was becoming a peacetime foe.

Oceania is a metamorphosed future British Empire that geographically includes the United States, and whose currency is the dollar. As its name suggests, it is a naval power, with much militarism focused on venerating sailors serving aboard floating fortresses greater than Dreadnoughts. Moreover, most of the fighting by Oceania's troops is in defending India (the "Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire).

The term "English Socialism" also has many precedents in Orwell's wartime writings. In The Lion and the Unicorn of 1940, Orwell stated that "the war and the revolution are inseparable (. " The Lion and the Unicorn Socialism and the English Genius " is a Polemic essay by George Orwell. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. . . ) the fact that we are at war has turned Socialism from a textbook word into a realizable policy". The reason for that, according to Orwell, was that the outmoded British class system constituted a major hindrance to the war effort, and only a Socialist society would be able to defeat Hitler. Since the middle classes were in process of realizing this, too, they would support the revolution, and only the most outright reactionary elements in British society would oppose it — which would limit the amount of force the revolutionaries would need in order to gain power and keep it. Reactionary (also reactionist) is a derogatory term usually used by the Left wing in regards to movements which oppose radical change in society and seeks a return

Thus, an "English Socialism" would come about which ". . . will never lose touch with the tradition of compromise and the belief in a law that is above the State. It will shoot traitors, but it will give them a solemn trial beforehand and occasionally it will acquit them. It will crush any open revolt promptly and cruelly, but it will interfere very little with the spoken and written word".

Orwell's words in this and other writings at the time leave no doubt that in 1940 he regarded "English Socialism" as highly desirable and was actively trying to bring about its victory. Yet in the nightmare world he envisioned eight years later, the same term - contracted to "Ingsoc" - is the monstrous ideology of a totally oppressive regime, far from the relative moderate revolution which Orwell foresaw in 1940. In George Orwell 's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, Ingsoc is the ideology of the totalitarian government of When the vision of "The Lion and the Unicorn" is compared with that of "Nineteen Eighty-Four" it is evident that Orwell saw the regime presided over by Big Brother not only as a betrayal and perversion of Socialist ideals in general, but also as a perversion of Orwell’s own specifically and dearly cherished vision and hope of Socialism - "English Socialism".

Characters

Several characters in the book are based upon people from real life, and nearly all of them parallel figures from the Russian Revolution and Communist Russia in general.

Major characters

• Winston Smith - The novel's protagonist
• Julia - Winston's lover
• Big Brother - The dictator of Oceania in the year 1984; he is based upon Joseph Stalin. Winston Smith is a Fictional character and the Protagonist of George Orwell 's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Julia is the name of a Fictional character from George Orwell 's Dystopian Novel Nineteen Eighty-Four Big Brother is a Fictional character in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party
• O'Brien - A government agent who deceives Winston and Julia into believing that he is a member of the resistance, convinces them to "join," and later uses it against them to incarcerate and torture them. O'Brien is a Fictional character in George Orwell 's novel
• Emmanuel Goldstein - A former top member and now opposer of the ruling Party; he is based upon Leon Trotsky, a dissident member of the Soviet Communist Party who was forced to flee the Soviet Union to save himself from Stalin's persecutions. Emmanuel Goldstein is a key character in George Orwell 's Novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij

Minor characters

• Aaronson - old party leader
• Ampleforth - Winston's colleague
• Mr. Charrington - ostensibly the owner of a junk store in the prole district; actually a member of the dreaded Thought Police. The Thought Police ( thinkpol in Newspeak) are the Secret police of Oceania in George
• Jones - old party leader
• Katharine - Winston's wife. It is unknown whether or not she is alive at the time of the novel because of the fact that she and Winston separated several years earlier.
• Martin - O'Brien's servant
• Parsons - Winston's naive neighbor
• Rutherford - old party leader
• Syme - Winston's intelligent coworker; works with the language Newspeak, and is later vaporized (Made so as to seem he never existed). Syme's disappearance is an allusion to the Stalin Purges. The first major purge of the Communist Party ranks (or simply purges "чистка" – "cleansing" was performed by Bolsheviks as early as

Ingsoc (English Socialism)

Main article: Ingsoc

Ingsoc is the ideology of the totalitarian government of Oceania. In George Orwell 's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, Ingsoc is the ideology of the totalitarian government of Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private Ingsoc is Newspeak for "English Socialism". Newspeak is a Fictional language in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution

Ministries of Oceania

Oceania's four ministries are housed in huge pyramidal structures, each roughly 930 feet high and visible throughout London, displaying the three slogans of the party (see below) on their façades.

