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Niels Henrik David Bohr

Born 7 October 1885(1885-10-07)
Copenhagen, Denmark
Died November 18, 1962 (aged 77)
Copenhagen, Denmark
Residence Denmark
Nationality Danish
Ethnicity Danish-Sephardic Jew
Fields Physics
Institutions University of Copenhagen
University of Manchester
Alma mater University of Cambridge
University of Copenhagen
Doctoral advisor Christian Christiansen
Ernest Rutherford
Doctoral students Hendrik Anthony Kramers
Known for Copenhagen interpretation
Complementarity
Bohr model
Bohr effect
Sommerfeld-Bohr theory
BKS theory
Bohr-Einstein debates
Influenced Max Delbrück
Werner Heisenberg
Lise Meitner
Notable awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1922)
Notes
Harald Bohr is his younger brother, and Aage Bohr is his son. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. The University of Copenhagen (Københavns Universitet is the oldest and largest University and research institution in Denmark. The University of Manchester is a " red brick " civic University located in Manchester, England. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the The University of Copenhagen (Københavns Universitet is the oldest and largest University and research institution in Denmark. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Christian Christiansen ( October 9, 1843 in Loenborg, Denmark – 1917 was a Danish physicist Ernest Rutherford 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, PC, FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937 was a New Zealand Physicist Hendrik Anthony Kramers ( Rotterdam, February 2, 1894 &ndash Oegstgeest, April 24, 1952) was a Dutch Physicist The Copenhagen interpretation is an interpretation of Quantum mechanics. In Physics, complementarity is a basic principle of quantum theory closely identified with the Copenhagen interpretation, and refers to effects such In Atomic physics, the Bohr model created by Niels Bohr depicts the Atom as a small positively charged nucleus surrounded by Electrons Bohr effect is a property of Hemoglobin first described in 1904 by the Danish physiologist Christian Bohr (father of physicist Niels Bohr) which states The Bohr-Kramers-Slater (BKS theory (1924 is perhaps more a program than a genuine physical theory the ideas that are developed not being worked out in a quantitative way Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück ( September 4, 1906 &ndash March 9, 1981) was a German-American Biophysicist and Nobel Werner Heisenberg (5 December 1901 in Würzburg &ndash1 February 1976 in Munich) was a German theoretical physicist best known for enunciating the Lise Meitner (7 or 17 November 1878 &ndash 27 October 1968 was an Austrian born later Swedish physicist who studied Radioactivity and The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Harald August Bohr ( 22 April 1887 &ndash 22 January 1951) was a Danish Mathematician and football player Aage Niels Bohr (ˈɔːʊ̯̩ nels ˈb̥oɐ̯ˀ = OH-weh (born June 19 1922 in Copenhagen) is a Danish Physicist and the son of Margrethe and

Niels Henrik David Bohr (pronounced [nels ˈb̥oɐ̯ˀ] in Danish; October 7, 1885 – November 18, 1962) was a Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Bohr mentored and collaborated with many of the top physicists of the century at his institute in Copenhagen. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city He was also part of the team of physicists working on the Manhattan Project. The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb Bohr married Margrethe Nørlund in 1912, and one of their sons, Aage Niels Bohr, grew up to be an important physicist who, like his father, received the Nobel prize, in 1975. Aage Niels Bohr (ˈɔːʊ̯̩ nels ˈb̥oɐ̯ˀ = OH-weh (born June 19 1922 in Copenhagen) is a Danish Physicist and the son of Margrethe and Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Bohr has been described as one of the most influential physicists of the 20th century. [1]

Contents

Biography

Early life

Niels Henrik David Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1885. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common His father, Christian Bohr, a devout Lutheran, was professor of physiology at the University of Copenhagen (it is his name which is given to the Bohr shift), while his mother, Ellen Adler Bohr, came from a wealthy Jewish family prominent in Danish banking and parliamentary circles. Christian Harald Lauritz Peter Emil Bohr (1855-1911 both in Copenhagen) was a Danish physician and father of the famous Physicist Niels Bohr Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical The University of Copenhagen (Københavns Universitet is the oldest and largest University and research institution in Denmark. Bohr effect is a property of Hemoglobin first described in 1904 by the Danish physiologist Christian Bohr (father of physicist Niels Bohr) which states PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe His brother was Harald Bohr, a mathematician and Olympic soccer player who played on the Danish national team. Harald August Bohr ( 22 April 1887 &ndash 22 January 1951) was a Danish Mathematician and football player A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The Denmark national football team is controlled by the Danish Football Association and has represented the country of Denmark in international football Niels Bohr was a passionate soccer player as well, and the two brothers played a number of matches for Akademisk Boldklub. Akademisk Boldklub or AB is a Danish Professional football club from Copenhagen, currently playing at the second highest level in

