| Nicholas I | |
| Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias | |
 |
|
| Reign | December 1, 1825–March 2, 1855 |
|---|---|
| Coronation | September 3, 1826 |
| Born | 6 July 1796 |
| Birthplace | Gatchina |
| Died | March 2, 1855 (aged 58) |
| Place of death | Saint Petersburg |
| Buried | Peter and Paul Cathedral |
| Predecessor | Alexander I |
| Successor | Alexander II |
| Consort | Charlotte of Prussia |
| Issue | Tsar Alexander II Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna Grand Duke Constantine Nicholaievich of Russia Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaievich Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich |
| Royal House | House of Romanov |
| Father | Paul I |
| Mother | Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg |
Nicholas I (Russian: Николай I Павлович, Nikolaj I Pavlovič), July 6 (June 25, Old Style), 1796 – March 2 (18 February Old Style), 1855), was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as one of the most reactionary of the Russian monarchs. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Gatchina (Га́тчина is a city in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located 45 km south of St Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River The Peter and Paul Cathedral is located inside the Peter and Paul Fortress in St Alexander I of Russia ( Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich (23 December 1777 – November 19 1825 served as Emperor of Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St Alexandra Feodorovna, born Charlotte Princess of Prussia, ( July 13, 1798 &ndash November 1, 1860) was Empress consort of Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St Maria Nikolaievna (Мария Николаевна ( August 18 1819 - February 21 1876) was a daughter of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia ( September 11, 1822 – October 30, 1892) later Queen Olga of Württemberg, was Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia ( 24 June 1825 - 10 August 1844) was the youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas Grand Duke Constantin Nikolaevich of Russia (Константин Николаевич September 9 1827 – January 13 1892) was the second Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia ( October 13, 1832 &ndash December 18, 1909) was the fourth son and seventh child of Tsar The House of Romanov (Рома́нов rʌˈmanəf was the second and last imperial Dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country from 1613 to 1917 Paul (Па́вел I Петро́вич Pavel Petrovich) ( &ndash) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801 Maria Feodorovna (Мари́я Фёдоровна 25 October 1759 &ndash 5 November 1828) was the second wife of Tsar Paul I of Russia Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year He was also King of Poland until his deposition in 1831. Poland, or at least its nucleus was ruled at various times either by książęta (Dukes(ca Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a
He was born in Gatchina to Emperor Paul I and Empress Maria Feodorovna. Gatchina (Га́тчина is a city in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located 45 km south of St Paul (Па́вел I Петро́вич Pavel Petrovich) ( &ndash) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801 Maria Feodorovna (Мари́я Фёдоровна 25 October 1759 &ndash 5 November 1828) was the second wife of Tsar Paul I of Russia He was a younger brother to Alexander I of Russia and Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia. Alexander I of Russia ( Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich (23 December 1777 – November 19 1825 served as Emperor of Constantine Pavlovich Romanov (Константи́н Па́влович Рома́нов
Contents |
Early life and road to power
Nicholas was not brought up to be the Emperor of Russia, as he had two elder brothers before him. As such, in 1825, when Alexander I suddenly died of typhus, Nicholas was caught between swearing allegiance to his second-eldest brother Constantine Pavlovich and accepting the throne for himself. Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Constantine Pavlovich Romanov (Константи́н Па́влович Рома́нов The interregnum lasted until Constantine Pavlovich who was in Warsaw at that time confirmed his refusal. Constantine Pavlovich Romanov (Константи́н Па́влович Рома́нов Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Additionally, in December 25 (13 Old Style) Nicholas issued the manifesto claiming his accession to the throne. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year That manifesto named December 1 as official date of his reign start. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican During that confusion a plot was hatched by the military to overthrow Nicholas and to usurp power. This led to the Decembrist Revolt in December 26 (14 Old Style), 1825 where Nicholas almost lost his life but in the end was successful in suppressing the uprising. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year
Emperor and principles
Nicholas completely lacked his brothers' spiritual and intellectual breadth; he saw his role simply as one paternal autocrat ruling his people by whatever means were necessary. Having experienced the trauma of the Decembrist Revolt, Nicholas I was determined to restrain Russian society. The Third Section of the Imperial Chancellery ran a huge network of spies and informers with the help of Gendarmes. The Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery ( Russian: Tretiye Otdeleniye, or III отделение собственной Е His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancery or HIM Own Chancery (Собственная Его Императорского Величества канцелярия Собственная The Special Corps of Gendarmes (Отдельный корпус жандармов was the uniformed Security police of the Russian Empire in the 19th and early 20th The government exercised censorship and other controls over education, publishing, and all manifestations of public life. In 1833 the minister of education, Sergey Uvarov, devised a program of "autocracy, Orthodoxy, and nationality" as the guiding principle of the regime. Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Count Sergey Semionovich Uvarov (Серге́й Семёнович Ува́ров (August 25 ( September 5) 1786 Moscow &ndashSeptember 4 (16 1855 Moscow The people were to show loyalty to the unlimited authority of the tsar, to the traditions of the Russian Orthodox Church, and, in a vague way, to the Russian nation. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure These principles did not gain the support of the population but instead led to repression in general and to suppression of non-Russian nationalities and religions in particular. For example, the government suppressed the Greek-Catholic Churches in Ukraine and Belarus in 1839. This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common See also Cantonists. Cantonists ( Russian language: Кантонисты, the term adapted from Prussia for "recruiting district" were sons of Russian conscripts who
Nicholas refused to abolish serfdom during his reign, since it enabled the landlords to govern the peasants-something the relatively small Russian bureaucracy was unable to do directly. However, he did make some efforts to improve the lot of the state peasants (serfs owned by the government) with the help of the minister Pavel Kiselev. Count Pavel Dmitrievich Kiselyov (Павел Дмитриевич Киселёв also spelled Kiseleff ( 8 January, 1788, Moscow — 14 lee
Culture
The official emphasis on Russian nationalism contributed to a debate on Russia's place in the world, the meaning of Russian history, and the future of Russia. One group, the Westernizers, believed that Russia remained backward and primitive and could progress only through more Europeanization. Another group, the Slavophiles, enthusiastically favored the Slavs and their culture and customs, and had a distaste for westerners and their culture and customs. A Slavophile is an intellectual movement originating from 19th century that wanted the Russian Empire to be developed upon values and institutions derived from its early history The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings The Slavophiles viewed Slavic philosophy as a source of wholeness in Russia and were skeptical of Western rationalism and materialism. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Some of them believed that the Russian peasant commune, or Mir, offered an attractive alternative to Western capitalism and could make Russia a potential social and moral saviour. The Russian word mir (мир besides its direct meanings of peace and world,had some other meanings related to social organization in Imperial Russia The Slavophiles, therefore, represented a form of Russian messianism.
Despite the repressions of this period, Russia experienced a flowering of literature and the arts. Through the works of Aleksandr Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Turgenev, and numerous others, Russian literature gained international stature and recognition. Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (Никола́й Васи́льевич Го́голь Nikolai Vasilevich Gogol;; Микола Васильович Гоголь Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev ( ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈgʲeɪvʲɪtɕ turˈgʲenʲɪf ( &ndash) was a Russian novelist and playwright Ballet took root in Russia after its importation from France, and classical music became firmly established with the compositions of Mikhail Glinka (1804-1857). This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (Михаи́л Ива́нович Гли́нка ( –) was the first Russian composer to gain wide recognition inside his own country Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the
Foreign policy
In foreign policy, Nicholas I acted as the protector of ruling legitimism and guardian against revolution. The Monument to Nicholas I (Памятник Николаю I is a bronze equestrian monument of Nicholas I of Russia on St Isaac's Square (in front Saint Isaac's Square or Isaakiyevskaya Ploshchad (Исаа́киевская пло́щадь known as Vorovsky Square between 1923 and 1944 in Saint Petersburg His offers to suppress revolution on the European continent, accepted in some instances, earned him the label of gendarme of Europe. In 1825 Nicholas I was crowned and began to limit the liberties of constitutional monarchy in Congress Poland. Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is Congress Poland Kongresówka, officially and formally Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie {{IPA-pl|'|p|o|l|s|kʲ|e}} Царство Польское Tsarstvo Polskoye In return, after the November Uprising broke out, in 1831 the Polish parliament deposed Nicholas as king of Poland in response to his repeated curtailment of its constitutional rights. The November Uprising (1830&ndash1831&mdashalso known as the Cadet Revolution &mdashwas an armed rebellion against the rule of the Russian Empire in Poland Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a The Tsar reacted by sending Russian troops into Poland. Nicholas crushed the rebellion, abrogated the Polish constitution, and reduced Poland to the status of a Russian province and embarked on a policy of repression towards Catholics[1]. Vistula Land or Vistula Country (Привислянский Край Privislyansky Krai; Kraj Przywiślański was the name applied for the lands of In 1848, when a series of revolutions convulsed Europe, Nicholas was in the forefront of reaction. Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European In 1849 he intervened on behalf of the Habsburgs and helped suppress an uprising in Hungary, and he also urged Prussia not to accept a liberal constitution. Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common From March 1848 through July 1849 the Habsburg Austrian Empire was threatened by revolutionary movements Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Having helped conservative forces repel the specter of revolution, Nicholas I seemed to dominate Europe.
