Nikola Tesla Никола Тесла
I have harnessed the cosmic rays and caused them to operate a motive device. [1]
Born	10 July 1856(1856-07-10) Smiljan, Croatia
Died	7 January 1943 (aged 86) New York City, New York, U.S.
Residence	Austrian Empire (Austria-Hungary) France U.S.
Fields	Physics, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering
Known for	Inventions, alternating current, induction motor, rotating magnetic field, and wireless technology
Notable awards	Edison Medal (AIEE, 1916), Elliott Cresson Gold Medal (1893), John Scott Medal (1934)
Signature

Nikola Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Тесла) (10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was an inventor, physicist, mechanical and electrical engineer. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Smiljan is a Village in the mountainous region of Lika, Croatia. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Mechanical Engineering is an Engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis Design, Manufacturing Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of Engineering that deals with the study and application of An invention is a new form composition of matter device or Process. An alternating current ( AC) is an Electric current whose direction reverses cyclically as opposed to Direct current, whose direction remains constant An induction motor (IM is a type of asynchronous AC motor where power is supplied to the rotating device by means of electromagnetic induction. In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or " Wires quot The Edison Medal is presented by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE "for a career of meritorious achievement in electrical science electrical The John Scott Award (first given 1822 in Philadelphia) is an award given to Inventors whom are particularly deserving because their invention(s contributed The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet (српска/Вукова ћирилица srpska/Vukova ćirilica, literally " Serbian/Vuk's Cyrillic alphabet " is Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method form device or other useful means A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning Mechanical Engineering is an Engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis Design, Manufacturing Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of Engineering that deals with the study and application of Born in Smiljan, Croatian Krajina, Austrian Empire, he was an ethnic Serb subject of the Austrian Empire and later became an American citizen. Smiljan is a Village in the mountainous region of Lika, Croatia. The Croatian Krajina or Croatian Military Frontier is a territory formed out of the then Kingdom of Croatia in the late 16th century on the border of the Habsburg For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. Article I section 8 clause 4 of the United States Constitution expressly gives the United States Congress the power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization Tesla is best known for many revolutionary contributions in the field of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th century. Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Tesla's patents and theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current electric power (AC) systems, including the polyphase power distribution systems and the AC motor, with which he helped usher in the Second Industrial Revolution. Below is a list of Tesla patents. Dr Nikola Tesla was an Inventor who obtained around 300 Patents ref>Snezana Sarbo Tesla's Patents, Sixth An alternating current ( AC) is an Electric current whose direction reverses cyclically as opposed to Direct current, whose direction remains constant Electric power is defined as the rate at which Electrical energy is transferred by an Electric circuit. A polyphase system is a means of distributing Alternating current electrical power. Electricity distribution is the penultimate stage in the delivery (before retail) of Electricity to end users An electric motor uses Electrical energy to produce Mechanical energy. The Second Industrial Revolution, typically dated between 1870 and 1914 was a second phase of the Industrial Revolution, involving several developments within the chemical Contemporary biographers of Tesla have deemed him The Father of Physics and the man who invented the twentieth century^[2] and "the patron saint of modern electricity". The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members ^[3]

After his demonstration of wireless communication (radio) in 1894 and after being the victor in the "War of Currents", he was widely respected as America's greatest electrical engineer. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In the "War of Currents" era (sometimes "War of the Currents" or "Battle of Currents") in the late 1880s George Westinghouse ^[4] Much of his early work pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. During this period, in the United States, Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture,^[5] but due to his eccentric personality and unbelievable and sometimes bizarre claims about possible scientific and technological developments, Tesla was ultimately ostracized and regarded as a "mad scientist". The United States of America —commonly referred to as the History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — ^[6][7] Never having put much focus on his finances, Tesla died impoverished at the age of 86.

The SI unit measuring magnetic flux density or magnetic induction (commonly known as the magnetic field ), the tesla, was named in his honour (at the Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures, Paris, 1960). In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges The tesla (symbol T) is the SI derived unit of Magnetic field B (which is also known as "magnetic flux density" and "magnetic Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

Aside from his work on electromagnetism and engineering, Tesla is said to have contributed in varying degrees to the establishment of robotics, remote control, radar and computer science, and to the expansion of ballistics, nuclear physics^[8], and theoretical physics. Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of See also Robot Robotics is the science and technology of Robots and their design manufacture and application A remote control is an electronic device used for the remote operation of a Machine. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their Ballistics ( gr βάλλειν ('ba'llein' "throw" is the science of Mechanics that deals with the motion behavior and effects of Projectiles Nuclear physics is the field of Physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of Atomic nuclei. Theoretical physics employs Mathematical models and Abstractions of Physics in an attempt to explain experimental data taken of the natural world In 1943, the Supreme Court of the United States credited him as being the inventor of the radio. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. This article covers the main arguments about who had what part in the early development of radio ^[9] Many of his achievements have been used, with some controversy, to support various pseudosciences, UFO theories, and early new age occultism. A controversy or dispute is a commencement of a conflict between statements of accepted fact and a new or unaccepted proposal that disagrees with argues against Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the New Age ( New Age Movement and New Age Spirituality) is a Social Collective Phenomenon and a Spiritual Nature The word occult comes from the Latin word occultus (clandestine hidden secret referring to "knowledge of the hidden" Tesla is honoured in Serbia and Croatia, as well as in Czech Republic (he was awarded the highest order of the White Lion by Czechoslovakia) and in unofficial ways in his adopted home, the United States. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, The Order of the White Lion is the highest order of the Czech Republic, which continues a Czechoslovak order of the same name created in 1922 as an Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Early years

Tesla was born to Serbian parents in the village of Smiljan near Gospić, in the Lika region in Krajina, Croatia. Smiljan is a Village in the mountainous region of Lika, Croatia. Population/Demographics 1991 28010 total Croats - 17627 (6293% Serbs - 8955 (3197% others - 1428 (510% Lika is a mountainous region in central Croatia, roughly bound by the Velebit mountain from the southwest and the Plješevica mountain from the northeast Krajina is a Slavic Toponym. Ethymology In Croatian, it refers to area around certain smaller city Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between According to legend, he was born precisely at midnight during an electrical storm. " Electrical Storm " was the only single from U2 's second compilation album The Best of 1990–2000, and one of the two new songs recorded for

Nikola Tesla's birth house and statue in Smiljan. Smiljan is a Village in the mountainous region of Lika, Croatia.

His baptism certificate reports that he was born on June 28 (N.S. July 10), 1856, and christened by the Serbian Orthodox priest Toma Oklobdžija. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Infant baptism is the Christian religious practice of baptizing infants or young children The Serbian Orthodox Church ( Serbian: Српска Православна Црква / Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the His father was Rev. Milutin Tesla, a priest in the Serbian Orthodox Church Metropolitanate of Sremski Karlovci. The Serbian Orthodox Church ( Serbian: Српска Православна Црква / Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the Sremski Karlovci (Сремски Карловци is a town and municipality in the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia, situated on the bank of the Milutin was born on 19 February 1819 in the village of Meduc, county Medak in Lika, Austrian Empire, as son of Nikola Tesla (b. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year 1789 in the military frontier, settled after his service in the Napoleonic Wars in Gospic in 1815) and Ana Kalinić, from the famous frontier Kalinic family. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions Tesla's family asserted its last name as such in Lika. His paternal origin is thought to be of the Draganić family from the Tara valley area below the geographical entity known as Old Vlach, from one of the local Serb clans; however genealogical research shows that Nikola is from the Herzegovinian noble Komnenović (modern-day Old Herzegovina in Montenegro), from its Orlović subgroup that traces its origin from the semi-mythic Pavle Orlovic that bore Prince Lazar's banner at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. The Tara River ( Serbian / Montenegrin: Ријека Тара / Rijeka Tara Tr Stari Vlah ( Serbian: Стари Влах English: Old Vlach, see History of the term Vlach) is a historic and geographical region in Southwestern The following is an overview of Serb clans, a general term referring to what are known as plemena (племена and bratstva (братства in Serbian Old Herzegovina (or East Herzegovina) is a historical region in Montenegro. This page is about the Battle of Kosovo of 1389; for other battles see Battle of Kosovo (disambiguation. His mother was Đuka Mandić, herself a daughter of a Serbian Orthodox Church priest. The Serbian Orthodox Church ( Serbian: Српска Православна Црква / Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the She came from a family domiciled in Lika and Banija, but with deeper origins to Kosovo. Banovina, (formerly known as Banska krajina) is a geographical region in central Croatia, between the rivers of the Sava, Una, and She was talented in making home craft tools. She memorized many Serbian epic poems, but never learned to read. Serbian epic poetry (Српске епске народне песме is a form of Epic poetry originating in the Serbian lands, today's Serbia, ^[10] His godfather, Jovan Drenovac, was a captain in the army protecting the Military Frontier. Military Frontier (Military Border Military Krajina Vojna Krajina, Војна Крајина, Militärgrenze, Confiniaria militaria, Határőrvidék

Nikola was the fourth of five children, having one older brother (Dane, who was killed in a horse-riding accident when Nikola was five) and three sisters (Milka, Angelina and Marica). For the Roman class see Equestrian (Roman Equestrianism refers to the skill of riding or driving Horses This broad description ^[11]:3 His family moved to Gospić in 1862. Population/Demographics 1991 28010 total Croats - 17627 (6293% Serbs - 8955 (3197% others - 1428 (510% Tesla went to school in Karlovac. Karlovac (( Slovene: Karlovec, German: Karlstadt or Carlstadt, Hungarian: Károlyváros) is a city and municipality He finished a four year term in the span of three years. ^[12]