Bohr studied as an undergraduate, graduate and, under Christian Christiansen, as a doctoral student at Copenhagen University, receiving his doctorate in 1911. Christian Christiansen ( October 9, 1843 in Loenborg, Denmark – 1917 was a Danish physicist The University of Copenhagen (Københavns Universitet is the oldest and largest University and research institution in Denmark. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year As a post-doctoral student, Bohr first conducted experiments under J. J. Thomson at Trinity College, Cambridge. Sir Joseph John “JJ” Thomson, OM, FRS (18 December 1856 &ndash 30 August 1940 was a British Physicist and Nobel laureate Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. He then went on to study under Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester in England. Ernest Rutherford 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, PC, FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937 was a New Zealand Physicist The University of Manchester is a " red brick " civic University located in Manchester, England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland On the basis of Rutherford's theories, Bohr published his model of atomic structure in 1913, introducing the theory of electrons traveling in orbits around the atom's nucleus, the chemical properties of the element being largely determined by the number of electrons in the outer orbits. In Atomic physics, the Bohr model created by Niels Bohr depicts the Atom as a small positively charged nucleus surrounded by Electrons History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J In Physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved path of one object around a point or another body for example the gravitational orbit of a planet around a star The nucleus of an Atom is the very dense region consisting of Nucleons ( Protons and Neutrons, at the center of an atom Bohr also introduced the idea that an electron could drop from a higher-energy orbit to a lower one, emitting a photon (light quantum) of discrete energy. In Physics, the photon is the Elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena This became a basis for quantum theory. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons

Niels Bohr and his wife Margrethe Nørlund had six children. Two died young, and most of the others went on to lead successful lives. One, Aage Niels Bohr, also became a very successful physicist; like his father, he won a Nobel Prize in 1975. Aage Niels Bohr (ˈɔːʊ̯̩ nels ˈb̥oɐ̯ˀ = OH-weh (born June 19 1922 in Copenhagen) is a Danish Physicist and the son of Margrethe and The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature

Physics

In 1916, Niels Bohr became a professor at the University of Copenhagen. The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies The University of Copenhagen (Københavns Universitet is the oldest and largest University and research institution in Denmark. With the assistance of the Danish government and the Carlsberg Foundation, he succeeded in founding the Institute of Theoretical Physics in 1921, of which he became its director. [2] In 1922, Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny Image talkNew_radiation_symbol_ISO_21482svg for details --> Ionizing radiation " Bohr's institute served as a focal point for theoretical physicists in the 1920s and '30s, and most of the world's best known theoretical physicists of that period spent some time there.

Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein debating quantum theory at Paul Ehrenfest's home in Leiden (December 1925).
Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein debating quantum theory at Paul Ehrenfest's home in Leiden (December 1925). Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Paul Ehrenfest ( January 18, 1880 – September 25, 1933) was an Austrian Physicist and Mathematician, who

Bohr also conceived the principle of complementarity: that items could be separately analyzed as having several contradictory properties. In Physics, complementarity is a basic principle of quantum theory closely identified with the Copenhagen interpretation, and refers to effects such For example, physicists currently conclude that light is both a wave and a stream of particles — two apparently mutually exclusive properties — on the basis of this principle. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 Bohr also found philosophical applications for this daringly original principle. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Albert Einstein much preferred the determinism of classical physics over the probabilistic new physics of Bohr (to which Max Planck and Einstein himself had contributed). Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical He and Bohr had good-natured arguments over the truth of this principle throughout their lives (see Bohr Einstein debate). One of Bohr's most famous students was Werner Heisenberg, a crucial figure in the development of quantum mechanics, who was also head of the German atomic bomb project. Werner Heisenberg (5 December 1901 in Würzburg &ndash1 February 1976 in Munich) was a German theoretical physicist best known for enunciating the Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons

In 1941, during the German occupation of Denmark in World War II, Bohr was visited by Heisenberg in Copenhagen (see section below). Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In 1943, shortly before he was to be arrested by the German police, Bohr escaped to Sweden, and then traveled to London. The rescue of the Danish Jews occurred during Nazi Germany 's Occupation of Denmark during World War II. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