Russian dominance proved illusory, however. While Nicholas was attempting to maintain the status quo in Europe, he adopted an aggressive policy toward the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Nicholas I was following the traditional Russian policy of resolving the so-called Eastern Question by seeking to partition the Ottoman Empire and establish a protectorate over the Orthodox population of the Balkans, still largely under Ottoman control in the 1820s. The " Eastern Question " in European history, encompasses the diplomatic and political problems posed by the decay of the Ottoman Empire Events and trends Nationalistic independence helped reshape the world during this decade Greece gains independence from the Ottoman Empire Russia fought a successful war with the Ottomans in 1828 and 1829. The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display In 1833 Russia negotiated the Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi with the Ottoman Empire. Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi (less correctly spelled as Unkiar Skelessi) was a Treaty signed between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in The major European parties mistakenly believed that the treaty contained a secret clause granting Russia the right to send warships through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the See also [[Hellespont]] The Dardanelles ( Turkish: Çanakkale Boğazı Greek: Δαρδανέλλια Dardanellia) formerly By the London Straits Convention of 1841, they affirmed Ottoman control over the straits and forbade any power, including Russia, to send warships through the straits. In the London Straits Convention concluded on July 13th 1841 between the Great Powers of Europe at the time - Russia, the For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Based on his role in suppressing the revolutions of 1848 and his mistaken belief that he had British diplomatic support, Nicholas moved against the Ottomans, who declared war on Russia in 1853. Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Fearing the results of an Ottoman defeat by Russia, in 1854 Britain and France joined what became known as the Crimean War on the Ottoman side. Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought Austria offered the Ottomans diplomatic support, and Prussia remained neutral, leaving Russia without allies on the continent. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The European allies landed in Crimea and laid siege to the well-fortified Russian base at Sevastopol. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula After a year's siege the base fell, exposing Russia's inability to defend a major fortification on its own soil. Nicholas I died before the fall of Sevastopol, but he already had recognized the failure of his regime. Russia now faced the choice of initiating major reforms or losing its status as a major European power.
Death
Nicholas died on February 18, 1855. The cause of his death is unclear though many believe he poisoned himself after learning of Russia's defeat at Evpatoria during the Crimean War. The Storm of Eupatoria was the most important military engagement of the Crimean War on the Crimean theatre in 1855 outside Sevastopol. The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought [1]
Legacy
From time to time efforts are made to revive Nicholas' reputation.
- Nicholas believed in his own oath and in respecting other people's rights as well as his own; witness Poland before 1831 and Hungary in 1849. He hated serfdom at heart and would have liked to destroy it, as well as detesting the tyranny of the Baltic squires over their 'emancipated' peasantry. . . . He must not be judged by the panic period of 1848-1855. . . we must not forget that his Minister of Public Education was Uvarov. . . who did an immense amount to spread education through the Empire at all levels. (Igor Vinogradoff)
The Marquis de Custine was open to the possibility that, inside, Nicholas was a good person, and only behaved as he did because he believed he had to. Astolphe-Louis-Léonor Marquis de Custine ( March 18 1790 &ndash October 18[[ 857]] was a French Aristocrat and writer who is best "If the Emperor, has no more of mercy in his heart than he reveals in his policies, then I pity Russia; if, on the other hand, his true sentiments are really superior to his acts, then I pity the Emperor. "
Nicholas is involved in a common misconception about the railroad from Moscow to Saint Petersburg. When it was to be constructed, the engineers proposed to Nicholas to draw the future road on the map himself. So he is said to have taken the ruler and put one end at Moscow, the other at Saint Petersburg, and then drawn a straight line. But as his finger was slightly sticking out, this left the road with a small curving. In fact, this curve was added in 1877, 26 years after the railway's construction to circumvent a steep gradient that lasted for 15km, and interfered with the railway's functionality. [2] This curving had to be rectified in the early 2000s when the speed of the trains running between the two cities had to be increased.