Tesla then studied electrical engineering at the Austrian Polytechnic in Graz (1875). Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of Engineering that deals with the study and application of Graz University of Technology (German "Technische Universität Graz" short "TU Graz" is (after University of Graz) the second largest university in Graz (etymologically from Slovene: Gradec IPA /gradeʦ/ "little castle" with a population of around 290000 as of 2008 (of which 252852 have principal While there, he studied the uses of alternating current. Some sources say he received Baccalaureate degrees from the university at Graz. ^[13][14][15] However, the university says that he did not receive a degree and did not continue beyond the first semester of his third year, during which he stopped attending lectures. ^{[16][17][18][19][20]} In December 1878 he left Graz and broke all relations with his family. His friends thought that he had drowned in Mura. Mura (Mur prekmurian Müra) is a River in Central Europe, a Tributary of the Drava and subsequently the Danube He went to Maribor, Slovenia, where he was first employed as an assistant engineer for a year. Maribor (historical German name de ''Marburg an der Drau'' is the second largest City in Slovenia. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west He suffered a nervous breakdown during this time. Mental breakdown (also known as nervous breakdown or snapping) is a non-medical term used to describe a sudden acute attack of Mental illness such as Tesla was later persuaded by his father to attend the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague, which he attended for the summer term of 1880. Charles University in Prague (also simply Charles University; Univerzita Karlova v Praze Universitas Carolina Karls-Universität zu Prag is the oldest and largest Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Here he was influenced by Ernst Mach. Ernst Mach (max ( February 18, 1838 &ndash February 19, 1916) was an Austrian Physicist and Philosopher and However after his father died he left the university, having completed only one term. ^[21]

Nikola Tesla as a young man

Tesla engaged in reading many works, memorizing complete books, supposedly having a photographic memory. Eidetic memory, photographic memory, or total recall is the ability to recall Images Sounds, or objects in Memory ^[22] Tesla related in his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration. During his early life, Tesla was stricken with illness time and time again. He suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes, often accompanied by hallucinations. Much of the time the visions were linked to a word or idea he might have come across; just by hearing the name of an item, he would involuntarily envision it in realistic detail. Modern-day synesthetes report similar symptoms. Synesthesia (also spelled synæsthesia or synaesthesia, plural synesthesiae or synaesthesiae)—from the Ancient Greek (syn meaning "with" Tesla would visualise an invention in his brain in precise form before moving to the construction stage; a technique sometimes known as picture thinking. Picture thinking, visual thinking or visual/spatial learning is the common phenomenon of thinking through visual processing Tesla also often had flashbacks to events that had happened previously in his life; this began to happen during childhood. ^[22]

Hungary and France

In 1881, he moved to Budapest, Hungary, to work under Tivadar Puskás in a telegraph company,^[23] the National Telephone Company. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Tivadar Puskás ( 17 September, 1844 Pest - 16 March, 1893 Budapest) was a Hungarian Inventor, A telephone company (or telco) provides Telecommunications services such as Telephony and Data communications Most of the largest telcos whatever There, he met Nebojša Petrović, a young inventor from Austria. Although their encounter was brief, they did work on a project together using twin turbines to create continual power. On the opening of the telephone exchange in Budapest, 1881, Tesla became the chief electrician to the company, and was later engineer for the country's first telephone system. Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information He also developed a device that, according to some, was a telephone repeater or amplifier, but according to others could have been the first loudspeaker. Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and Retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power or onto the other side of an obstruction Generally an amplifier or simply amp, is any device that changes usually increases the amplitude of a signal. For the Marty Friedman album see Loudspeaker (album A loudspeaker, speaker, or speaker system is an electroacoustical ^[24] In 1882 he moved to Paris, France, to work as an engineer for the Continental Edison Company, designing improvements to electric equipment. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. In the same year, Tesla conceived the induction motor and began developing various devices that use rotating magnetic fields (for which he received patents in 1888). An induction motor (IM is a type of asynchronous AC motor where power is supplied to the rotating device by means of electromagnetic induction. In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges

Soon thereafter, Tesla hastened from Paris to his mother's side as she lay dying, arriving hours before her death in April, 1892. ^[25] Her last words to him were, "You've arrived, Nidžo, my pride. " After her death, Tesla fell ill. He spent two to three weeks recuperating in Gospić and the village of Tomingaj near Gračac, the birthplace of his mother. Gračac is a village in the southern part of Lika, Croatia. It is located south of Udbina, northeast of Obrovac, northwest of Knin

United States

On June 6, 1884, Tesla first arrived in the US in New York City. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The City of New York ^[26] He had little besides a letter of recommendation from Charles Batchelor, his manager in his previous job. Charles W Batchelor ( December 25, 1845 - January 1, 1910) was an inventor and close associate of American inventor Thomas Alva Edison In the letter of recommendation to Thomas Edison, Charles Batchelor wrote, "I know two great men and you are one of them; the other is this young man. " Edison hired Tesla to work for his company Edison Machine Works. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving the company's most difficult problems. Tesla was offered the task of a complete redesign of the Edison company's direct current generators. Direct current ( DC) is the unidirectional flow of Electric charge. In Electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that converts Mechanical energy to Electrical energy, generally using Electromagnetic ^[27]

During his employment, Tesla claims Edison offered him $50,000 (equivalent to about $1 million in 2006, adjusted for inflation)^[28] if he redesigned Edison's inefficient motor and generators, an improvement in both service and economy. ^[22]:54-57 Tesla said he worked night and day to redesign them and gave the Edison company several profitable new patents in the process. During the year of 1885, when Tesla inquired about the payment on the work, Edison replied to him, "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor," and reneged on his promise. ^[29][30] This anecdote is somewhat doubtful, since at Tesla's salary of $18 per week the bonus would have amounted to over 53 years pay, and the amount was equal to the initial capital of the company. Tesla resigned when he was refused a raise to $25 per week. ^[31]

Tesla eventually found himself digging ditches for a short period of time – coincidentally for the Edison company. Edison had also never wanted to hear about Tesla's AC polyphase designs, believing that DC electricity was the future. Tesla focused intently on his AC polyphase system, even while digging ditches. ^[22]

Middle years

In 1886, Tesla formed his own company, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. Mathematically the electric field gradient (EFG is the Hessian matrix (the matrix of the second derivatives of the Electrical potential V A charged particle beam is a spatially localized group of electrically charged particles that have approximately the same Velocity (speed and direction Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain Materials generally at very low Temperatures characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance Electrical tension (or voltage after its SI unit, the Volt) is the difference of electrical potential between two points of an electrical An electronic circuit is a closed path formed by the interconnection of Electronic components through which an Electric current can flow Electrical tension (or voltage after its SI unit, the Volt) is the difference of electrical potential between two points of an electrical Lightning is an atmospheric discharge of Electricity, which typically occurs during Thunderstorms and sometimes during volcanic eruptions or VTOL is an abbreviation for Vertical Take-Off and Landing. VTOL describes Fixed-wing aircraft that can lift off vertically The Electric Vehicle was an American Automobile manufactured only in 1899 A polyphase system is a means of distributing Alternating current electrical power. The Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing was a company formed by Nikola Tesla in 1886. The initial financial investors disagreed with Tesla on his plan for an alternating current motor and eventually relieved him of his duties at the company. See Investor AB for the Swedish investment company An investor is any party that makes an Investment. Tesla worked in New York as a common laborer from 1886 to 1887 to feed himself and raise capital for his next project. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous In 1887, he constructed the initial brushless alternating current induction motor, which he demonstrated to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE) in 1888. A brush is a device which conducts current between stationary Wires and moving parts most commonly in a rotating Shaft. An induction motor (IM is a type of asynchronous AC motor where power is supplied to the rotating device by means of electromagnetic induction. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international Non-profit, professional organization In the same year, he developed the principles of his Tesla coil and began working with George Westinghouse at Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs. A Tesla coil is a type of resonant transformer circuit invented by Serbian-American scientist Nikola Tesla around 1891 George Westinghouse Jr ( 6 October 1846 &ndash 12 March 1914) was an American Entrepreneur and Engineer Founded in 1886 as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by George Westinghouse. Westinghouse listened to his ideas for polyphase systems which would allow transmission of alternating current electricity over large distances.