Atomic research

He worked at the top-secret Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico, U.S., on the Manhattan Project, where, according to Richard Feynman, he was known by the assumed name of Nicholas Baker for security reasons. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL (previously known at various times as Site Y, Los Alamos Laboratory, and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory) is a New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb Richard Phillips Feynman (ˈfaɪnmən May 11 1918 – February 15 1988 was an American Physicist known for the Path integral formulation of quantum His role in the project was important. He was seen as a knowledgeable consultant or "father confessor" on the project. He was concerned about a nuclear arms race, and is quoted as saying, "That is why I went to America. They didn't need my help in making the atom bomb. "[3]

Bohr believed that atomic secrets should be shared by the international scientific community. After meeting with Bohr, J. Robert Oppenheimer suggested Bohr visit President Franklin D. Roosevelt to convince him that the Manhattan Project should be shared with the Russians in the hope of speeding up its results. The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb Roosevelt suggested Bohr return to the United Kingdom to try to win British approval. Winston Churchill disagreed with the idea of openness towards the Russians to the point that he wrote in a letter: "It seems to me Bohr ought to be confined or at any rate made to see that he is very near the edge of mortal crimes. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 "[4]

After the war Bohr returned to Copenhagen, advocating the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Nuclear Energy is released by the splitting (fission or merging together (fusion of the nuclei of Atom (s When awarded the Order of the Elephant by the Danish government, he designed his own coat of arms which featured a taijitu (symbol of yin and yang) and the Latin motto contraria sunt complementa: opposites are complementary. The Order of the Elephant (Elefantordenen is the highest order of Denmark. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people In Chinese philosophy, the concept of yin and yang ( is used to describe how seemingly opposing forces are bound together intertwined and interdependent in the [5] He died in Copenhagen in 1962. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city He is buried in the Assistens Kirkegård in the Nørrebro section of Copenhagen. Nørrebro is the common name for an area in Copenhagen, Denmark located beyond the historic city center (the Indre By) and beyond the location of

Contributions to physics

Kierkegaard's influence on Bohr

It is generally accepted that Bohr read the 19th century Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (ˈsœːɐn ˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌɡ̊ɒˀ in Danish Anglicized as;) Richard Rhodes argues in The Making of the Atomic Bomb that Bohr was influenced by Kierkegaard via the philosopher Harald Høffding, who was strongly influenced by Kierkegaard and who was an old friend of Bohr's father. Richard Lee Rhodes (b July 4, 1937) is an American journalist historian and author of both fiction and non-fiction (which he prefers to call "verity" The Making of the Atomic Bomb, written by Richard Rhodes, won the 1988 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. Harald Høffding ( March 11, 1843 - July 2, 1931) was a Danish Philosopher. In 1909, Bohr sent his brother Kierkegaard's Stages on Life's Way as a birthday gift. Stages on Life's Way (Danish Stadier På Livets Vej) is a philosophical work by Søren Kierkegaard written in 1845 In the enclosed letter, Bohr wrote, "It is the only thing I have to send home; but I do not believe that it would be very easy to find anything better. . . . I even think it is one of the most delightful things I have ever read. " Bohr enjoyed Kierkegaard's language and literary style, but mentioned that he had some "disagreement with [Kierkegaard's ideas]. "[7]

Given this, there has been some dispute over whether Kierkegaard influenced Bohr's philosophy and science. David Favrholdt[8] argues that Kierkegaard had minimal influence over Bohr's work; taking Bohr's statement about disagreeing with Kierkegaard at face value, while Jan Faye[9] endorses the opposing point of view by arguing that one can disagree with the content of a theory while accepting its general premises and structure. [10]