Ministry of Peace 

Newspeak: Minipax. See also Department of Peace The Ministry of Peace ( Newspeak: Minipax) is one of four ministries in George Orwell 's novel Newspeak is a Fictional language in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Conducts Oceania's perpetual war.

Ministry of Plenty 

Newspeak: Miniplenty. The Ministry of Plenty (in Newspeak, Miniplenty) is one of the ministries from George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four Newspeak is a Fictional language in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Responsible for rationing and controlling food and goods, along with all production of all domestic goods. The Ministry of Plenty declares false claims to have increased the standard of living every time by a considerable amount, where in actual fact the ministry counteracts its own claims.

Ministry of Truth 

Newspeak: Minitrue. The Ministry of Truth (or Minitrue, in Newspeak) is one of the four ministries that govern Oceania in George Orwell 's novel Newspeak is a Fictional language in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

The propaganda arm of Oceania's regime, controlling information: news, entertainment, education, and the fine arts. Winston Smith works for the Records Department (RecDep) of Minitrue, "rectifying" historical records and newspaper articles to make them conform to Big Brother's most recent pronouncements, thus making everything that the Party says true.

Ministry of Love 

Newspeak: Miniluv. The Ministry of Love (or Miniluv in Newspeak) is one of the four ministries that govern Oceania in George Orwell 's novel Newspeak is a Fictional language in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

The agency is responsible for the identification, monitoring, arrest and torture of dissidents, real or imagined. Based on Winston's experience there at the hands of O'Brien, the basic procedure is to pair the subject with his or her worst fear for an extended period, eventually breaking down the person's mental faculties and ending with a sincere embrace of the Party by the brainwashed subject. The Ministry of Love differs from the other ministry buildings in that it has no windows in it at all.

The ministries' names are an example of doublethink — “The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war, the Ministry of Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love with torture and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation. Doublethink is the act of simultaneously accepting as correct two mutually contradictory beliefs ” (Part II, Chapter IX - chapter I of Goldstein's book)

Doublethink

Main article: Doublethink

The keyword here is blackwhite. Doublethink is the act of simultaneously accepting as correct two mutually contradictory beliefs Like so many Newspeak words, this word has two mutually contradictory meanings. Newspeak is a Fictional language in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Applied to an opponent, it means the habit of impudently claiming that black is white, in contradiction of the plain facts. Applied to a Party member, it means a loyal willingness to say that black is white when Party discipline demands this. But it means also the ability to believe that black is white, and more, to know that black is white, and to forget that one has ever believed the contrary. This demands a continuous alteration of the past, made possible by the system of thought which really embraces all the rest, and which is known in Newspeak as doublethink. Newspeak is a Fictional language in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Doublethink is basically the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them.

– Part II, chapter IX - chapter I of Goldstein's book

Political geography

Not all boundaries are given in detail in the book, so some are speculation. Note: At the end of the novel, there are news reports that Oceania has captured the whole continent of Africa, though their credibility is uncertain.

The world is controlled by three functionally similar totalitarian super-states engaged in perpetual war with each other:^[16]

• Oceania (ideology: Ingsoc or English Socialism) comprises the British Isles, Australia, Polynesia, and the Americas.
• Eurasia (ideology: Neo-Bolshevism) comprises continental Europe and northern Asia. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction
• Eastasia (ideology: Obliteration of the self, usually rendered as "Death worship") comprises China, Japan, Korea and Northern India.

