| Nigella sativa | ||||||||||||||
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 Nigella sativa (left) and Nigella damascena (right)
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| Nigella sativa L. |
Nigella sativa is an annual flowering plant, native to southwest Asia. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Botanically an annual plant is a Plant that usually germinates, Flowers and dies in one Year. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group It grows to 20–30 cm tall, with finely divided, linear (but not thread-like) leaves. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. The flowers are delicate, and usually coloured pale blue and white, with 5–10 petals. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also The fruit is a large and inflated capsule composed of 3–7 united follicles, each containing numerous seeds. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. In Botany a capsule is a type of simple dry Fruit produced by many species of Flowering plants A capsule is a dehiscent structure composed of two A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored The seed is used as a spice. A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive
In English, Nigella sativa seed is variously called Black cumin, fennel flower, nutmeg flower, Roman coriander, blackseed, black caraway, or black onion seed. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Other names used, sometimes misleadingly, are onion seed and black sesame, both of which are similar-looking but unrelated. The seeds are frequently referred to as black cumin (as in Bengali কালো জিরা kalo jira), but this is also used for a different spice, Bunium persicum. Bunium persicum or black cumin is a plant in the family Apiaceae. The scientific name is a derivative of Latin niger "black". [1] An older English name gith is now used for the corncockle. In English-speaking countries with large immigrant populations, it is also variously known as kalonji (Hindi कलौंजी kalauṃjī or कलोंजी kaloṃjī), kezah Hebrew קצח), chernushka (Russian), çörek otu (Turkish), habbat albarakah (Arabic حبه البركة ḥabbatu l-barakah "seed of blessing") or siyah daneh (Persian سیاهدانه siyâh dâne). Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language
This potpourri of vernacular names for this plant reflects that its widespread use as a spice is relatively new in the English speaking world, and largely associated with immigrants from areas where it is well known. Increasing use is likely to result in one of the names winning out, hopefully one which is unambiguous.
Nigella sativa has a pungent bitter taste and a faint smell of strawberries. Garden strawberries are a common variety of strawberry cultivated worldwide It is used primarily in candies and liquors. The variety of naan bread called Peshawari naan is as a rule topped with kalonji seeds. For the kibbutz see Na'an Naan ( Urdu / Persian: نان, नान ਨਾਨ nɑːn is a round Flatbread ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered In herbal medicine, Nigella sativa has hypertensive, carminative, and anthelminthic properties. Herbalism is a traditional Medicinal or Folk medicine practice based on the use of Plants and Plant extracts Herbalism is also known as Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the Blood pressure is chronically elevated A carminative, also known as carminativum ( Plural carminativa) is a medicinal drug with Antispasmodic activity that is used against Anthelmintics or antihelminthics are drugs that expel parasitic Worms ( Helminths) from the body by either stunning or killing them They are eaten by elephants to aid digestion.
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Historical accounts
According to Zohary and Hopf, archeological evidence about the earliest cultivation of N. sativa "is still scanty", but they report that N. sativa seeds have been found in several sites from ancient Egypt, including Tutenkhamen's tomb. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now [1] Although its exact role in Egyptian culture is unknown, it is known that items entombed with a pharaoh were carefully selected to assist him in the after life. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods The ancient Egyptians had an elaborate set of burial customs that they believed were necessary to ensure their immortality after death
The earliest written reference to N. sativa is thought to be in the book of Isaiah in the Old Testament where the reaping of nigella and wheat is contrasted (Isaiah 28: 25, 27). Isaiah (; Greek:, Ēsaiās; Arabic: اشعیاء, Ash-ee-yaa; "Salvation of/is YHWH " is Easton's Bible dictionary states that the Hebrew word ketsah refers to without doubt to N. sativa (although not all translations are in agreement). According to Zohary and Hopf, N. sativa "was another traditional condiment of the Old World during classical times; and its black seeds were extensively used to flavour food. "[1]
Use in folk medicine
Nigella sativa has been used for medicinal purposes for centuries, both as a herb and pressed into oil, in Asia, Middle East, and Africa. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. It has been traditionally used for a variety of conditions and treatments related to respiratory health, stomach and intestinal health, kidney and liver function, circulatory and immune system support, and for general well-being.
In Islam, it is regarded as one of the greatest forms of healing medicine available. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Prophet Muhammad once stated that the black seed can heal every disease—except death—as recounted in the following hadith:
| “ | Narrated Khalid bin Sa'd:We went out and Ghalib bin Abjar was accompanying us. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic He fell ill on the way and when we arrived at Medina he was still sick. Ibn Abi 'Atiq came to visit him and said to us, "Treat him with black cumin. Take five or seven seeds and crush them (mix the powder with oil) and drop the resulting mixture into both nostrils, for 'Aisha has narrated to me that she heard the Prophet saying, 'This black cumin is healing for all diseases except As-Sam. ' 'Aisha said, 'What is As-Sam?' He said, 'Death. ' " (Bukhari) | ” |
Ibn Sina, most famous for his volumes called The Canon of Medicine, refers to nigella as the seed that stimulates the body's energy and helps recovery from fatigue and dispiritedness. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian It is also included in the list of natural drugs of 'Tibb-e-Nabavi', or "Medicine of the Prophet (Muhammad)", according to the tradition "hold onto the use of the black seeds for in it is healing for all diseases except death" (Sahih Bukhari vol. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics 7 book 71 # 592).
In the Unani Tibb system of medicine, N. Unani IPA: (in Arabic, Hindi, Persian, Pashtu, Urdu, etc means " Greek " sativa is regarded as a valuable remedy for a number of diseases.