Relationship with Heisenberg

Bohr and Werner Heisenberg enjoyed a strong mentor/protégé relationship up to the onset of World War II. Werner Heisenberg (5 December 1901 in Würzburg &ndash1 February 1976 in Munich) was a German theoretical physicist best known for enunciating the Heisenberg had made Bohr aware of his talent during a lecture in 1922 in Göttingen. During the mid-1920s Heisenberg worked with Bohr at the institute in Copenhagen. Heisenberg, as most of Bohr's assistants, learned Danish. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle was developed during this period. In Quantum physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that locating a particle in a small region of space makes the Momentum of the particle uncertain Bohr's complementarity principle likewise. By the time of World War II, the relationship became strained because, among other reasons Bohr, with his partially-Jewish heritage, remained in occupied Denmark, while Heisenberg remained in Germany and became head of the German nuclear efforts. Heisenberg made a now-famous visit to Bohr in September/October 1941, and during a private moment, it seems that he began to address nuclear energy and morality as well as the war effort. Neither Bohr nor Heisenberg spoke about it in any detail to outsiders nor left written records of this part of the meeting at the time, and they were alone and outside. [11] Bohr seems to have reacted by terminating that conversation abruptly while not giving Heisenberg any hints in any direction. While some suggest that the relationship became strained at this meeting, other evidence shows that the level of contact had been reduced considerably for some time already. One source, Heisenberg himself, suggests that the fracture occurred later. In correspondence to his wife, Heisenberg described the final visit of the trip: "Today I was once more, with Weizsaecker, at Bohr's. In many ways this was especially nice, the conversation revolved for a large part of the evening around purely human concerns, Bohr was reading aloud, I played a Mozart Sonata (A-Major). "[12] Ivan Supek, one of Heisenberg's students and friends, claimed that the main figure of the meeting was actually Weizsäcker who tried to persuade Bohr to mediate for peace between Great Britain and Germany. Ivan Supek ( April 8, 1915 - March 5, 2007) was a Croatian Physicist, Philosopher, Writer, Playwright Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker ( June 28, 1912 &ndash 28 April 2007) was a German Physicist and Philosopher [13]

Tube Alloys

"Tube Alloys" was the code-name for the British nuclear weapon program. Tube Alloys was the code-name for the British Nuclear weapon directorate during World War II, when the very possibility of nuclear weapons was kept at such a high The British intelligence services inquired about Bohr's availability for work or insights of particular value. Bohr's reply made it clear that he could not help. This reply, like his reaction to Heisenberg, made sure that, if Gestapo intercepted anything attributed to Bohr it would simply point to no particularly relevant knowledge regarding nuclear energy, as it stood in 1941. This does not exclude the possibility that Bohr privately did make calculations going further than his work in 1939 with Wheeler.

After leaving Denmark in the dramatic day and night (October 1943) when most Jews were able to escape to Sweden due to a series of very exceptional circumstances (see Rescue of the Danish Jews), Bohr was quickly asked, again, to join British efforts, and he was flown to the UK for that purpose. The rescue of the Danish Jews occurred during Nazi Germany 's Occupation of Denmark during World War II. He was evacuated from Stockholm in 1943 in an unarmed De Havilland Mosquito bomber (carried in an improvised cabin in the bomb bay) sent by the RAF. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The flight almost ended in tragedy as Bohr did not don his oxygen equipment as instructed, and passed out. He would have died had not the pilot, surmising from Bohr's lack of response to intercom communication that he had lost consciousness, descended to a lower altitude for the remainder of the flight. Bohr's comment was that he had slept like a baby for the entire flight.

As part of the UK team on "Tube Alloys" Bohr was also included at Los Alamos. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL (previously known at various times as Site Y, Los Alamos Laboratory, and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory) is a Oppenheimer credited Bohr warmly for his guiding help during certain discussions among scientists there. Discreetly, he met President Franklin D. Roosevelt and later Winston Churchill to warn against the perilous perspectives that would follow from separate development of nuclear weapons by several powers rather than some form of controlled sharing of the basic scientific knowledge, which would spread quickly in any case. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Only in the 1950s, after the immense surprise that the Soviets could and did in fact develop the weapons independently, was it possible to create the International Atomic Energy Agency along the lines of Bohr's old suggestion. The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its

Speculation

In 1957, while the author Robert Jungk was working on the book Brighter Than a Thousand Suns, Heisenberg wrote to Jungk explaining that he had visited Copenhagen to communicate to Bohr his view that scientists on either side should help prevent development of the atomic bomb, that the German attempts were entirely focused on energy production, and that Heisenberg's circle of colleagues tried to keep it that way. Robert Jungk ( May 11, 1913 - July 14, 1994) also known as Robert Baum and Robert Baum-Jungk, was an Austrian A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. The German nuclear energy project in Nazi Germany was informally known as the Uranverein (Uranium Club and it began in April 1939 just months [14] However, Heisenberg acknowledged that his cryptic approach of the subject had so alarmed Bohr that the discussion failed. Heisenberg nuanced his claims, though, and avoided the implication that he and his colleagues had purposely sabotaged the bomb effort. However, this nuance was lost in Jungk's original publication of the book, which strongly implied that the German atomic bomb project was rendered purposely stillborn by Heisenberg.