The "disputed area", which lies "between the frontiers of the super-states", is "a rough quadrilateral with its corners at Tangier, Brazzaville, Darwin, and Hong Kong". Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish ||-||} Brazzaville is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo and is located on the Congo River. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders ^[16]

That the British Isles are in Oceania rather than in Eurasia is commented upon in the book as a historical anomaly. North Africa, the Middle East, South India, and Southeast Asia form a disputed zone which is used as a battlefield and source of slaves by the three powers. Goldstein's book explains that the ideologies of the three states are the same, but it is imperative to keep the public ignorant of that. The population is led to believe that the other two ideologies are detestable. London, the novel's setting, is the capital of the Oceanian province of Airstrip One, the former United Kingdom.

The Revolution

In the novel, there are a few glimpses of what happened to cause the revolution. The formation of Eurasia is depicted as occurring after the Second World War when American troops left Europe earlier than in our history, allowing Soviet troops to move in and gain control of war-torn Europe without much opposition. For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia.

As explained in the book, Eurasia does not contain the British Empire because the Americans were able to annex the British Empire and gain control of a quarter of the world (southern Africa, Australasia and Canada) before the Soviets reached Britain. Presumably, the United States also annexed much of South America at around the same time, forming Oceania. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Eastasia is the last of three superstates to be formed, and apparently was formed when China conquered surrounding nations. The previously-formed Eurasia prevented Eastasia from growing to the size of the others.

Although the chronology of these events is unclear in the book, most of it appears to happen between 1920 and the 1960s.

The War

See also: Perpetual war

Perpetual War
The attacks described as black (Eurasian) and white (Oceanian) arrows in the last chapter of the novel. Perpetual War is the debut release by the Boston -based Metalcore music group Diecast.
Date early 1970s–present Location North Africa Southwest Asia Southeast Asia Central Asia Result eternal stalemate Territorial changes East Asian unification European-North African unification American-Oceanian-British unification Southern Africa, West/South Asia disputed zones
Belligerents
Oceania	Eurasia	Eastasia
Commanders
Big Brother
Strength
Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown	"half a million prisoners" during the invasion of Africa, according to a newsflash on the telescreen[17]	Unknown

The world of Nineteen Eighty-Four is built around a never-ending war involving the book's three superstates, with two allied powers fighting against the third. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan Southern Africa is the Southernmost Region of the African Continent, variably defined by Geography or Geopolitics. Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. Big Brother is a Fictional character in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the But as Goldstein's book explains, each superstate is so strong it cannot be defeated even when faced with the combined forces of the other two powers. The allied states occasionally split with each other and new alliances are formed. Each time this happens, history is rewritten to convince the people that the new alliances were always there, using the principles of doublethink. The war itself never takes place in the territories of the three powers; the actual fighting is conducted in the disputed zone stretching from Morocco to Australia, and in the unpopulated Arctic wastes. Throughout the first half of the novel, Oceania is allied with Eastasia, and Oceania's forces are combating Eurasia's troops in northern Africa.

Midway through the book, the alliance breaks apart and Oceania, newly allied with Eurasia, begins a campaign against Eastasian forces. This happens during "Hate Week" (a week of extreme focus on the evilness of Oceania's enemies, the purpose of which is to stir up patriotic fervour in support of the Party), Oceania and Eastasia are enemies once again. The public is quite abnormally blind to the change, and when a public orator, mid-sentence, changes the name of the enemy from Eurasia to Eastasia (still speaking as if nothing had changed), the people are shocked and soon enraged as they notice all the flags and banners are wrong (they blame Goldstein and the Brotherhood) and tear them down. A flag is a piece of Cloth, often flown from a pole or mast, generally used Symbolically for signaling or identification A banner is a Flag or other piece of cloth bearing a symbol logo slogan or other message This is the origin of the idiom, "we've always been at war with Eastasia. An idiom is a Phrase whose meaning cannot be deduced from the literal Definition, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only " Later on, the Party claims to have captured India. As with all other news, its authenticity is questionable.

Orwell's book explains that the war is unwinnable, and that its only purpose is to use up human labour and the fruits of human labour so that each superstate's economy cannot support an equal (and high) standard of living for every citizen. The book also details an Oceanian strategy to attack enemy cities with atomic-tipped rocket bombs prior to a full-scale invasion, but quickly dismisses this plan as both infeasible and contrary to the purpose of the war.

