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Nielsen Ratings are audience measurement systems developed by Nielsen Media Research to determine the audience size and composition of television programming. Audience measurement Measuring how many people are in an Audience, usually in relation to Radio listenership and Television viewership Nielsen Media Research ( NMR) is an American firm that measures media Audiences including Television, Radio Brooklyn Book Festival crowd by David Shankbonejpg|thumb|An audience at the Brooklyn Book Festival in New York City. Broadcast programming, or scheduling, is the practice of organizing Television or Radio programs in a daily weekly or season-long schedule Nielsen conducts these tests by calling the locals and asking them what they are watching at the moment. Nielsen operates in over 100 countries and was founded in 1923.

The system has been updated and modified extensively since it was developed in the early 1940s by Arthur Nielsen. Arthur Charles Nielsen Sr of Winnetka IL ( September 5, 1897 &ndash June 1, 1980) was an American market analyst of It has since been the primary source of audience measurement information in the television industry around the world. Since television as a business makes money by selling audiences to advertisers, the Nielsen Television Ratings are the single most important element in determining advertising rates, schedules, and program content. Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand

The company is part of the Nielsen Company, formerly known as VNU and owned by a consortium of private equity firms including Blackstone Group, KKR and Carlyle Group. The Nielsen Company is a Dutch-American Media conglomerate, headquartered in New York NY. The Nielsen Company is a Dutch-American Media conglomerate, headquartered in New York NY. In Finance, private equity is an Asset class consisting of equity Securities in operating companies that are not Publicly traded on Among the most prestigious private equity and investment management firms in the world The Blackstone Group' ( is a company that provides Private equity, financial advisory The Carlyle Group is a global Private equity investment firm based in Washington D Its production operations are located in its Brooker Creek Global Technology and Information Center in Oldsmar, Florida. Oldsmar is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States.

Contents

Measuring ratings

Nielsen Television Ratings are gathered by one of two ways; by extensive use of surveys, where viewers of various demographics are asked to keep a written record (called a diary) of the television programming they watch throughout the day and evening, or by the use of Set Meters, which are small devices connected to every television in selected homes. Demographics or demographic data refers to selected population characteristics as used in government Marketing or opinion research or the Demographic profiles These devices gather the viewing habits of the home and transmit the information nightly to Nielsen through a "Home Unit" connected to a phone line. Habits are habituated routines of behavior that are repeated regularly tend to occur Subconsciously and tend to occur without directly thinking consciously Set Meter information allows market researchers to study television viewing habits on a minute to minute basis, seeing the exact moment viewers change channels or turn off their TV. In addition to this technology, the implementation of individual viewer reporting devices (called people meters) allow the company to separate household viewing information into various demographic groups. The People meter is a device and system used to measure the viewing habits of TV and cable audiences In 2005, Nielsen began measuring the usage of digital video recordings (TiVo, for example) and initial results indicate that time-shifted viewing will have a significant impact on television ratings. A digital video recorder ( DVR) or personal video recorder ( PVR) is a device that records video in a digital format to a Disk drive or other TiVo (pronounced ˈtiːvoʊ is a brand of Digital video recorder (DVR in the United States, Canada, and Australia created by TiVo The networks are not yet figuring these new results into their ad rates at the resistance of advertisers. [1]

Ratings/share and total viewers

The most commonly cited Nielsen results are reported in two measurements: ratings points and share, usually reported as (ratings points/share). As of August 27, 2007, there are an estimated 112. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 8 million television households in the United States. A single national ratings point represents one percent of the total number, or 1,128,000 households for the 2006-07 season. Share is the percentage of television sets in use tuned to the program.

For example, Nielsen may report a show as receiving a 9. 2/15 during its broadcast, meaning that on average 9. 2 percent of households were tuned in at any given moment. Additionally, 15 percent of all televisions in use at the time were tuned into this program. Nielsen re-estimates the number of households each August for the upcoming television season.