In April of 1887, Tesla began investigating what would later be called X-rays using his own single node vacuum tubes (similar to his patent #514,170 ). X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall. This device differed from other early X-ray tubes in that they had no target electrode. The modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung (or braking radiation). Bremsstrahlung ( pronounced, from German de ''bremsen'' "to brake" and de ''Strahlung'' "radiation" i We now know that this device operated by emitting electrons from the single electrode through a combination of field emission and thermionic emission. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J Field emission (FE is the emission of electrons from the surface of a condensed phase into another phase due to the presence of high electric fields Thermionic emission is the flow of Charge carriers from a surface or over some other kind of Electrical potential barrier caused by thermal vibrational energy Once liberated, electrons are strongly repelled by the high electric field near the electrode during negative voltage peaks from the oscillating HV output of the Tesla Coil, generating X-rays as they collide with the glass envelope. In Physics, the space surrounding an Electric charge or in the presence of a time-varying Magnetic field has a property called an electric field (that can He also used Geissler tubes. The Geissler tube is a glass tube for demonstrating the principles of electrical Glow discharge. By 1892, Tesla became aware of what Wilhelm Röntgen later identified as effects of X-rays. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27 March 1845 &ndash 10 February 1923 was a German physicist, who on 8 November 1895 produced and detected Electromagnetic

In the early research, Tesla devised several experimental setups to produce X-rays. Tesla held that, with his circuits, the "instrument will [. . . enable one to] generate Roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. "^[47] He also commented on the hazards of working with his circuit and single node X-ray producing devices. Of his many notes in the early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various causes. One of the options for the cause, which is not in conformity with conventional x-ray production, was that the ozone generated rather than the radiation was responsible. OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. He early on stated,

Tesla's experiments were confirmed by others. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year ^[48] Tesla later stated,

Tesla continued research in the field and, later, observed an assistant severely "burnt" by X-rays in his lab. He performed several experiments prior to Roentgen's discovery (including photographing the bones of his hand; later, he sent these images to Roentgen) but didn't make his findings widely known; much of his research was lost in the 5th Avenue lab fire of March 1895. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27 March 1845 &ndash 10 February 1923 was a German physicist, who on 8 November 1895 produced and detected Electromagnetic A photograph (often shortened to photo) is an Image created by Light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually Photographic film or an electronic

A "world system" for "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon the electrical conductivity was proposed in which transmission in various natural mediums with current that passes between the two point are used to power devices. In a practical wireless energy transmission system using this principle, a high-power ultraviolet beam might be used to form a vertical ionized channel in the air directly above the transmitter-receiver stations. The same concept is used in virtual lightning rods, the electrolaser electroshock weapon,^[51] and has been proposed for disabling vehicles. A lightning rod (USA or lightning conductor (UK is a single component in a Lightning protection system. An electrolaser is a type of Electroshock weapon which is also a Directed-energy weapon. An electroshock weapon is an Incapacitant Weapon used for subduing a person by administering Electric shock aimed at disrupting superficial muscle ^[52][53]

Tesla demonstrated "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon electrical conductivity as early as 1891. The Tesla effect (named in honor of Tesla) is the archaic term for an application of this type of electrical conduction (that is, the movement of energy through space and matter; not just the production of voltage across a conductor). Wireless energy transfer or wireless power transmission is the process that takes place in any system where Electrical energy is transmitted from a power ^[54][22]:174

Wireless transmission of power and energy demonstration during his high frequency and potential lecture of 1891. Wireless energy transfer or wireless power transmission is the process that takes place in any system where Electrical energy is transmitted from a power

On July 30, 1891, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States at the age of 35. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born Tesla established his 35 South Fifth Avenue laboratory in New York during this same year. Later, Tesla would establish his Houston Street laboratory in New York at 46 E. Houston Street. Houston Street redirects here For the Major League Baseball player with a similar name see Huston Street. There, at one point while conducting mechanical resonance experiments with electro-mechanical oscillators he generated a resonance of several surrounding buildings but, due to the frequencies involved, not his own building, causing complaints to the police. For information on mechanical systems' absorption of energy at resonance see Mechanical resonance. As the speed grew he hit the resonant frequency of his own building and belatedly realizing the danger he was forced to apply a sledge hammer to terminate the experiment, just as the astonished police arrived. In Physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to Oscillate at maximum Amplitude at certain frequencies, known as the system's A sledgehammer is a Tool consisting of a large flat head attached to a Lever (or handle ^[55] He also lit vacuum tubes wirelessly at both of the New York locations, providing evidence for the potential of wireless power transmission. Wireless energy transfer or wireless power transmission is the process that takes place in any system where Electrical energy is transmitted from a power ^[56] Some of Tesla's closest friends were artists. He befriended Century Magazine editor Robert Underwood Johnson, who adapted several Serbian poems of Jovan Jovanović Zmaj (which Tesla translated). The Century Magazine was first published in the United States in 1881 by The Century Company of New York City as a successor to Scribner's Robert Underwood Johnson ( January 12, 1853 &ndash October 14, 1937) was a U Jovan Jovanović Zmaj ( Serbian Cyrillic: Јован Јовановић Змај) ( November 24, 1833 - June 3, 1904 Also during this time, Tesla was influenced by the Vedic philosophy teachings of the Swami Vivekananda. Vedanta ( Devanagari: sa वेदान्त Vedānta) is a spiritual tradition explained in the Upanishads that is concerned with the Self-realisation Swami Vivekananda (স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ Shami Bibekānondo; स्वामी विवेकानन्द Svāmi Vivekānanda) ( ^[57]

When Tesla was 36 years old, the first patents concerning the polyphase power system were granted. He continued research of the system and rotating magnetic field principles. Tesla served, from 1892 to 1894, as the vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers) of the modern-day IEEE. The American Institute of Electrical Engineers was a United States based organization of Electrical engineers that existed between 1884 and 1963 (when it merged with Following several attempts to form a technical organization of Wireless practitioners in 1908-1912 the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE was finally established in 1912 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international Non-profit, professional organization From 1893 to 1895, he investigated high frequency alternating currents. High frequency (HF radio frequencies are between 3 and 30 MHz. He generated AC of one million volts using a conical Tesla coil and investigated the skin effect in conductors, designed tuned circuits, invented a machine for inducing sleep, cordless gas discharge lamps, and transmitted electromagnetic energy without wires, building the first radio transmitter. The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force. The skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current (AC to distribute itself within a conductor so that the current density near the surface of the In Science and engineering, a conductor is a material which contains movable Electric charges. Gas discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending an Electrical discharge through an ionized gas i Electric energy is the potential energy associated with the conservative Coulomb forces between Charged particles contained within a system, where For biologic transmitters see Transmitter substance. A transmitter is an electronic device which usually with the aid of an antenna In St. Louis, Missouri, Tesla made a demonstration related to radio communication in 1893. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the National Electric Light Association, he described and demonstrated in detail its principles. This article is about the science museum in Philadelphia For the Boston school see Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern The National Electric Light Association ( NELA) was a national United States trade association including the Operators of central Power generation Tesla's demonstrations were written about widely through various media outlets. Tesla also investigated harvesting energy that is present throughout space. He believed that it was just merely a question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature, stating:

At the 1893 World's Fair, the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, an international exposition was held which for the first time devoted a building to electrical exhibits. Expo (short for "exposition" and also known as World Fair and World's Fair) is the name given to various large public exhibitions held since the The World's Columbian Exposition (also called The Chicago World's Fair) a World's Fair, was held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. It was an historic event as Tesla and George Westinghouse introduced visitors to AC power by using it to illuminate the Exposition. George Westinghouse Jr ( 6 October 1846 &ndash 12 March 1914) was an American Entrepreneur and Engineer This article deals with power in AC systems See Mains electricity for information on utility supplied AC power On display were Tesla's fluorescent lamps and single node bulbs. A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a Gas-discharge lamp that uses Electricity to excite mercury Vapor. An observer noted,

"Within the room was suspended two hard-rubber plates covered with tin foil. These were about fifteen feet apart, and served as terminals of the wires leading from the transformers. When the current was turned on, the vacuum bulbs or tubes, which had no wires connected to them, but lay on a table between the suspended plates, or which might be held in the hand in almost any part of the room, were made luminous. These were the same experiments and the same apparatus shown by Mr. Tesla in London about two years ago, where they produced so much wonder and astonishment. " ^[58]

Tesla also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field and induction motor by demonstrating how to make an egg made of copper stand on end in his demonstration of the device he constructed known as the "Egg of Columbus". An induction motor (IM is a type of asynchronous AC motor where power is supplied to the rotating device by means of electromagnetic induction. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 The egg of Columbus or Columbus's egg usually means a genial idea or discovery that seems simple or easy after the fact

Nikola Tesla's AC dynamo used to generate AC which is used to transport electricity across great distances. A dynamo, originally another name for an Electrical generator, now means a generator that produces Direct current with the use of a commutator. It is contained in US .

Also in the late 1880s, Tesla and Edison became adversaries in part due to Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution over the more efficient alternating current advocated by Tesla and Westinghouse. Electric power is defined as the rate at which Electrical energy is transferred by an Electric circuit. Until Tesla invented the induction motor, AC's advantages for long distance high voltage transmission were counterbalanced by the inability to operate motors on AC. The term high voltage characterizes electrical circuits in which the voltage used is the cause of particular safety concerns and insulation requirements As a result of the "War of Currents," Edison and Westinghouse went nearly bankrupt, so in 1897, Tesla released Westinghouse from contract, providing Westinghouse a break from Tesla's patent royalties. In the "War of Currents" era (sometimes "War of the Currents" or "Battle of Currents") in the late 1880s George Westinghouse Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their Creditors Creditors may file a bankruptcy petition against Royalties (sometimes running royalties) are usage-based payments made by one party (the "licensee" to another (the "licensor" for ongoing use of an Also in 1897, Tesla researched radiation which led to setting up the basic formulation of cosmic rays. Particle radiation is the radiation of Energy by means of fast-moving Subatomic particles. For the 1962 Bruce Conner film see Cosmic Ray (film Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from space that impinge on ^[59]