When Bohr saw Jungk's erroneous depiction in the Danish translation of the book, he disagreed wholeheartedly. He drafted (but never sent) a letter to Heisenberg, stating that while Heisenberg had indeed discussed the subject of nuclear weapons in Copenhagen, Heisenberg had never alluded to the fact that he might be resisting efforts to build such weapons. Bohr dismissed the idea of any pact as an after-the-fact construction. [15]

Michael Frayn's play Copenhagen, which was performed in London (for five years), Copenhagen, Gothenburg, Rome, Athens (Greece), Geneva and on Broadway in New York, explores what might have happened at the 1941 meeting between Heisenberg and Bohr. Michael Frayn (born 8 September 1933 is an English playwright and novelist Copenhagen is a play by Michael Frayn, based around an event that occurred in Copenhagen in 1941 a meeting between the Physicists Niels Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Frayn points in particular to the onus of being one of the few, or the first one, to understand what it would mean in practice to create a nuclear weapon.

Legacy

Commemorations

Quotations

Further reading

Primary

Secondary

References

  1. ^ Murdoch, Dugald (2000) "Bohr" in Newton-Smith, N. Copenhagen is a play by Michael Frayn, based around an event that occurred in Copenhagen in 1941 a meeting between the Physicists Niels Michael Frayn (born 8 September 1933 is an English playwright and novelist H. (ed. ) A Companion to the Philosophy of Science. Great Britain: Blackwell Publishers, p. 26. ISBN 0-631-23020-3.
  2. ^ Finn Aaserud. History of the institute: The establishment of an institute. Niels Bohr Institute. Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
  3. ^ Long, Doug. Niels Bohr - The Atomic Bomb and beyond. Hiroshima - was it necessary?. Retrieved on 2006-12-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  4. ^ Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986. ), pgs. 528-538.
  5. ^ Bohr crest. University of Copenhagen (1947-10-17). Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Retrieved on 2007-03-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king
  6. ^ Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb,(1986) Simon&Shuster, NY,NY, pp. 282-88
  7. ^ Register, Bryan (1997-12-01). Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Complementarity: Content, Context and Critique. Retrieved on 2006-12-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  8. ^ Favrholdt, David. Niels Bohr’s Philosophical Background. Copenhagen: Munksgaard (1992): pp. 42-63.
  9. ^ Faye, Jan. "Niels Bohr: His Heritage and Legacy. " Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers (1991).
  10. ^ Mark Richardson, et al. Religion & Science: History, Method, Dialogue. Routledge 1996, pg. 289
  11. ^ Heisenberg, Elisabeth (1984). Inner Exile: Recollections of a Life With Werner Heisenberg. Boston MA: Birkhauser, p77 et seq. ISBN 0817631461.  
  12. ^ Heisenberg, Werner. Werner Heisenberg (5 December 1901 in Würzburg &ndash1 February 1976 in Munich) was a German theoretical physicist best known for enunciating the Letter from Werner Heisenberg to his wife Elisabeth written during his 1941 visit in Copenhagen. Heisenberg, Jochen. Retrieved on 2006-12-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  13. ^ Jutarnji list. Jutarnji list (trans "morning paper" is a daily Newspaper in Croatia with a circulation of about 115000 copies A March 2006 interview with Ivan Supek relating to 1941 Bohr - Heisenberg meeting (Croatian). Jutarnji list. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar.
  14. ^ Heisenberg, Werner. Werner Heisenberg (5 December 1901 in Würzburg &ndash1 February 1976 in Munich) was a German theoretical physicist best known for enunciating the Letter From Werner Heisenberg to Author Robert Jungk. The Manhattan Project Heritage Preservation Association, Inc. . Retrieved on 2006-12-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  15. ^ Aaserud, Finn (2002-02-06). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Release of documents relating to 1941 Bohr-Heisenberg meeting. Niels Bohr Archive. Retrieved on 2007-06-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China.
  16. ^ The coins and banknotes of Denmark p20. National Bank of Denmark (2005). Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João

See also

External links

Persondata
NAME Bohr, Niels Henrik David
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Bohr, Niels
SHORT DESCRIPTION Danish physicist
DATE OF BIRTH October 7, 1885
PLACE OF BIRTH Copenhagen, Denmark
DATE OF DEATH November 18, 1962
PLACE OF DEATH Copenhagen, Denmark

Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons In Atomic physics, the Bohr model created by Niels Bohr depicts the Atom as a small positively charged nucleus surrounded by Electrons In Atomic physics, the Bohr model created by Niels Bohr depicts the Atom as a small positively charged nucleus surrounded by Electrons The Copenhagen interpretation is an interpretation of Quantum mechanics. Stefan Rozental (born 1903 in Łódź, Poland, died 1994 in Copenhagen, Denmark) was a nuclear physicist, specialising in Quantum Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe
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