Although, according to Goldstein's book, hundreds of atomic bombs were dropped on cities during the 1950s, the three powers no longer use them, as they would upset the balance of power. Conventional military technology is little different from that used in the Second World War. Some advances have been made, such as replacing bomber aircraft with "rocket bombs", and using immense "floating fortresses" instead of battleships, but they appear to be rare. As the purpose of the war is to destroy manufactured products and thus keep the workers busy, obsolete and wasteful technology is deliberately used in order to perpetuate useless fighting.

Goldstein's book hints that, in fact, there may not actually be a war. The only view of the outside world presented in the novel is through Oceania's media, which has an obvious tendency to exaggerate and even fabricate "facts", and the rocket bombs ostensibly fired by the enemy. Goldstein's book suggests that the three superpowers may not actually be warring, and as Oceania's media provide completely unbelievable news reports on impossibly long military campaigns and victories (including a ridiculously large campaign in the Sahara desert), it can be suggested that the war is a lie. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest Julia even goes so far as to suggest that the rocket bombs that land on London are launched by the Party from other parts of Oceania.

Even Eurasia and Eastasia themselves may only be a fabrication by the government of Oceania, with Oceania the sole undisputed dominator of the world. On the other hand, Oceania might as well actually control only a rather small part of the world (the British Isles) and still brainwash its citizens into believing that Oceania dominates the whole Earth or - as in the novel - that they are battling/allying with (a fabricated) Eurasia/Eastasia.

It is noted in the novel that there are no longer massive battles, but rather expert fighters occasionally appearing in small skirmishes; this makes sense as the reason for the wars are to destroy national production, rather than the populace which is to be dominated at every turn.

Living standards

By the year 1984, the society of Airstrip One lives in squalid poverty; hunger, disease, and filth are the norms. Because of the civil and atomic wars, and enemy (or possibly even Oceanian) rocket bombs, the cities and towns are in ruins. A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state When travelling about London, Winston finds himself surrounded by rubble, decay, and the crumbling shells of wrecked buildings. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Much of the population of Oceania go barefoot most - if not all - of the time, despite The Party reporting large quantities of boots being produced; Winston believes it likely that very few, if any, boots were actually produced at all. For people with the name Barefoot see Barefoot (surname Going barefoot (also barefoot ed) means for a person not to use or

Apart from the gargantuan bombproof Ministries, very little seems to have been done to rebuild London, and it is assumed that all towns and cities across Airstrip One (and Oceania) are in the same desperate condition. Living standards for the population are generally very low — everything is in short supply and those goods available are of very poor quality. The Party claims that this is due to the immense sacrifices that must be made for the war effort. They are partially correct, as the point of continuous warfare is to be rid of the surplus of industrial production to prevent the rise of the standard of living and make possible the economic repression of people.

The Inner Party, at the top level of Oceanian society, enjoys the highest standard of living. O'Brien, a member of the Inner Party, lives in a clean and comfortable apartment, and has variety of quality foodstuffs such as wine, coffee, and sugar, none of which is available to the rest of the population. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Synthetic versions of these foodstuffs are available to members of the Outer Party, but they are of far inferior quality. Winston, for example, is astonished simply that the lifts in O'Brien's building actually work, and that the telescreens can be turned off. An elevator or lift is a Transport device used to move people or goods vertically from one floor to another Telescreens are featured in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Members of the Inner Party also seem to be waited on by slaves captured from the disputed zone; O'Brien's servant, Martin, is described as having Asiatic features, which would identify him as an Eastasian or eastern Eurasian national, possibly a former soldier captured in battle.