When Tesla was forty-one years old, he filed the first basic radio patent (U.S. Patent 645,576 ). Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. A year later, he demonstrated a radio controlled boat to the US military, believing that the military would want things such as radio controlled torpedoes. Radio control (often abbreviated to R/C or simply RC) is the use of radio signals to remotely control a device The modern torpedo (historically called an automotive automobile locomotive or fish torpedo is a self-propelled explosive Projectile weapon launched above or below Tesla had developed the "Art of Telautomatics", a form of robotics, as well as the technology of remote control. See also Robot Robotics is the science and technology of Robots and their design manufacture and application ^[60] In 1898, a radio-controlled boat was demonstrated to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. A radio-controlled boat is a Boat controlled remotely with Radio control equipment Madison Square Garden, often abbreviated as MSG, and known colloquially as The Garden, has been the name of four Arenas in New York City. These devices had an innovative coherer and a series of logic gates. coherer was a primitive form of radio signal detector used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries consisting of a capsule of metal filings in the space between A logic gate performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output Tesla called his boat a "teleautomaton" and said of it, "You see there the first of a race of robots, mechanical men which will do the laborious work of the human race. A robot is a mechanical or Virtual Artificial agent In practice it is usually an electro-mechanical system which by its appearance or movements "^[61] Radio remote control remained a novelty until the 1960s. In the same year, Tesla devised an "electric igniter" or spark plug for Internal combustion gasoline engines. A spark plug (also very rarely nowadays in British English: a sparking plug) is an electrical device that fits into the Cylinder The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a He gained U.S. Patent 609,250 , "Electrical Igniter for Gas Engines", on this mechanical ignition system. An ignition system is a system for igniting a fuel-air mixture Tesla lived in the former Gerlach Hotel, renamed The Radio Wave building, at 49 W 27th St. (between Broadway and Sixth Avenue), Lower Manhattan, before the end of the century where he conducted the radio wave experiments. Lower Manhattan (or downtown Manhattan) is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the A commemorative plaque was placed on the building in 1977 to honor his work. A commemorative plaque, or simply plaque, is a plate of metal ceramic stone wood or other material typically attached to a wall stone or other vertical surface and bearing

Colorado Springs

Main article: Magnifying transmitter

Publicity picture of a participant sitting in his laboratory in Colorado Springs with his "Magnifying Transmitter" generating millions of volts. The magnifying transmitter is an alternate version of a Tesla coil. The magnifying transmitter is an alternate version of a Tesla coil. The arcs are about 7 meters (23 ft) long. (Tesla's notes identify this as a multiple exposure. In Photography, a multiple exposure is an exposure in which the sensitivity to light is reduced and then increased at least once during the total exposure time )

An experiment in Colorado Springs. This is a bank of lights receiving power from distant transmitter

In 1899, Tesla decided to move and began research in Colorado Springs, Colorado, where he would have room for his high-voltage, high-frequency experiments. The City of Colorado Springs is a Home Rule Municipality that is the County seat and most populous city of El Paso County, Colorado, Upon his arrival he told reporters that he was conducting wireless telegraphy experiments transmitting signals from Pikes Peak to Paris. The term Wireless Telegraphy is a historic term used today as applied to early Radio Telegraph communications techniques and practices Pikes Peak (originally Pike's Peak, see below) is a Mountain in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, west of Colorado Springs Tesla's diary contains explanations of his experiments concerning the ionosphere and the ground's telluric currents via transverse waves and longitudinal waves. The ionosphere is the uppermost part of the atmosphere, distinguished because it is Ionized by solar radiation A telluric current (from Latin tellūs, "earth" is an Electric current which moves underground or through the sea A transverse wave is a moving Wave that consists of oscillations occurring perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer Longitudinal waves are waves that have vibrations along or parallel to their direction of travel that is waves in which the motion of the medium is in the same direction as the motion ^[62] At his lab, Tesla proved that the earth was a conductor, and he produced artificial lightning (with discharges consisting of millions of volts, and up to 135 feet long). In Science and engineering, a conductor is a material which contains movable Electric charges. Lightning is an atmospheric discharge of Electricity, which typically occurs during Thunderstorms and sometimes during volcanic eruptions or ^[63] Tesla also investigated atmospheric electricity, observing lightning signals via his receivers. Atmospheric electricity is the regular diurnal variations of the Earth 's atmospheric electromagnetic network (or more broadly any Reproductions of Tesla's receivers and coherer circuits show an unpredicted level of complexity (e. g. , distributed high-Q helical resonators, radio frequency feedback, crude heterodyne effects, and regeneration techniques). The distributed element model or transmission line model of electrical circuits assumes that the attributes of the circuit ( resistance, Capacitance For other uses of the terms Q and Q factor see Q value. In Physics and Engineering the quality A helix (pl helixes or helices) from the Greek word έλιξ, is a special kind of Space curve, i A resonator is a device or system that exhibits Resonance or resonant behavior that is it naturally oscillates at some frequencies, called its resonance Radio frequency ( RF) is a Frequency or rate of Oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz Feedback is a circular causal Process whereby some proportion of a system's output is returned (fed back to the Input. In Radio and Signal processing, heterodyning is the generation of new frequencies by mixing or multiplying two Oscillating waveforms The regenerative circuit (or self-regenerative circuit) allows an electronic signal to be amplified many times by the same Vacuum tube or other active component ^[64] Tesla stated that he observed stationary waves during this time. A standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a Wave that remains in a constant position ^[65]

Tesla researched ways to transmit power and energy wirelessly over long distances (via transverse waves, to a lesser extent, and, more readily, longitudinal waves). Wireless energy transfer or wireless power transmission is the process that takes place in any system where Electrical energy is transmitted from a power He transmitted extremely low frequencies through the ground as well as between the earth's surface and the Kennelly-Heaviside layer. The Kennelly-Heaviside layer, also known as the E region or simply the Heaviside layer, is a layer of ionised Gas occurring at 90&ndash150 km He received patents on wireless transceivers that developed standing waves by this method. In his experiments, he made mathematical calculations and computations based on his experiments and discovered that the resonant frequency of the Earth was approximately 8 Hertz (Hz). In the 1950s, researchers confirmed that the resonant frequency of the Earth's ionospheric cavity was in this range (later named the Schumann resonance). The Schumann resonances (SR are a set of spectrum peaks in the Extremely low frequency (ELF portion of the Earth 's Electromagnetic field spectrum

Colorado Springs experiment where grounded tuned coil is in resonance with distant transmitter; Light is glowing near the bottom.

In the Colorado Springs lab, Tesla observed unusual signals that he later thought may have been evidence of extraterrestrial radio communications coming from Venus or Mars. Extraterrestrial life is Life originating outside of the Earth. The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University ^[66] He noticed repetitive signals from his receiver which were substantially different from the signals he had noted from storms and earth noise. Specifically, he later recalled that the signals appeared in groups of one, two, three, and four clicks together. Tesla had mentioned before this event and many times after that he thought his inventions could be used to talk with other planets. A Teslascope is a radio Transceiver that was alleged to have been invented by Nikola Tesla for the purpose of communicating with life on other planets There have even been claims that he invented a "Teslascope" for just such a purpose. A Teslascope is a radio Transceiver that was alleged to have been invented by Nikola Tesla for the purpose of communicating with life on other planets It is debatable what type of signals Tesla received or whether he picked up anything at all. Research has suggested that Tesla may have had a misunderstanding of the new technology he was working with,^[67] or that the signals Tesla observed may have simply been an observation of a non-terrestrial natural radio source such as the Jovian plasma torus signals. ^[68]

Tesla left Colorado Springs on January 7, 1900. The City of Colorado Springs is a Home Rule Municipality that is the County seat and most populous city of El Paso County, Colorado, Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar The lab was torn down and its contents sold to pay debts. The Colorado experiments prepared Tesla for his next project, the establishment of a wireless power transmission facility that would be known as Wardenclyffe. Wireless energy transfer or wireless power transmission is the process that takes place in any system where Electrical energy is transmitted from a power Tesla was granted U.S. Patent 685,012  for the means of increasing the intensity of electrical oscillations. The United States Patent Office classification system currently assigns this patent to the primary Class 178/43 ("telegraphy/space induction"), although the other applicable classes include 505/825 ("low temperature superconductivity-related apparatus"). The United States Patent and Trademark Office ( PTO or USPTO) is an agency in the United States Department of Commerce that issues Patents to

Later years

In 1900, with $150,000 (51 % from J. Pierpont Morgan), Tesla began planning the Wardenclyffe Tower facility. John Pierpont Morgan ( April 17, 1837 &ndash March 31, 1913) was an American financier banker and art collector who Wardenclyffe Tower (1901 &ndash 1917 also known as the Tesla Tower, was an early Wireless Telecommunications Aerial tower designed by In June 1902, Tesla's lab operations were moved to Wardenclyffe from Houston Street. The tower was finally dismantled for scrap during World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Newspapers of the time labeled Wardenclyffe "Tesla's million-dollar folly. " In 1904, the US Patent Office reversed its decision and awarded Guglielmo Marconi the patent for radio, and Tesla began his fight to re-acquire the radio patent. A patent office is a Governmental or Intergovernmental organization which controls the issue of Patents List of patent offices For a Marchese Guglielmo Marconi mar'koni (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937 was an Italian inventor best known for his development of a Radiotelegraph system On his 50th birthday in 1906, Tesla demonstrated his 200 hp (150 kW) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine. The Tesla turbine is a bladeless centrifugal flow Turbine expander patented by Nikola Tesla in 1913 During 1910–1911 at the Waterside Power Station in New York, several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100–5000 hp.