The seeds have been traditionally used in the Middle East and Southeast Asian countries to treat ailments including asthma, bronchitis, rheumatism and related inflammatory diseases, to increase milk production in nursing mothers, to promote digestion and to fight parasitic infections. Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are Bronchitis is an Inflammation of the Bronchi. More specifically it may refer to Acute bronchitis, caused by viruses or bacteria and lasting Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a non-specific term for medical problems affecting the Heart, Bones Joints Kidney, Skin Its oil has been used to treat skin conditions such as eczema and boils and to treat cold symptoms. Eczema (from Greek έκζεμα) is a form of Dermatitis, or Inflammation of the Epidermis. Boil or furuncle is a skin disease caused by the infection of Hair follicles resulting in the localized accumulation of Pus and dead tissue Acute viral nasopharyngitis or acute coryza, usually known as the common cold, is a highly contagious viral Infectious disease of the Its many uses have earned nigella the Arabic approbation 'Habbatul barakah', meaning the seed of blessing.
Scientific studies
Black cumin oil contains nigellone, which protects guinea pigs from histamine-induced bronchial spasms (perhaps explaining its use to relieve the symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, and coughing). The Guinea pig (also commonly called the cavy after its scientific name Cavia porcellus) is a species of Rodent belonging to the family Caviidae Histamine is a Biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a Neurotransmitter Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are Bronchitis is an Inflammation of the Bronchi. More specifically it may refer to Acute bronchitis, caused by viruses or bacteria and lasting In Medicine, a cough ( Latin: tussis) is a sudden and often repetitively occurring defence Reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages
The presence of an anti-tumor sterol, beta sitosterol, lends credence to its traditional use to treat abscesses and tumors of the abdomen, eyes, and liver. [2]
As an anti-parasitic
Anticestodal effect of N. sativa seeds was studied in children naturally infected with the respective worm. A single oral administration of 40 mg/kg of N. sativa seeds and equivalent amount of its ethanolic extract were effective in reducing the egg count in the faeces, with a comparable effect to niclosamide. The crude extracts also did not produce any adverse side effects from all the doses tested. [3]
In 1998, Korshom et al. investigated the anti-trematodal activity of N. The Trematoda is a class within the phylum Platyhelminthes that contains two groups of parasitic Worms commonly referred to as flukes sativa seeds against a ruminant fluke (Paramphistomum) in sheep. [4] The methanol extract (1 ml/kg) and powder (200 mg/kg) showed high efficacy, comparable to Hapadex (netobimin, 20 mg/kg). (NOTE: methanol is transformed in the body to formaldehyde, and such raw extracts would not be used in a formulated product. Formaldehyde is a Chemical compound with the formula H2CO It is the simplest Aldehyde —an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl )
In 2005, Azza et al. studied the anti-schistosomicidal properties of aqueous extract of N. A genus of Trematodes Schistosoma spp commonly known as blood-flukes and bilharzia, cause the most significant infection of humans by sativa seeds against Schistosoma mansoni miracidia, cercariae, and the adult worms in vitro. Schistosoma mansoni is a significant parasite of humans one of the major agents of Schistosomiasis. It showed strong biocidal effects against all stages of the parasite and also inhibited egg-laying of adult female worms. [5]
In 2007, Abdulelah and Zainal-Abidin investigated the anti-malarial activities of different extracts of N. Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including sativa seeds against P. berghei. Plasmodium berghei is a unicellular Parasite ( Protozoan) and is one of the many species of Malaria parasites that infect mammals other than humans Results indicated strong biocidal effects against the parasite. [6][7]
Thymoquinone
Researchers at the Kimmel Cancer at Jefferson in Philadelphia have found that thymoquinone, an extract of nigella sativa seed oil, blocked pancreatic cancer cell growth and killed the cells by enhancing the process of programmed cell death. While the studies are in the early stages, the findings suggest that thymoquinone could eventually have some use as a preventative strategy in patients who have gone through surgery and chemotherapy or in individuals who are at a high risk of developing cancer. [8]
See also
- Nigella (Genus)
References
- ^ a b (2000) Domestication of plants in the Old World, 3, Oxford University Press, p. This article is about the plant Nigella can also be a personal name see e 206. ISBN 0198503563.
- ^ Look for sterols at http://glycoscience.org/glycoscience/linksPage/links.html Click on the 4th listing for the GlycoScience link. (Link is dead of 2008-1-12)
- ^ Akhtar, M. S. & Rifaat, S. 1991. Field trial of Saussurea lappa roots against nematodes and Nigella sativa seeds against cestodes in children. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 41: 185–187.
- ^ Korshom M. , Moghney, A. A. & Mandour, A. 1998. Biochemical and parasitological evaluation of Nigella sativa against ruminant fluke (Paramphistomum) in sheep as compared with trematocide “Hapadex”. Assiut. Vaternary Med. J. 39 (78): 238–244.
- ^ Azza, M. M. , Nadia, M. M. & Sohair, S. M. 2005. Sativa seeds against Schistosoma mansoni different stages. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo. Cruz. Rio de Janeiro 100(2): 205–211.
- ^ Abdulelah H. A. A. & Zainal-Abidin B. A. H. 2007. In vivo anti-malarial tests of Nigella sativa (black seed) different extracts. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2 (2): 46-50, 2007.
- ^ Abdulelah H. A. A. & Zainal-Abidin B. A. H. 2007. Curative and prophylactic anti-malarial activities of Nigella sativa (black seed) in mice. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 14: 209.
- ^ Traditional herbal medicine kills pancreatic cancer cells, researchers report
External links
- Clinical data on Nigella sativa (Advert)
- Kalonji - by Dr. M. Laiq Ali Khan
- Nigella sativa
- Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Nigella sativa. - abstract
- Antimicrobial activity of Nigella sativa oil against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from clinical specimens.
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