Ancestors
Issue
Nicholas married Charlotte of Prussia (1798 - 1860) who thereafter went by the name Alexandra Feodorovna. Sophia Dorothea of Hanover ( 16 March 1687 &ndash 28 June 1757) was a member of the British Royal Family, only daughter of George Alexandra Feodorovna, born Charlotte Princess of Prussia, ( July 13, 1798 &ndash November 1, 1860) was Empress consort of Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Charlotte was daughter of Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Early life The son of King Frederick William II of Prussia, Frederick William was born in Potsdam and became Crown Prince in 1786 when his father ascended Luise Auguste Wilhelmine Amalie ( Luisa Augusta Wilhelmina Amelia) ( March 10, 1776 &ndash July 19, 1810) Queen of Nicholas and Charlotte were third cousins, as they were both great-great-grandchildren of Frederick William I of Prussia. Frederick William I (Friedrich Wilhelm I ( August 14, 1688 &ndash May 31, 1740) of the House of Hohenzollern, was the King
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tsar Alexander II | April 17, 1818 | March 13, 1881 | married 1841, Marie of Hesse and by Rhine; had issue |
| Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna | 1819 | 1876 | married 1839, Maximilian de Beauharnais; had issue |
| Stillborn Daughter | 22 July 1820 | 22 July 1820 | |
| Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna | September 11, 1822 | October 30, 1892 | married 1846, Karl of Württemberg |
| Stillborn Daughter | 23 October 1823 | 23 October 1823 | |
| Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia | June 24, 1825 | August 10, 1844 | married 1844, Landgrave Friedrich-Wilhelm of Hesse-Kassel |
| Grand Duchess Elizabeth Nikolaevna of Russia | 7 June 1826 | c. Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Marie of Hesse and by Rhine ( 8 August, 1824 - 8 June, 1880) was a princess of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and as Maria Alexandrovna Maria Nikolaievna (Мария Николаевна ( August 18 1819 - February 21 1876) was a daughter of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Maximilian Joseph Eugene Auguste Napoleon de Beauharnais ( 2 October 1817 Munich - 1 November 1852 St Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia ( September 11, 1822 – October 30, 1892) later Queen Olga of Württemberg, was Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII was a Common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Sunday of the Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Charles of Württemberg (Karl Friedrich Alexander König von Württemberg was the third King of Württemberg, from 25 June 1864 until his death in 1891 Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia ( 24 June 1825 - 10 August 1844) was the youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display 1829 | |
| Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich | 1827 | 1892 | married 1848, Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg; had issue |
| Grand Duke Nicholas Nicolaevich | July 27, 1831 | April 13, 1891 | married 1856, Alexandra of Oldenburg; had issue |
| Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich | October 13, 1832 | December 18, 1909 | married 1857, Cecilie of Baden; had issue |
Illegitimate Issue
Many sources state that Nicholas did not have an extramarital affair until after 25 years of marriage, in 1842, when the Empress was forbidden from sex, due to her poor health and recurring heart-attacks, by her doctors. For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Grand Duke Constantin Nikolaevich of Russia (Константин Николаевич September 9 1827 – January 13 1892) was the second Year 1827 ( MDCCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna of Russia ( 8 July 1830 Altenburg &ndash 6 July 1911 Saint Petersburg) born Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Grand Duchess Alexandra Petrovna of Russia (Russian Александра Петровна June 2 1838 – April 25 1900 was a daughter of Duke Peter of Oldenburg and Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia ( October 13, 1832 &ndash December 18, 1909) was the fourth son and seventh child of Tsar Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Grand Duchess Olga Feodorovna of Russia ( Karlsruhe, 20 September 1839 - Kharkov, Russian Empire 12 April 1891 Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Many facts dispute this claim. Nicholas fathered three known children with mistresses prior to 1842, including one with his most famous, and well documented, mistress Barbara Nelidova. Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
With Anna-Maria Charlota de Rutenskiold (1791-1856)
- Youzia Koberwein (12 May 1825 - 23 February 1923)
With Barbara Yakovleva (1803-1831)
- Olga Carlovna Albrecht (10 July 1828 - 20 January 1898)
With Barbara Nelidova (d. Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common 1897)
See also
- Tsars of Russia family tree
- Descent Nicholas I (list of descendents)
- Monument to Nicholas I
- Imperial Russia
- History of Russia
References
- The first draft of this article was taken with little editing from the Library of Congress Federal Research Division's Country Studies series. Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common These images show family trees for the different royal houses that ruled Vladimir Moscow and Russia from A The Monument to Nicholas I (Памятник Николаю I is a bronze equestrian monument of Nicholas I of Russia on St Isaac's Square (in front The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Early history Pre-Slavic inhabitants See also Steppe nomads, Scythians, Bosporan Kingdom, Khazaria In prehistoric times The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress As their home page at http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html says, "Information contained in the Country Studies On-Line is not copyrighted and thus is available for free and unrestricted use by researchers. As a courtesy, however, approp
- This article contains material from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain. The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA) freely available for use by researchers The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- ^ Nicholas
- ^ "Tsar's Finger sliced off on the Moscow express", Guardian Unlimited, October 24, 2001.
|
Nicholas I of Russia
Cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg
Born: 6 July 1796 Died: 2 March 1855 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Alexander I |
Emperor of Russia 1 December 1825 – 2 March 1855 |
Succeeded by Alexander II |
| King of Poland 1 December 1825 – 25 January 1831 |
||
| Grand Duke of Finland 1 December 1825 – 2 March 1855 |
||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Nicholas I |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Pavlovich, Nikolai I |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Emperor of Russia |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 6 July 1796 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Gatchina |
| DATE OF DEATH | March 2, 1855 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
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