Since the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Marconi for radio in 1909, Thomas Edison and Tesla were mentioned as potential laureates to share the Nobel Prize of 1915 in a press dispatch, leading to one of several Nobel Prize controversies. The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Marchese Guglielmo Marconi mar'koni (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937 was an Italian inventor best known for his development of a Radiotelegraph system The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The Nobel Prize controversies are contentious disputes regarding the Nobel Prize. Some sources have claimed that due to their animosity toward each other neither was given the award, despite their enormous scientific contributions, and that each sought to minimize the other one's achievements and right to win the award, that both refused to ever accept the award if the other received it first, and that both rejected any possibility of sharing it. ^[69] In the following events after the rumors, neither Tesla nor Edison won the prize (although Edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915, and Tesla did receive one bid out of 38 in 1937). ^[70] Earlier, Tesla alone was rumored to have been nominated for the Nobel Prize of 1912. The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The rumored nomination was primarily for his experiments with tuned circuits using high-voltage high-frequency resonant transformers.

In 1915, Tesla filed a lawsuit against Marconi attempting, unsuccessfully, to obtain a court injunction against the claims of Marconi. After Wardenclyffe, Tesla built the Telefunken Wireless Station in Sayville, Long Island. Telefunken is a German radio and television company founded in 1903 in Berlin, as a joint venture of two large companies Siemens & Halske (S & H and Some of what he wanted to achieve at Wardenclyffe was accomplished with the Telefunken Wireless. In 1917, the facility was seized and torn down by the Marines, because it was suspected that it could be used by German spies.

Prior to World War I, Tesla looked overseas for investors to fund his research. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All When the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his European patents. The Convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October 1973, commonly known as the European Patent Convention (EPC is a multilateral Treaty After the war ended, Tesla made predictions regarding the relevant issues of the post-World War I environment, in a printed article (December 20, 1914). Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Tesla believed that the League of Nations was not a remedy for the times and issues. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 Tesla started to exhibit pronounced symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the years following. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD is a Chronic Anxiety disorder most commonly characterized by obsessive Distressing Intrusive thoughts He became obsessed with the number three; he often felt compelled to walk around a block three times before entering a building, demanded a stack of three folded cloth napkins beside his plate at every meal, etc. The nature of OCD was little understood at the time and no treatments were available, so his symptoms were considered by some to be evidence of partial insanity, and this undoubtedly hurt what was left of his reputation. Traditionally insanity or madness is the behaviour whereby a person flouts societal norms and may become a danger to himself and others

At this time, he was staying at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, renting in an arrangement for deferred payments. The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel is a famously luxurious hotel in New York Eventually, the Wardenclyffe deed was turned over to George Boldt, proprietor of the Waldorf-Astoria to pay a $20,000 debt. George Charles Boldt (1851-1916 was a Prussian born self-made millionaire who influenced the development of the urban hotel as a civic social center and luxurious destination In 1917, around the time that the Wardenclyffe Tower was demolished by Boldt to make the land a more viable real estate asset, Tesla received AIEE's highest honor, the Edison Medal. Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom The American Institute of Electrical Engineers was a United States based organization of Electrical engineers that existed between 1884 and 1963 (when it merged with The Edison Medal is presented by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE "for a career of meritorious achievement in electrical science electrical

Tesla, in August 1917, first established principles regarding frequency and power level for the first primitive RADAR units. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships ^[71] In 1934, Émile Girardeau, working with the first French RADAR systems, stated he was building RADAR systems "conceived according to the principles stated by Tesla". Émile Girardeau (1882-1970 was a French Engineer, famous for being the first person to patent the original By the twenties, Tesla was reportedly negotiating with the United Kingdom government about a ray system. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Tesla had also stated that efforts had been made to steal the so called "death ray". It is suggested that the removal of the Chamberlain government ended negotiations. Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

On Tesla's seventy-fifth birthday in 1931, Time magazine put him on its cover. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and The cover caption noted his contribution to electrical power generation. Electricity generation is the process of converting non-electrical Energy to Electricity. Tesla received his last patent in 1928 for an apparatus for aerial transportation which was the first instance of VTOL aircraft. Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them VTOL is an abbreviation for Vertical Take-Off and Landing. VTOL describes Fixed-wing aircraft that can lift off vertically By the end of 1931, Tesla released "On Future Motive Power" which covered an ocean thermal energy conversion system. Ocean thermal energy conversion ( OTEC) is a method for generating electricity which uses the Temperature difference that exists between deep and shallow waters to In 1934, Tesla wrote to consul Janković of his homeland. The letter contained the message of gratitude to Mihajlo Pupin who initiated a donation scheme by which American companies could support Tesla. Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin, PhD LLD ( 4 October, 1858 &ndash 12 March, 1935; Serbian Cyrillic: Михајло Идворски Tesla refused the assistance, and chose to live by a modest pension received from Yugoslavia and to continue researching.

In 1936, Tesla wrote in a telegram to Vladko Maček: "I'm equally proud of my Serbian origin and my Croatian homeland. Vladko Maček ( June 20, 1879 &ndash May 15, 1964) was a Croatian politician from the first half of the 20th century Long live all Yugoslavs. "^[72]

Field theories

When he was eighty-one, Tesla stated he had completed a dynamic theory of gravity. He stated that it was "worked out in all details" and that he hoped to soon give it to the world. ^[73] The theory was never published. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view At the time of his announcement, it was considered by the scientific establishment to exceed the bounds of reason. Some believe that Tesla never fully developed the Unified Field Theory. In Physics, a unified field theory is a type of Field theory that allows all of the Fundamental forces between Elementary particles to be written

The bulk of the theory was developed between 1892 and 1894, during the period that he was conducting experiments with high frequency and high potential electromagnetism and patenting devices for their utilization. High frequency (HF radio frequencies are between 3 and 30 MHz. The Mathematical study of potentials is known as Potential theory; it is the study of Harmonic functions on Manifolds This mathematical It was completed, according to Tesla, by the end of the 1930s. Tesla's theory explained gravity using electrodynamics consisting of transverse waves (to a lesser extent) and longitudinal waves (for the majority). Classical electromagnetism (or classical electrodynamics) is a theory of Electromagnetism that was developed over the course of the 19th century most prominently A transverse wave is a moving Wave that consists of oscillations occurring perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer Longitudinal waves are waves that have vibrations along or parallel to their direction of travel that is waves in which the motion of the medium is in the same direction as the motion Reminiscent of Mach's principle, Tesla stated in 1925 that:

Nikola Tesla, with Ruđer Bošković's book Theoria Philosophiae Naturalis, sits in front of the spiral coil of his high-frequency transformer at East Houston Street, New York. In Theoretical physics, particularly in discussions of gravitation theories, Mach's principle (or Mach's conjecture is the name given by Einstein to a

Tesla was critical of Einstein's relativity work, calling it:

Tesla also argued:

Tesla also believed that much of Albert Einstein's relativity theory had already been proposed by Ruđer Bošković, stating in an unpublished interview:

Directed-energy weapon

Later in life, Tesla made some remarkable claims concerning a "teleforce" weapon. Introduction The term teleforce refers to Nikola Tesla's macroscopic charged particle beam projector ^[77] The press called it a "peace ray" or death ray. The death ray or death beam was a theoretical Particle beam or Electromagnetic weapon of the 1920s through the 1930s that was claimed to have been invented ^[78][79] In total, the components and methods included:^[80][81]

1. An apparatus for producing manifestations of energy in free air instead of in a high vacuum as in the past. This vacuum means "absence of matter" or "an empty area or space" for the cleaning appliance see Vacuum cleaner. This, according to Tesla in 1934, was accomplished.
2. A mechanism for generating tremendous electrical force. This, according to Tesla, was also accomplished.
3. A means of intensifying and amplifying the force developed by the second mechanism.
4. A new method for producing a tremendous electrical repelling force. This would be the projector, or gun, of the invention.

Tesla worked on plans for a directed-energy weapon between the early 1900s till the time of his death. A directed-energy weapon ( DEW) is a type of weapon that emits Energy in an aimed direction without the means of a Projectile. In 1937, Tesla composed a treatise entitled "The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media" concerning charged particle beams. A charged particle beam is a spatially localized group of electrically charged particles that have approximately the same Velocity (speed and direction ^[82] Tesla published the document in an attempt to expound on the technical description of a "superweapon that would put an end to all war". A superweapon is an extremely powerful Weapon by the standards of its time and its scale This treatise of the particle beam is currently in the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade. A particle beam is an accelerated stream of Charged particles or Neutrons (often moving at very near the Speed of light) which may be directed by Magnets The Nikola Tesla Museum ( Serbian: Музеј Николе Тесле / Muzej Nikole Tesle) is located in the central area of Belgrade and Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. It described an open ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allowed particles to exit, a method of charging particles to millions of volts, and a method of creating and directing nondispersive particle streams (through electrostatic repulsion). Electrostatics is the branch of Science that deals with the Phenomena arising from what seems to be stationary Electric charges Since Classical ^[83]

Records of his indicate that it was based on a narrow stream of atomic clusters of liquid mercury or tungsten accelerated via high voltage (by means akin to his magnifying transformer). Superatoms are clusters of Atoms that seem to exhibit some of the properties of elemental atoms Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Tungsten (ˈtʌŋstən also known as wolfram (/ˈwʊlfrəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol W and Atomic number 74 The magnifying transmitter is an alternate version of a Tesla coil. Tesla gave the following description concerning the particle gun's operation:

The weapon could be used against ground based infantry or for antiaircraft purposes. ^[85]

Tesla tried to interest the US War Department in the device. The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government ^[86] He also offered this invention to European countries. ^[87] None of the governments purchased a contract to build the device. He was unable to act on his plans. ^[88]