Although the Inner Party enjoys the highest standard of living, Goldstein's book points out that, despite being at the top of society, their living standards (apart from the slaves) are significantly lower than pre-Revolution standards. O'Brien says the social atmosphere is that of a besieged city, where the possession of a lump of horseflesh makes the difference between wealth and poverty. The proles, treated by the Party as animals, live in squalor and poverty. They are kept sedate with vast quantities of cheap beer, widespread pornography, and a national lottery, but these do not mask the fact that their lives are dangerous and deprived—proletarian areas of the cities, for example, are ridden with disease and vermin. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea Pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of Sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer A lottery is a form of Gambling which involves the drawing of lots for a prize

However, the proles are subject to much less close control of their daily lives than Party members. The proles, whom Winston Smith meets in the streets and in the pubs, seem to speak and behave much like working-class Englishmen of Orwell's time. In addition, the prole criminals whom he meets in the first phase of his imprisonment are far less subdued and intimidated than the intellectual "politicals", some of them rudely jeering at the telescreens with apparent impunity.

As explained in Goldstein's book, this derives from the social theory which the regime believes in—and which seems to work—that revolutions are always started by the middle class and that the lower classes would never start an effective revolt on their own. Therefore, if the middle classes are so tightly controlled that the regime can penetrate their very thoughts and their most minute daily life, the lower classes can be left to their own devices and pose no threat.

As Winston is a member of the Outer Party, more is shown from its living standards than any other group. Despite being the middle class of Oceanian society, the Outer Party's standard of living is very poor. Foodstuffs are low quality or synthetic; the main alcoholic beverage — Victory Gin — is industrial-grade; Outer Party Victory Cigarettes aren't manufactured properly. Gin is a spirit flavoured with Juniper berries. Distilled gin is made by redistilling white grain spirit which has been flavoured with juniper A cigarette ( French "small Cigar " from cigar + -ette) is a product consumed through Smoking and manufactured

Themes

Nationalism

Nineteen Eighty-Four expands upon the subjects summarised in the essay Notes on Nationalism (1945),^[18] about the lack of vocabulary needed to explain the unrecognised phenomenon behind certain political forces; in Nineteen Eighty-Four Newspeak, the Party's artificial, minimalist language, addresses the matter. The year 1945 in literature involved some significant events and new books

Positive nationalism: Oceanians’ perpetual love for Big Brother (who might not exist); Celtic Nationalism, Neo-Toryism, and British Zionism are defined by love. The Celtic League is a political and cultural organisation in the modern Celtic nations of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the

Negative nationalism: Oceanians’ perpetual hatred for Emmanuel Goldstein (who might not exist); Stalinism, Anti-Semitism, and Anglophobia are defined by hatred. Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Anglophobia (from Latin Anglus "English" + Ancient Greek φόβος -phobos "fear" is a hatred or fear of the English

Transferred nationalism: in mid-sentence, an orator changes the enemy of Oceania; the crowd instantly transfers their hatred to the new enemy. Transferred nationalism swiftly redirects emotions from one power unit to another, e. g. Communism, Pacifism, Color Feeling, and Class Feeling. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based

Thus, O'Brien conclusively describes: “The object of persecution is persecution. The object of torture is torture. The object of power is power. ”

Sexual repression

The Party imposes antisexualism upon its members (e. Antisexualism is a term that describes either the views of someone who is antagonistic towards sexuality or a movement against all forms of sexuality g. the Junior Anti-Sex-League), because sexual attachments diminish loyalty to the Party. Julia describes Party fanaticism as "sex gone sour"; except during the liaison with Julia, Winston suffers an inflamed ankle (an allusion to Oedipus the King, symbolic of unhealthy sexual repression). Oedipus the King ( Ancient Greek: tyrannos Modern Greek: ( "Oedipus the Tyrant" also known as Oedipus Rex, is a In Part III, O'Brien tells Winston that neurologists are working to extinguish the orgasm; sufficient mental energy for prolonged worship requires repressing the libido, a vital instinct, e. g. externally-imposed sexual restriction by the authorities (civil, political, et cetera).

Futurology

If Orwell meant the novel as prophecy is unknown, yet, O'Brien describes the future:

There will be no curiosity, no enjoyment of the process of life. All competing pleasures will be destroyed. But always—do not forget this, Winston—always there will be the intoxication of power, constantly increasing and constantly growing subtler. Always, at every moment, there will be the thrill of victory, the sensation of trampling on an enemy who is helpless. If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face … for ever.