Nielsen Media Research also provides statistics on estimated total number of individual viewers, and on specific demographics. Advertising rates are influenced not only by the total number of viewers, but also by particular demographics, such as age, sex, economic class, and area. Younger viewers are considered more attractive for many products, whereas in some cases older and wealthier audiences are desired, or female audiences are desired over males.

Because ratings are based on samples, it is possible for shows to get 0. 0 share, despite having an audience; CNBC talk show McEnroe was one notable example. For the tennis player see John McEnroe. mcenroe, also known as Rod Bailey is a Canadian Hip hop musician and Entrepreneur [2] Another example is The CW show CW Now, which received two 0. The CW Television Network ( The CW) is a Television network in the United States launched at the beginning of the 2006-2007 television season. CW Now was a news magazine series which premiered on The CW on September 23, 2007. 0 ratings in the same season.

The term is also used by Arbitron for describing the percentage listening to a particular radio station out of all those listening to radio in the market area. Arbitron ( is a Radio audience research company in the United States which collects listener data on radio audiences similar to that collected by Nielsen Media [3]

Commercial ratings

Nielsen provides viewership data calculated as the average viewership for only the commercial time within the program. This “Commercial Ratings” first became available on May 31, 2007. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Additionally, Nielsen provides different “streams” of this data in order to take into consideration delayed viewing (DVR) data. Nielsen’s clients now have access to all the data they need to develop individualized minute-by-minute ratings of national commercials by demographic group for all national television programs, including DVR playback at any interval up to seven days. [4] C3 was the metric launched in 2007. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. C3 refers to the ratings for average commercial minutes in live programming plus three days of DVR playback. [5]

"Sweeps"

Much of the ratings system, however, still consists of the completion by viewers of ratings diaries, in which a viewer records his or her viewing habits, generally for a week, in exchange for being advanced a nominal amount (up to $30 in the United States). For other uses of the term 'diary' see Diary (disambiguation. These diaries play an especially important role during the four sweeps periods conducted in February, May, July and November in an attempt to measure smaller local market audiences in markets that are not covered by People Meter samples already. (Other, smaller sweeps are conducted through the year in the markets large enough to be measured by non-demographic meters, but not large enough to be measured by the demographic meters (people meters).

The term "sweeps" has two meanings. One refers to how the diaries were handled by Nielsen Media when the ratings were first produced: They are mailed to the households and processed by starting on the East Coast and "sweeping" across the nation. The East Coast of the United States, also known as the "Eastern Seaboard" or "Atlantic Seaboard" refers to the easternmost coastal states in the central and northern The other refers to television programming during the months of November, February, May and (of lesser importance) July, in which eagerly anticipated programs are deliberately scheduled in order to boost television ratings.

Television networks and other programmers make unusual efforts to attract additional viewers during these periods, including broadcasting mostly original programming as opposed to repeats, showing more special broadcasts, and including special content in programming such as guest stars, controversial and unexpected plots or topics, extended episodes, finales, and increased competition in advertising. A television network is a distribution network for Television content whereby a central operation provides programming for many Television stations Even news programs are often involved, broadcasting especially controversial or titillating investigative reports and promotions. News is any new information or information on Current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or Word of mouth For this reason, the "sweeps" system of national ratings has been criticized as not representative of typical programming, and encouraging an increase in content of concern such as violence and explicit sexuality. Outside of these peak periods it is more common to see reruns of television programs. A rerun or repeat is a re-airing of an episode of a Radio or Television broadcast.

Nielsen 2008 Sweeps Dates:

February 2008 31 January – 27 February, 2008
May 2008 24 April – 21 May, 2008
July 2008 3 July – 30 July, 2008
November 2008 30 October – 26 November, 2008

Criticism of ratings systems

There is some public critique regarding accuracy and potential bias within Nielsen's rating system. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" In June of 2006, however, Nielsen announced a sweeping plan to revamp its entire methodology to include all types of media viewing in its sample.

Since viewers are aware of being part of the Nielsen sample, it can lead to bias in recording and viewing habits. This criticism is common to any and all survey research. Audience counts gathered by the self-reporting diary methodology are sometimes higher than those gathered by the electronic meters, which provide less opportunity for response bias. This trend seems to be more common for news programming and popular prime time programming. Also, daytime viewing and late night viewing tend to be under-reported by the diary.