Theoretical inventions

Tesla began to theorize about electricity and magnetism's power to warp, or rather change, space and time and the procedure by which man could forcibly control this power. Space is the extent within which Matter is physically extended and objects and Events have positions relative to one another For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Near the end of his life, Tesla was fascinated with the idea of light as both a particle and a wave, a fundamental proposition already incorporated into quantum physics. In Particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known to have substructure that is it is not known to be made A wave is a disturbance that propagates through Space and Time, usually with transference of Energy. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons This field of inquiry led to the idea of creating a "wall of light" by manipulating electromagnetic waves in a certain pattern. Electromagnetic radiation takes the form of self-propagating Waves in a Vacuum or in Matter. This mysterious wall of light would enable time, space, gravity and matter to be altered at will, and engendered an array of Tesla proposals that seem to leap straight out of science fiction, including anti-gravity airships, teleportation, and time travel. Anti-gravity is the idea of creating a place or object that is free from the force of Gravity. Teleportation is the movement of objects from one place to another more or less instantaneously either by Paranormal means or through technological artifice This article details time travel itself For other uses see Time Traveler. The single strangest invention Tesla ever proposed was probably the "thought photography" machine. He reasoned that a thought formed in the mind created a corresponding image in the retina, and the electrical data of this neural transmission could be read and recorded in a machine. The stored information could then be processed through an artificial optic nerve and played back as visual patterns on a viewscreen. The optic nerve, also called cranial nerve II, is the Nerve that transmits visual information from the Retina to the Brain.

Another of Tesla's theorized inventions is commonly referred to as Tesla's Flying Machine, which appears to resemble an ion-propelled aircraft. An ionocraft or ion-propelled Aircraft, commonly known as a lifter, is an Electrohydrodynamic device (utilizing an electrical phenomenon Tesla claimed that one of his life goals was to create a flying machine that would run without the use of an airplane engine, wings, ailerons, propellers, or an onboard fuel source. For the band with a similar name see The Ailerons Ailerons are hinged control surfaces attached to the Trailing edge of the Wing of a Fixed-wing A propeller is essentially a type of fan which transmits power by converting Rotational motion into Thrust for propulsion of a vehicle such as an Initially, Tesla pondered about the idea of a flying craft that would fly using an electric motor powered by grounded base stations. As time progressed, Tesla suggested that perhaps such an aircraft could be run entirely electro-mechanically. The theorized appearance would typically take the form of a cigar or saucer.

Death

Bust of Tesla by Ivan Meštrović, 1952, in Zagreb, Croatia

Tesla died of heart failure alone in Room 3327 of the New Yorker Hotel, some time between the evening of January 5 and the morning of January 8, 1943, at the age of 86. Ivan Meštrović ( August 15, 1883 &ndash January 16, 1962) was a Croatian sculptor. Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Heart failure is a Cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the Heart impairs its ability to supply 43-story New Yorker Hotel, (481 Eighth Avenue New York City) was built in 1929 and opened its doors on January 2 1930 Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[89] Despite selling his AC electricity patents, Tesla was destitute and died with significant debts. Later that year the US Supreme Court upheld Tesla's patent number U.S. Patent 645,576  in effect recognizing him as the inventor of radio. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary.

Immediately after Tesla's death became known, the Federal Bureau of Investigation instructed the government's Alien Property Custodian office to take possession of his papers and property, despite his US citizenship. An Alien Property Custodian was an office within the Government of the United States during World War I and again during World War II. Article I section 8 clause 4 of the United States Constitution expressly gives the United States Congress the power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization His safe at the hotel was also opened. At the time of his death, Tesla had been continuing work on the teleforce weapon, or death ray, that he had unsuccessfully marketed to the US War Department. Introduction The term teleforce refers to Nikola Tesla's macroscopic charged particle beam projector It appears that his proposed death ray was related to his research into ball lightning and plasma and was imagined as a particle beam weapon. Ball lightning is an atmospheric electrical phenomenon the physical nature of which is still Controversial. In Physics and Chemistry, plasma is an Ionized Gas, in which a certain proportion of Electrons are free rather than being bound A particle beam weapon uses an ultra high energy beam of atoms or Electrons (i The US government did not find a prototype of the device in the safe. After the FBI was contacted by the War Department, his papers were declared to be top secret. The so-called "peace ray" constitutes a part of some conspiracy theories as a means of destruction. A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment The personal effects were seized on the advice of presidential advisers, and J. Edgar Hoover declared the case "most secret", because of the nature of Tesla's inventions and patents. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Postnominal initials ^[90] One document states that "[he] is reported to have some 80 trunks in different places containing transcripts and plans having to do with his experiments [. . . ]". Charlotte Muzar reported that there were several "missing" papers and property.

Statue of Nikola Tesla in Niagara Falls State Park on Goat Island, New York; There is another statue with Tesla standing in Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls. Niagara Falls State Park is located in the City of Niagara Falls New York in Niagara County. Goat Island is a small uninhabited Island in the Niagara River, located in the middle of Niagara Falls between the Bridal Veil Falls and The Niagara Falls are massive Waterfalls on the Niagara River, straddling the international border separating the Canadian province of Ontario ^[91]

Tesla's family and the Yugoslav embassy struggled with the American authorities to gain these items after his death due to the potential significance of some of his research. Eventually, his nephew, Sava Kosanoviċ, got possession of some of his personal effects which are now housed in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade, Serbia. The Nikola Tesla Museum ( Serbian: Музеј Николе Тесле / Muzej Nikole Tesle) is located in the central area of Belgrade and Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country ^[92] Tesla's funeral took place on January 12, 1943, at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in Manhattan, New York City. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Cathedral of St John the Divine, officially the Cathedral Church of Saint John the Divine in the City and Diocese of New York, is the Cathedral of the Episcopal Diocese Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York The City of New York After the funeral, his body was cremated. His ashes were taken to Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1957. Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: The urn was placed in the Nikola Tesla Museum, where it resides to this day.

Legacy

Tesla did not like to pose for portraits. He did it only once for princess Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy. Princess Elisabeth Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy, ( April 15, 1863 - August 28, 1923) New York City) was a Hungarian born German and Manhattan ^[93] His wish was to have a sculpture made by his close friend Ivan Meštrović, who was at that time in United States, but he died before getting a chance to see it. Ivan Meštrović ( August 15, 1883 &ndash January 16, 1962) was a Croatian sculptor. Meštrović made a bronze bust (1952) that is held in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade and a statue (1955/56) placed at the Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb. Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. This statue was moved to Nikola Tesla Street in Zagreb's city centre on the 150th anniversary of Tesla's birth, with the Ruđer Bošković Institute to receive a duplicate. The Ruđer Bošković Institute (RBI Croatian Institut Ruđer Bošković, IRB) is a research institute in Zagreb, Croatia, founded In 1976, a bronze statue of Tesla was placed at Niagara Falls, New York. Bronze is the most popular metal for cast metal Sculptures; a cast bronze sculpture is often called simply a "bronze" Niagara Falls is a City in Niagara County, New York, United States. A similar statue was also erected in his hometown of Gospić in 1986.

The SI unit tesla (T) for measuring magnetic flux density or magnetic induction (commonly known as the magnetic field ) was named in Tesla’s honour at the Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures, Paris in 1960. The tesla (symbol T) is the SI derived unit of Magnetic field B (which is also known as "magnetic flux density" and "magnetic In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) of which Tesla had been vice president also created an award in recognition of Tesla. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international Non-profit, professional organization Called the IEEE Nikola Tesla Award, it is given to individuals or a team that has made outstanding contributions to the generation or utilization of electric power, and is considered the most prestigious award in the area of electric power. Electric power is defined as the rate at which Electrical energy is transferred by an Electric circuit. ^[94] The Tesla crater on the far side of the Moon and the minor planet 2244 Tesla are also named after him. Tesla is a lunar crater that is located on the Moon 's far side, just to the southeast of the larger H Minor planet is a term used since the 19th century to describe objects such as Asteroids that are in Orbit around the Sun but are not Planets 2244 Tesla is a Minor planet or Asteroid. It was discovered on October 22 1952 by Milorad B

100 Serbian dinar banknote obverse.
Photo courtesy of National Bank of Serbia. National Bank of Serbia (Народна банка Србије or Narodna banka Srbije) is the Central bank of the Republic of Serbia and as such its main ^[95]

100 Serbian dinars banknote reverse. Note the drawing of the electric motor.

Tesla has received many recognitions within Serbia. He is featured on the current 100 Serbian dinar note (see left). The dinar (genitive plural dinara, Serbian: динар динара is the currency of Serbia. The largest power plant complex in Serbia, the TPP Nikola Tesla is named in his honour. A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of TPP Nikola Tesla is a Power plant complex operated by EPS, located on the right bank of the river Sava, approximately 40 km upstream from On July 10, 2006 the biggest airport in Serbia (Belgrade) was renamed Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport in honor of Tesla’s 150th birthday. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport ( Serbian: Аеродром Београд - Никола Тесла or Aerodrom Beograd - Nikola Tesla) is Serbia 's busiest

Tesla (company) was a large, state-owned electrotechnical conglomerate in the former Czechoslovakia. TESLA (from " TE chnika SLA boproudá") was a large state-owned electrotechnical conglomerate in the former Czechoslovakia It was renamed in Tesla's honour from previous Electra on 7th March 1946. Some of its subsidiaries still trade in Czech Republic.