—Part III, Chapter III

This starkly contrasts with his forecast essay England Your England, in The Lion and the Unicorn (1941):

The intellectuals who hope to see it Russianised or Germanised will be disappointed. England Your England is an Essay written by the British Author George Orwell during The Blitz of 1941 as Bombers " The Lion and the Unicorn Socialism and the English Genius " is a Polemic essay by George Orwell. The gentleness, the hypocrisy, the thoughtlessness, the reverence for law and the hatred of uniforms will remain, along with the suet puddings and the misty skies. It needs some very great disaster, such as prolonged subjugation by a foreign enemy, to destroy a national culture. The Stock Exchange will be pulled down, the horse plough will give way to the tractor, the country houses will be turned into children's holiday camps, the Eton and Harrow match will be forgotten, but England will still be England, an everlasting animal stretching into the future and the past, and, like all living things, having the power to change out of recognition and yet remain the same.

Yet, Nineteen Eighty-Four's geopolitical climate is like his précis of James Burnham's ideas in the essay 'James Burnham and the Managerial Revolution' [1] (1946). James Burnham (1905&ndash1987 was an American popular political theorist former Communist activist and Intellectual, known for his work The Managerial

These people will eliminate the old capitalist class, crush the working class, and so organize society that all power and economic privilege remain in their own hands. Private property rights will be abolished, but common ownership will not be established. The new 'managerial' societies will not consist of a patchwork of small, independent states, but of great super-states grouped round the main industrial centres in Europe, Asia, and America. These super-states will fight among themselves for possession of the remaining uncaptured portions of the earth, but will probably be unable to conquer one another completely. Internally, each society will be hierarchical, with an aristocracy of talent at the top and a mass of semi-slaves at the bottom.

Jews

The book was written in the immediate post-WWII period, when the horrors of the Holocaust had just been revealed to the world; it has several references to Jews, in widely differing contexts. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as

The name of Emmanuel Goldstein leaves little doubt that he is Jewish - as was Leon Trotsky on whom he is widely considered to be modeled. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Aaronson, one of the three earlier leaders of the party who were ousted and destroyed by Big Brother, also has a clearly Jewish name.

However, there is no hint that the persecution of Goldstein and Aaronson is in any way motivated by antisemitism, and in fact "The Book" (which, whoever actually wrote it, seems to describe accurately the society of Oceania) states that "there is no racial discrimination. . . Jews, Negroes and South Americans of pure Indian blood are to be found in the highest ranks of the Party. "

Jews in a very different situation are shown in the newsreel from the Middle East which Smith watches in the cinema, where a boat full of Jewish refugees is being sunk by an Oceanian helicopter. Smith is deeply inspired by the Jewish mother's brave - however futile - attempt to shield her child from the coming bullets. However, this scene, too, gives no hint that the people in the boat were targeted specifically because of being Jews.

The theme of Jewish refugees, suffering brutal treatment while on frail boats in the Mediterranean, was very familiar at the time of writing. The book was written scarcely a year after the saga of the ship "Exodus" drew world-wide attention and sympathy for the Jewish refugees on board and anger against the British treatment of them. Early history The ship was built in 1928 by Pusey and Jones Corp

As known from his non-fiction writings, Orwell did not approve of Zionism and did not regard it a true solution for the Jews' problems. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the At the very time the book was being written, the state of Israel arose out of a year of bloody war. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. But in the world which Orwell envisioned, all nation-states would be consumed and trampled by the three competing superpowers, and a small newly-born one could hardly escape the same fate.

Moreover, the Middle East would become a battleground constantly passing from hand to hand, its inhabitants being used as a reservoir of forced labor by whichever power happened to rule them at the moment; Jews living there would evidently share this fate with their Arab neighbors.

The combination of all references to Jews scattered through the book leads to the conclusion that the world depicted by Orwell would be extremely harsh and oppressive to all human beings - but that unlike the time of the Second World War, Jews as such would not be specifically targeted or treated differently than other people.

Censorship

A major theme of "Nineteen Eighty-Four" is censorship, which is displayed especially well in the ministry of truth, where photographs are doctored and public archives rewritten to rid them of "unpersons". In the telescreens, figures for all types of production are doctored to indicate an ever-rising economy, where there is actually loss.