Another criticism of the measuring system itself is that it fails the most important criteria of a sample: it is not random in the statistical sense of the word. Only a small fraction of the population is selected and only those that actually accept are used as the sample size. Compounding matters is the fact that of the sample data that is collected, advertisers will not pay for time shifted (recorded for replay at a different time) programs [6] rendering the 'raw' numbers useless. In many local areas, the difference between a rating that keeps a show on the air and one that will cancel it is so small as to be statistically insignificant, and yet the show that just happens to get the higher rating will survive. [7] Worse, as the possible choices increases so does the margin of error resulting in the sampling sizes being too small. [8]

In 2004, News Corporation retained the services of public relations firm Glover Park to launch a campaign aimed at delaying Nielsen's plan to replace its aging household electronic data collection methodology in larger local markets with its newer and more accurate electronic People Meter system. News Corporation (often abbreviated to News Corp) (,,) is one of the world's largest media conglomerate companies by Market capitalisation Public relations (PR is the practice of managing the flow of Information between an Organization and its Publics Public relations - often referred The advocates in the public relations campaign charged that data derived from the newer People Meter system represented a bias toward underreporting minority viewing, which could lead to a de-facto discrimination in employment against minority actors and writers. Nielsen countered the campaign by revealing its sample composition counts. According to Nielsen Media Research's sample composition counts, as of November 2004, nationwide, African American Households using People Meters represented 6. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa 7% of the Nielsen sample, compared to 6. 0% in the general population. Latino Households represent 5. 7% of the Nielsen sample, compared to 5. 0% in the general population. This showed that ethnic minorities were actually overrepresented in the sample, contrary to what was charged in the News Corporation's public relations campaign.

Another criticism of the Nielsen ratings system is its lack of a system for measuring television audiences in environments outside the home, such as college dormitories, transport terminals, bars, and other public places where television is frequently viewed, often by large numbers of people in a common setting. In 2005, Nielsen has announced plans to incorporate viewing by away-from-home college students into its sample. Internet TV viewing is another rapidly growing market for which Nielsen Ratings fail to account for viewer impact. Apple iTunes, atomfilms, YouTube, and some of the networks' own websites (e. g. , ABC. com, CBS. com) provide full-length web-based programming, either subscription-based or ad-supported.

Furthermore, a new problem has developed, especially with the February sweeps. For the 2001-2002 season, the National Football League moved Super Bowl XXXVI to February, when it was placed in the sweeps period, because of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, which postponed the NFL schedule a week. The National Football League ( NFL) is the largest professional American football league. Super Bowl XXXVI was an American football game played on February 3, 2002 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans Louisiana Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Because of that, starting with the 2003-04 season, the NFL moved the Super Bowl into the sweeps period.

Since the move of the Super Bowl into the sweeps period, Sunday nights in the sweeps period in February is almost guaranteed to be a winner for the network holding the big event on each of the four Sundays – the Super Bowl (alternates among NBC, CBS, FOX), Grammy Awards (moved to Sundays since 2003 except during Olympics, CBS), Daytona 500 (finish moved into prime-time in 2007; FOX), or Academy Awards (moved into the sweeps period in 2004, ABC), and every fourth year the Winter Olympics (next telecast 2010, NBC). professional American football, the Super Bowl is the Championship game of the National Football League (NFL The Grammy Awards (originally called the Gramophone Awards)—or Grammys —are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences The Daytona 500 is a 200-lap long NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race held annually at the Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach Florida. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The Winter Olympic Games are a winter Multi-sport event held every four years

Beginning in 2007, Nielsen began a restructuring campaign to provide a higher revenue stream to the new owners of the company. This restructuring included the release of nearly 4,000 employees in favor of cheaper labor from India in provided by Tata Consultancy, a company with strong ties to the newly appointed head of Global Business Services, Mitchell Habib.