An electric car company, Tesla Motors, named their company in tribute to Nikola Tesla. The battery electric vehicle, or BEV, is a type of Electric vehicle (EV that uses chemical Energy stored in Rechargeable battery Their website states: The namesake of our Tesla Roadster is the genius Nikola Tesla [. The Tesla Roadster is a fully electric Sports car. It is the first car produced by electric car firm Tesla Motors. . . ] We‘re confident that if he were alive today, Nikola Tesla would look over our car and nod his head with both understanding and approval. ^[96]

The Croatian subsidiary of Ericsson is also named 'Ericsson Nikola Tesla d. Ericsson ( Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson) () one of the largest Swedish companies is a leading provider of telecommunication and data communication systems Ericsson Nikola Tesla is the Croatian affiliate of the Swedish Telecommunications equipment manufacturer Ericsson. d'. ('Nikola Tesla' was a phone hardware company in Zagreb before Ericsson bought it in the 1990s) in honour of Nikola Tesla's pioneering work in wireless communication. Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia.

The year 2006 was celebrated by UNESCO as the 150th anniversary of the birth of Nikola Tesla, scientist ), as well as being proclaimed by the governments of Croatia and Serbia to be the Year of Tesla. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country On this anniversary, July 10, 2006, the renovated village of Smiljan (which had been demolished during the wars of the 1990s) was opened to the public along with Tesla's house (as a memorial museum) and a new multimedia center dedicated to the life and work of Nikola Tesla. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The parochial church of St. A parish church, in Christianity, is the church which acts as the religious centre of a Parish, the basic administrative unit of episcopal churches Peter and Paul, where Tesla's father had held services, was renovated as well. The museum and multimedia center are filled with replicas of Tesla's work. The museum has collected almost all of the papers ever published by, and about, Nikola Tesla; most of these provided by Ljubo Vujovic from the Tesla Memorial Society. in New York. Alongside Tesla's house, a monument created by sculptor Mile Blazevic has been erected. In the nearby city of Gospić, on the same date as the reopening of the renovated village and museums, a higher education school named Nikola Tesla was opened, and a replica of the statue of Tesla made by Frano Krsinic (the original is in Belgrade) was presented. Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia.

In the years after, many of his innovations, theories and claims have been used, at times unsuitably and with some controversy, to support various fringe theories that are regarded as unscientific. Most of Tesla's own work conformed with the principles and methods accepted by science, but his extravagant personality and sometimes unrealistic claims, combined with his unquestionable genius, have made him a popular figure among fringe theorists and believers in conspiracies about 'hidden knowledge'. The word occult comes from the Latin word occultus (clandestine hidden secret referring to "knowledge of the hidden" Some conspiracy theorists even in his time believed that he was actually an angelic being from Venus sent to Earth to reveal scientific knowledge to humanity. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding ^[22]

Personality

Tesla was fluent in many languages. Along with Serbo-Croatian, he also spoke seven other foreign languages: Czech, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Latin. The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Tesla may have suffered from obsessive-compulsive disorder,^[97] and had many unusual quirks and phobias. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD is a Chronic Anxiety disorder most commonly characterized by obsessive Distressing Intrusive thoughts He did things in threes, and was adamant about staying in a hotel room with a number divisible by three. Tesla was also noted to be physically revolted by jewelry, notably pearl earrings. He was fastidious about cleanliness and hygiene, and was by all accounts mysophobic. Mysophobia is a term used to describe a Pathological fear of contact with dirt to avoid contamination and Germs. He greatly disliked touching round objects and human hair other than his own. Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis.

Tesla was obsessed with pigeons, ordering special seeds for the pigeons he fed in Central Park and even bringing some into his hotel room with him. Central Park is a large public Urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually Tesla was an animal-lover, often reflecting contentedly about a childhood cat, "The Magnificent Macak". Tesla never married. He was celibate and claimed that his chastity was very helpful to his scientific abilities. Celibacy refers to the lack of participation in Sexual intercourse. Chastity is Sexual behavior of a man or woman acceptable to the ethical norms and guidelines of a culture civilization or Religion. ^[22][98] Nonetheless there have been numerous accounts of women vying for Tesla's affection, even some madly in love with him. Tesla, though polite, behaved rather ambivalently to these women in the romantic sense. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS***************

Tesla was prone to alienating himself and was generally soft-spoken. However, when he did engage in a social life, many people spoke very positively and admiringly of him. Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a "distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force. . . " His loyal secretary, Dorothy Skerrit, wrote "his genial smile and nobility of bearing always denoted the gentlemanly characteristics that were so ingrained in his soul. " Tesla's friend Hawthorne wrote that, "seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet, a philosopher, an appreciator of fine music, a linguist, and a connoisseur of food and drink. A connoisseur (Fr connaisseur, from connoistre, connaître meaning "to be acquainted with" or "to know sb/sth Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an "

Nevertheless, Tesla displayed the occasional cruel streak; he openly expressed his disgust for overweight people, once firing a secretary because of her weight. ^[22]:110 He was quick to criticize others' clothing as well, demanding a subordinate to go home and change her dress on several occasions. ^[22]

Tesla was widely known for his great showmanship, presenting his innovations and demonstrations to the public as an artform, almost like a magician. This seems to conflict with his observed reclusiveness; Tesla was a complicated figure. He refused to hold conventions without his Tesla coil blasting electricity throughout the room, despite the audience often being terrified, though he assured them everything was perfectly safe. A Tesla coil is a type of resonant transformer circuit invented by Serbian-American scientist Nikola Tesla around 1891

Mark Twain in Nikola Tesla's lab, spring 1894

In middle age, Nikola Tesla became very close friends with Mark Twain. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist Middle age is the period of life beyond Young adulthood but before the onset of Old age. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist They spent a lot of time together in his lab and elsewhere.

Tesla remained bitter in the aftermath of his incident with Edison. The day after Edison died the New York Times contained extensive coverage of Edison's life, with the only negative opinion coming from Tesla, who was quoted as saying,

Shortly before Edison died, he said that his biggest mistake he had made was in trying to develop directed current, rather than the vastly superior alternating current system that Tesla had put within his grasp. ^[11]:19

Tesla was good friends with Robert Underwood Johnson. Robert Underwood Johnson ( January 12, 1853 &ndash October 14, 1937) was a U He had amicable relations with Francis Marion Crawford, Stanford White, Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff, and Kenneth Swezey. Francis Marion Crawford ( August 2, 1854 - April 9, 1909) was an American Writer noted for his many Novels Stanford White ( November 9, 1853 – June 25, 1906) was an American Architect and partner in the architectural firm of Tesla made his first million at the age of forty, but gave away nearly all his royalties on future innovations. Tesla was rather financially inept, but he was almost entirely unconcerned with material wealth. Wealth derives from the old English word "weal" which means "well-being He ripped up a Westinghouse contract that would have made him the world's first billionaire, in part because of the implications it would have on his future vision of free power, and in part because it would run Westinghouse out of business, and Tesla had no desire to deal with the creditors. Founded in 1886 as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by George Westinghouse.

Tesla lived the last ten years of his life in a two-room suite on the 33rd floor of the Hotel New Yorker, room 3327. 43-story New Yorker Hotel, (481 Eighth Avenue New York City) was built in 1929 and opened its doors on January 2 1930 There, near the end of his life, when Tesla was slipping into what many consider an altered state of mind, he would claim to be visited by a specific white pigeon daily. Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or Emotional wellbeing or an absence of a Mental disorder. Several biographers note that Tesla viewed the death of the pigeon as a "final blow" to himself and his work.

Tesla believed that war could not be avoided until the cause for its recurrence was removed, but was opposed to wars in general. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units ^[99] He sought to reduce distance, such as in communication for better understanding, transportation, and transmission of energy, as a means to ensure friendly international relations. ^[100]

Like many of his era, Tesla, a life-long bachelor, became a proponent of a self-imposed selective breeding version of eugenics. This article focuses on selective breeding in domesticated animals Eugenics is a social Philosophy which advocates the improvement of Human Hereditary traits through various forms of intervention In a 1937 interview, he stated,

In 1926, Tesla commented on the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward gender equality, indicated that humanity's future would be run by "Queen Bees". Gender equality (also known as gender equity, gender egalitarianism, or sexual equality) is the goal of the Equality of the Genders He believed that women would become the dominant sex in the future. ^[102]

In his later years Tesla became a vegetarian. Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea In an article for Century Illustrated Magazine he wrote: "It is certainly preferable to raise vegetables, and I think, therefore, that vegetarianism is a commendable departure from the established barbarous habit. The Century Magazine was first published in the United States in 1881 by The Century Company of New York City as a successor to Scribner's Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea " Tesla argued that it is wrong to eat uneconomic meat when large numbers of people are starving; he also believed that plant food was "superior to it [meat] in regard to both mechanical and mental performance. " He also argued that animal slaughter was "wanton and cruel". ^[103]

In his final years he suffered from extreme sensitivity to light, sound and other influences. ^[104]

Monuments

A monument to Tesla was established at Niagara Falls, New York, USA. The monument was officially unveiled on Sunday, July 9, 2006 on the 150th anniversary of Tesla's birth. The Monument was sponsored by St. George Serbian Church, Niagara Falls, and designed by Les Drysdale of Hamilton, Ontario. The Niagara Falls are massive Waterfalls on the Niagara River, straddling the international border separating the Canadian province of Ontario Hamilton (ˈhæməltən ( 2006 population 504559 UA population 647634 CMA population Mr. Drysdale's design was the winning design from an international competition. Another monument to Tesla, featuring him standing on a portion of an alternator, was established at Queen Victoria Park in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Tesla's most famous statue is the one erected on May 23, 1879 at Sycamore Peak showing him and Dr. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Brian S. Whitecross. The monument at Niagara Falls is a copy of monument standing in front of the Belgrade University Faculty of the Electrical Engineering. Belgrade International Airport is called "Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport" ^[105]