An excellent example of this is when Winston is charged with the task of eliminating reference to an unperson in a newspaper article. He proceeded to write an article about Comrade Ogilvy, an imaginary party member, who displayed great heroism by giving his life so that the important dispatches he was carrying would not fall into enemy hands.

The Newspeak appendix

Further information: Newspeak

"The Principles of Newspeak" is an academic essay appended to the novel. Newspeak is a Fictional language in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. It describes the development of Newspeak, the Party's minimalist artificial language meant to ideologically align thought and action with the principles of Ingsoc by making "all other modes of thought impossible". An artificial language is a Language created by a person or a group of people for a certain purpose usually when this purpose is hard to achieve by using a Natural (cf. Sapir–Whorf hypothesis)

Whether or not the Newspeak appendix implies a hopeful end to 1984 remains a critical debate, as it is in Standard English and refers to Newspeak, Ingsoc, the Party, et cetera, in the past tense (i. In Linguistics, the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis ( SWH) (also known as the " Linguistic relativity hypothesis " postulates a systematic relationship e. "Relative to our own, the Newspeak vocabulary was tiny, and new ways of reducing it were being constantly devised", p. 422), some critics (Atwood,^[19] Benstead,^[20] Pynchon^[21]) claim that, for the essay's author, Newspeak and the totalitarian government are past. The counter view is that since the novel has no frame story, Orwell wrote the essay in the same past tense as the novel, with "our" denoting his and the reader's contemporaneous reality. A frame story (also frame tale, frame narrative, etc is a narrative technique whereby an introductory main story is composed at least in part for the purpose of

Cultural impact

"Happy 1984" - Stencil graffito on the Berlin Wall remnant, in 2005. A stencil is a Template used to draw or paint identical letters, Symbols, Shapes or Patterns every The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including The image is of a DualShock video game controller. The DualShock (officially DUALSHOCK and occasionally referred to as Dual Shock) is a line of vibration-feedback

Nineteen Eighty-Four's impact upon the English language is extensive; many of its concepts: Big Brother, Room 101 (the worst place in the world), the Thought Police, the memory hole (oblivion), doublethink (simultaneously holding and believing two contradictory beliefs), and Newspeak (ideological language), are common usages for denoting and connoting overarching, totalitarian authority; Doublespeak is an elaboration of doublethink; the adjective "Orwellian" denotes that which is characteristic and reminiscent of George Orwell's writings, specifically 1984. Big Brother is a Fictional character in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the Room 101 is a place introduced in the Novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell. The Thought Police ( thinkpol in Newspeak) are the Secret police of Oceania in George The memory hole, as in the phrase " Going down the memory hole " refers to a small chute leading to a large Incinerator used for Censorship Doublethink is the act of simultaneously accepting as correct two mutually contradictory beliefs Newspeak is a Fictional language in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Doublespeak (sometimes double talk) is language constructed to disguise or distort its actual meaning, often resulting in a communication bypass. The practice of appending the suffixes "-speak" and "-think" (groupthink, mediaspeak) to denote unthinking conformity. Groupthink is a type of thought exhibited by group members who try to minimize conflict and reach consensus without critically testing analyzing and evaluating ideas

Attempted censorship

The USSR banned Nineteen Eighty-Four until 1988. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In 1981, a Baptist minister in Jackson County, Florida challenged the novel's suitability as proper reading for young Americans, arguing it contained pro-Communist material and sexually explicit material. Jackson County is a County located in the US state of Florida. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the In American literature a challenge is an attempt by a person or group of people to have materials such as books removed from a library or from a school curriculum or otherwise ^[22]

Other media

Main article: Nineteen Eighty-Four in popular media

Nineteen Eighty-Four has been twice adapted to the cinema and radio, three times for television, and once to the stage. George Orwell 's Dystopian political novel Nineteen Eighty-Four has been adapted for the cinema twice (with a third version possibly References to its themes, concepts, and plot frequently appear in other works, especially in popular music and video entertainment.