Annual top-rated shows

Nielsen began compiling ratings for television nationally beginning in 1950. Before that year, television ratings were compiled by a number of other sources, including C. E. Hooper and Variety. The C E Hooper Company was an American company which measured Radio and Television ratings during the "Golden Age" of radio Variety is a weekly entertainment trade newspaper founded in New York in 1905 by Sime Silverman Today, Hooper is barely remembered; the company was bought out by Nielsen in February 1950. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

These are the programs that finished with the highest average Nielsen rating in each television season:[9]

Year Program Channel
1951 Texaco Star Theater NBC
1952 Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts CBS
1953 I Love Lucy CBS
1954 I Love Lucy CBS
1955 I Love Lucy CBS
1956 The $64,000 Question CBS
1957 I Love Lucy CBS
1958 Gunsmoke CBS
1959 Gunsmoke CBS
1960 Gunsmoke CBS
1961 Gunsmoke CBS
1962 Wagon Train NBC
1963 The Beverly Hillbillies CBS
1964 The Beverly Hillbillies CBS
1965 Bonanza NBC
1966 Bonanza NBC
1967 Bonanza NBC
1968 The Andy Griffith Show CBS
1969 Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In NBC
1970 Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In NBC
1971 Marcus Welby, M.D. ABC
1972 All in the Family CBS
1973 All in the Family CBS
1974 All in the Family CBS
1975 All in the Family CBS
1976 All in the Family CBS
1977 Happy Days ABC
1978 Laverne & Shirley ABC
1979 Three's Company ABC
1980 60 Minutes CBS
1981 Dallas CBS
1982 Dallas CBS
1983 60 Minutes CBS
1984 Dallas CBS
1985 Dynasty ABC
1986 The Cosby Show NBC
1987 The Cosby Show NBC
1988 The Cosby Show NBC
1989 The Cosby Show NBC
1990 The Cosby Show & Roseanne NBC & ABC
1991 Cheers NBC
1992 60 Minutes CBS
1993 60 Minutes CBS
1994 Home Improvement ABC
1995 Seinfeld NBC
1996 ER NBC
1997 ER NBC
1998 Seinfeld NBC
1999 ER NBC
2000 Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? ABC
2001 Survivor: The Australian Outback CBS
2002 Friends NBC
2003 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation CBS
2004 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation CBS
2005 American Idol Fox
2006 American Idol Fox
2007 American Idol Fox
2008 American Idol Fox