Tesla on money

500 Yugoslav dinars (1978). The dinar ( Cyrillic script: динар was the Currency of the three Yugoslav states the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (formerly the Kingdom HF transformer coil in the background

1000 Yugoslav dinars (1992)

10 000 000 000 Yugoslav dinars (1993)

5 new Yugoslav dinars (1994)

100 Serbian dinars (2007)

See also

• List of Tesla patents
• Nikola Tesla in popular culture
• Teslascope
• Electrical Experimenter

Notes

References

Further reading

Articles (pre-1900)

• A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, May 1888.
• Selected Tesla Writings, Written by Tesla and others,.
• Light Without Heat, The Manufacturer and Builder, January 1892, Vol. 24
• Biography - Nikola Tesla, The Century Magazine, November 1893, Vol. 47
• Tesla's Oscillator and Other Inventions, The Century Magazine, November 1894, Vol. 49
• The New Telegraphy. Recent Experiments in Telegraphy wih Sparks, The Century Magazine, November 1897, Vol. 55

Books

• Anderson, Leland I. , "Dr. Nikola Tesla (1856–1943)", 2d enl. ed. , Minneapolis, Tesla Society. 1956. LCCN /L
• Auster, Paul, "Moon Palace", 1989. Paul Benjamin Auster (born February 3, 1947, Newark New Jersey) is a Brooklyn -based author known for works blending Absurdism Moon Palace is a novel written by Paul Auster that was first published in 1989 Tells Tesla's story - among other's - within the history of the United States.
• Cheney, Margaret, "Tesla: Man Out of Time", 1981. Tesla Man Out of Time (ISBN 0743215362 is a biography of Nikola Tesla by Margaret Cheney Description Tesla Man Out of Time describes ISBN .
• Childress, David H. , "The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla," 1993. The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla (ISBN 1873335016 is a book compiled and edited by David Hatcher Childress detailing the work of Nikola Tesla. ISBN
• Glenn, Jim, "The Complete Patents of Nikola Tesla," 1994. The Complete Patents of Nikola Tesla (ISBN 1566192668 is a book compiled and edited by Jim Glenn detailing the patents of Nikola Tesla. ISBN
• Jonnes, Jill "Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World". New York: Random House, 2003. ISBN
• Martin, Thomas C., "The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla," 1894 . Thomas Commerford Martin (1856 &ndash 1924 was an American electrical engineer and editor born in London, England. The Inventions Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla (ISBN 1564597113 1996 web edition is a book compiled and edited by Thomas Commerford Martin detailing ISBN-X
• O'Neill, John Jacob,"Prodigal Genius," 1944. Prodigal Genius The Life of Nikola Tesla (ISBN 0914732331 is a book by John Joseph O'Neill detailing the life of Nikola Tesla. Paperback reprint 1994, ISBN . (ed. Prodigal Genius is available online)
• Lomas, Robert,"The man who invented the twentieth century : Nikola Tesla, forgotten genius of electricity," 1999. Robert Lomas is a British Writer and business studies Academic. The man who invented the twentieth century: Nikola Tesla forgotten genius of electricity (ISBN 0747275882: OCLC 40839685 is a book by Robert Lomas detailing the life ISBN
• Ratzlaff, John and Lee Anderson, "Dr. Nikola Tesla Bibliography", Ragusan Press, Palo Alto, California, 1979, 237 pages. Dr Nikola Tesla Bibliography (ISBN 0963601261 is a book by John T Ratzlaff and Lee Anderson detailing the bibliography of Nikola Tesla. Extensive listing of articles about and by Nikola Tesla.
• Seifer, Marc J. , "Wizard, the Life and Times of Nikola Tesla," 1998. The Wizard the Life and Times of Nikola Tesla (ISBN 0806519606 is a 1998 biography book by Marc J ISBN (HC), ISBN (SC)
• Tesla, Nikola, "Colorado Springs Notes, 1899–1900", ISBN-X
• Tesla, Nikola, "My Inventions" Parts I through V published in the Electrical Experimenter monthly magazine from February through June, 1919. Colorado Springs Notes 1899–1900 (ISBN 8617073527 is a book compiled and edited by Aleksandar Marinčić and Vojin Popović detailing the work of Nikola Tesla in Colorado My Inventions The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla (ISBN 0910077002 is a book compiled and edited by Ben Johnston detailing the work of Nikola Tesla. Part VI published October, 1919. Reprint edition with introductory notes by Ben Johnson, New York: Barnes and Noble,1982, ISBN; also online at "My Inventions", 1919. ISBN
• Valone, Thomas, "Harnessing the Wheelwork of Nature: Tesla's Science of Energy," 2002. ISBN
• Caparica, A. J. , "The Adventurers" features Nikola Tesla as a main protagonist. 2007. ISBN

Magazines

• Carlson, W. Bernard, "Inventor of dreams". Scientific American, March 2005 Vol. Scientific American is a Popular science magazine, published (first weekly and later monthly since August 28, 1845, making it 292 Issue 3 p.  78(7).
• Jatras, Stella L. , "The genius of Nikola Tesla". The New American, July 28, 2003 Vol. The John Birch Society is a political education and action organization founded by Robert W Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. 19 Issue 15 p.  9(1)
• Rybak, James P. , "Nikola Tesla: Scientific Savant". Popular Electronics, 1042170X, November 1999, Vol. Popular Electronics was a magazine started by Ziff-Davis Publishing in October 1954 for hobbyist and experimenters in electronics 16, Issue 11.
• Lawren, B. , "Rediscovering Tesla". Omni, March 1988, Vol. OMNI was a Science magazine and Science fiction magazine published in the USA. 10 Issue 6.

Documentary and biographical films

See also: Nikola Tesla in popular culture

• There are at least two films describing Tesla's life. Nikola Tesla has appeared in Popular culture as a character in books films comics and video games In the first, filmed in 1977, arranged for TV, Tesla was portrayed by Rade Šerbedžija. Rade Šerbedžija (occasionally credited as Rade Sherbedgia in some English-language productions born 27 July, 1946) is an Actor and director In 1980, Orson Welles produced a Yugoslav film named Tajna Nikole Tesle (The Secret of Nikola Tesla), in which Welles himself played the part of Tesla's patron, J.P. Morgan. George Orson Welles (May 6 1915 – October 10 1985 was an Academy Award -winning director, writer actor and producer for film stage radio and television The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: John Pierpont Morgan ( April 17, 1837 &ndash March 31, 1913) was an American financier banker and art collector who Film was directed by Krsto Papić, and Nikola Tesla was portrayed by Petar Božović. Petar Božović (born May 22, 1946 in Zemun, Serbia) is a popular Actor from Serbia.
• "Tesla: Master of Lightning". 1999. ISBN (Book) ISBN (PBS Video)
• Lost Lightning: The Missing Secrets of Nikola Tesla (at Google Video) - Phenomenon: the Lost Archives documentary about Tesla's designs for free energy and defensive weapons systems.
• David Bowie portrayed Tesla in the 2006 film "The Prestige". David Bowie (ˈboʊiː born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 is an English Musician, actor producer, and arranger. The Prestige is a 2006 period film directed by Christopher Nolan, with a screenplay adapted from Christopher Priest 's 1995 Tesla's time in Colorado Springs was the focus of several scenes in the film.

External links

• Nikola Tesla Biography
• Frank Germano's great site on Dr. Tesla
• Tesla Resource Surrounding the PBS "Master of Lightning" documentary
• The Nikola Tesla museum
• Nikola Tesla 150
• Tesla Forum of Western Australia Inc.
• World of Scientific Biography: Nikola Tesla, by Wolfsram Research
• Nikola Tesla Page
• Tesla's grand-nephew William H. Terbo's site
• Nikola Tesla, Forgotten American Scientist
• The Tesla Wardenclyffe Project. Shoreham, New York. Aims to reuse Wardenclyffe Tower
• Nikola Tesla's Father - Milutin Tesla
• Tesla - The European Years
• Tesla's Case File at The Franklin Institute containing information about his 1894 Franklin Award for research in high-frequency phenomena
• Dr. James Corum's Tesla Engineering Papers, from Arcs 'N Sparks. Wardenclyffe Tower (1901 &ndash 1917 also known as the Tesla Tower, was an early Wireless Telecommunications Aerial tower designed by
• Fred Walters' hand-scanned Tesla patents (PDFs)
• Jim Bieberich's The Complete Nikola Tesla U.S. Patent Collection
• Online archive of many of Tesla's writings, articles and published papers
• Seifer, Marc J. , and Michael Behar, Electric Mind, Wired Magazine, October 1998. Wired is a full-color monthly American Magazine and on-line periodical published in San Francisco, California since March 1993
• Works by Nikola Tesla at Project Gutenberg
• Nikola Tesla on various Yugoslavian and Serbian banknotes.
• Nikola Tesla's FBI file in pdf
• Nikola Tesla Complete Patents in pdf
• Kenneth M. Swezey Papers, 1891–1982, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, archival resources. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The National Museum of American History collects preserves and displays American heritage in the areas of social political cultural scientific and military history