See also

• Nineteen Eighty-Four, the 1984 film
• 1984, the 1956 film
• 1984 (television commercial)
• 1984 (opera)
• 1985, a novel by Anthony Burgess
• Animal Farm
• Asch conformity experiments
• Big Brother Awards
• Censorship under fascist regimes
• Cult of personality
• Dystopia
• Language and thought
• Mass surveillance
• New World Order
• Undenk
• Stalinism
• Totalitarianism

Notes

References

• Aubrey, Crispin & Chilton, Paul (Eds). (1983). Nineteen Eighty-Four in 1984: Autonomy, Control & Communication. London: Comedia. ISBN 0-906890-42-X.
• Bowker, Gordon (2003). Inside George Orwell: A Biography. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 031223841X.  
• Hillegas, Mark R. (1967). The Future As Nightmare: H. G. Wells and the Anti-Utopians. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-8093-0676-X
• Howe, Irving (Ed. ). (1983). 1984 Revisited: Totalitarianism In Our Century. New York: Harper Row. ISBN 0-06-080660-5.
• Meyers, Jeffery. Orwell: Wintry Conscience of a Generation. W. W. Norton. 2000. ISBN 0-393-32263-7
• Orwell, George (1949). Nineteen Eighty-Four. A novel. London: Secker & Warburg.  [2]
• Orwell, George (1949). Nineteen Eighty-Four. A novel. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.  [3]
• Orwell, George (1977 (reissue)). 1984, Erich Fromm (Foreword), Signet Classics. ISBN 0451524934.  
• Orwell, George (2003 (Centennial edition)). Nineteen Eighty-Four, Thomas Pynchon (Foreword); Erich Fromm (Afterword), Plume. Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr (born May 8 1937 is an American writer based in New York City, noted for his dense and complex works of Fiction. Erich Pinchas Fromm ( March 23, 1900 &ndash March 18, 1980) was an internationally renowned social psychologist, psychoanalyst ISBN 0452284236.  

Afterword by Erich Fromm (1961). , pp. 324–337.

Orwell's text has a "Selected Bibliography", pp. 338–9; the foreword and the afterword each contain further references.

The Plume edition is an authorized reprint of a hardcover edition published by Harcourt, Inc.

The Plume edition is also published in a Signet edition. The copyright page says this, but the Signet ed. does not have the Pynchon forward.

Copyright is explicitly extended to digital and any other means.

• Orwell, George. 1984 (Vietnamese edition), translation by Đặng Phương-Nghi, French preface by Bertrand Latour ISBN 0-9774224-5-3. Bertrand Latour, born August 1963 in Pantin (northern suburb of Paris France is a French writer
• Shelden, Michael. (1991). Orwell — The Authorised Biography. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-69517-3
• Smith, David & Mosher, Michael. (1984). Orwell for Beginners. London: Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative. ISBN 0-86316-066-2
• Steinhoff, William R. (1975). George Orwell and the Origins of 1984. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472874004.  (bibrec)
• Tuccille, Jerome. (1975). Who's Afraid of 1984? The case for optimism in looking ahead to the 1980s. New York: Arlington House. ISBN 0-87000-308-9.
• West, W. J. The Larger Evils – Nineteen Eighty-Four, the truth behind the satire. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. 1992. ISBN 0-86241-382-6

External links

Electronic Editions

Note that Nineteen Eighty-Four will not enter the public domain in the United States until 2044 and in the European Union until 2020, although it is public domain in countries such as Canada, Russia, and Australia. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 2044 ( MMXLIV) will be a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in 2020 ( MMXX) will be a Leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

The following free online or downloadable editions of Nineteen Eighty-Four are available:

• (English)
• (With publication data)
• (Project Gutenberg Australia e-text)

Other

• Full summary of 1984
• On-line comic version of 1984
• MP3 of NBC University Theater radio dramatization (originally aired August 27, 1949)
• The 1984 Index attempts to quantify how close American society is coming to fulfilling Orwell's vision in the webmaster's opinion. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Publishing History of 1984
• http://www.metavolution.org/modx/george-orwell-et-la-politique.html. Articles about Orwell as political mind. By Charlotte Goëtz and Jacques De Cock