See also

References

  1. ^ Levin, Gary. The year 1951 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1951. Texaco Star Theater, a comedy-variety The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's The year 1952 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1952. Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts (also known as Talent Scouts) was a radio and Television Variety show which ran on CBS from CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. The year 1953 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1953. I Love Lucy is an American Situation comedy, starring Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance and William Frawley The year 1954 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1954. The year 1955 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1955. The year 1956 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1956. The $64000 Question was a popular United States Television Game show from 1955 to 1958 The year 1957 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1957. The year 1958 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1958. Gunsmoke is an American radio and television Western drama series created by director Norman MacDonnell and writer John Meston The year 1959 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1959. The year 1960 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1960. The year 1961 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1961. The year 1962 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1962. Wagon Train is a Television Western Series on NBC from 1957 - 1962 and then on ABC from 1962- The year 1963 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1963. The Beverly Hillbillies is an American Television series about a Hillbilly family transplanted to Beverly Hills California after finding The year 1964 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1964. The year 1965 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1965. Bonanza is an American television series that ran on NBC from September 12 1959 to January 16 1973 The year 1966 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1966. The year 1967 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1967. The year 1968 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1968. The Andy Griffith Show is an American sitcom first televised by CBS between October 3 1960 and April 1 The year 1969 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1969. Here Comes The Judge redirects here for the 1968 song see Shorty Long. The year 1970 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1970. The year 1971 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1971. Marcus Welby MD is a popular Medical drama that aired on ABC from September 23, 1969 to July 29, 1976 The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network. The year 1972 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1972. All in the Family is an American Situation comedy that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network from January 12 1971 to April The year 1973 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1973. The year 1974 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1974. The year 1975 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of television-related events in 1975 The year 1976 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1976 The year 1977 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1977. Happy Days is an American Television sitcom that originally aired from 1974 to 1984 on ABC. The year 1978 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1978. Laverne & Shirley was a popular American television Situation comedy that ran on ABC from 1976 to 1983 The year 1979 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1979. Three's Company is an American Sitcom that aired from 1977 to 1984 on ABC. The year 1980 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1980. Not to be confused with the BBC news magazine program Sixty Minutes (TV series. The year 1981 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1981. Dallas is a highly popular long-running American prime-time television Soap opera that originally ran from 1978 to 1991 The year 1982 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1982. The year 1983 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1983. The year 1984 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1984. The year 1985 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1985. Dynasty is an American Prime time television Soap opera that aired on ABC from January 12 1981 to The year 1986 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1986. The Cosby Show is an American television Situation comedy starring Bill Cosby, first airing on September 20, 1984 The year 1987 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1987. The year 1988 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1988. The year 1989 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1989. The year 1990 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1990. Roseanne is an American sitcom broadcast on ABC from 1988 to 1997 starring Stand-up comedian Roseanne The year 1991 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1991. Cheers is an American Situation comedy television series that ran eleven seasons from 1982 to 1993 The year 1992 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1992. The year 1993 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1993. The year 1994 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1994. Home Improvement is a American television Sitcom starring actor/comedian Tim Allen, which aired 1991 to 1999 The year 1995 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1995. Seinfeld is an American Situation comedy, or sitcom that originally aired on NBC from July 5 1989 to May 14 1998 lasting nine seasons The year 1996 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1996. ER is an Emmy Award -winning American Medical drama series created by Novelist Michael Crichton and airing on The year 1997 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1997. The year 1998 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1998. The year 1999 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1999. The year 2000 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2000. In the United States, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (also known simply as Millionaire) is a Television Game show which The year 2001 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2001. Survivor The Australian Outback was the second installment of the popular United States Reality show Survivor. The year 2002 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2002. Friends was an The year 2003 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2003. CSI Crime Scene Investigation is an American crime drama Television series that trails the investigations of a team of Las Vegas The year 2004 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2004. The year 2005 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2005. American Idol, with the full title American Idol The Search for a Superstar for the first season only is an American reality-competition The year 2006 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2006. The year 2007 in television involves some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2007. The year 2008 in television involves some significant plansBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2008. These The following is a list of most-watched television broadcasts, organized by country and based on various criteria The Broadcasters' Audience Research Board, or BARB, is the organisation that compiles television ratings in the United Kingdom. An Appreciation Index ( AI) is a score between 0 and 100 which is used as an indicator of the public's approval for a particular television programme or broadcast service in the "Playback time for Nielsens", USA Today, 2006-10-12, p. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon.  1D. Retrieved on 2006-10-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg.  
  2. ^ de Moraes, Lisa (2004-08-13). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Where's the Love? CNBC Scrambles to Woo Viewers for 'McEnroe'. Retrieved on 2007-06-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable
  3. ^ Terms for the Trade. Arbitron. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
  4. ^ Holmeys, Gary (2006-01-16). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Nielsen Announces Schedule And Plan For Commercial-Minute Ratings. Retrieved on 2007-07-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival
  5. ^ Lafayette, Jon (2007-10-07). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Commercial Ratings Shuffle the Deck. Retrieved on 2008-05-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.
  6. ^ Levin, Gary. "Networks' top shows at a rating Loss", USA Today, 2007-04-25, p. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.  1D. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.  
  7. ^ "Can You Believe TV Ratings?". NOVA / Horizon. Nova is a Popular science Television series from the US produced by WGBH Boston Horizon is a current and long-running BBC popular Science and Philosophy documentary programme PBS. 1992-02-18. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  8. ^ Segal, Andrea (2007-04-26). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Nielsen Ratings: An Inaccurate Truth. The Cornell Daily Sun. Retrieved on 2008-01-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy.
  9. ^ McNeil, Alex (1996). Total Television, 4th ed. . New York: Penguin, 1143-1161. ISBN 0-14-024916-8.  
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