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Nicholas Hawksmoor (probably 1661 - 25 March 1736) was a British architect born to a humble family in Nottinghamshire. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 1736 ( MDCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction

His career formed the brilliant middle link in Britain's trio of great baroque architects. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction Hawksmoor was characterized by Howard Colvin as "more assured in his command of the classical vocabulary than the untrained Vanbrugh, more imaginative in his vision than the intellectual Wren. For the character on the HBO television series The Wire see Howard "Bunny" Colvin. Sir John Vanbrugh (pronounced "Van'-bru" (24 January 1664? – 26 March 1726 was an English Architect and Dramatist, perhaps best known " From about 1684 to about 1700 Hawksmoor worked with his teacher, Christopher Wren, on projects including Chelsea Hospital, St. Paul's Cathedral (London), Hampton Court Palace and Greenwich Hospital. Sir Christopher Wren ( 20 October 1632 &ndash 25 February 1723) was a 17th century English Designer, Astronomer The Royal Hospital Chelsea is a Retirement home and Nursing home for British Soldiers who are unfit for further duty due to St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican Cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, south west London, England. Thanks to Wren's influence as Surveyor-General, the modest and diffident Hawksmoor was named Clerk of the Works at Kensington Palace (1689) and Deputy Surveyor of Works at Greenwich (1705). Kensington Palace is a royal residence set in Kensington Gardens in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in London, England Greenwich ( ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ GREN-itch /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-idge or /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-idge is a district in south-east London, Year 1705 ( MDCCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In 1718, when Wren was superseded by the new, amateur Surveyor, William Benson, Hawksmoor was deprived of his double post to provide places for Benson's brother, a bitter blow. Year 1718 ( MDCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a For the noted USN admiral see William S Benson William Benson (1682— 2 February 1754) was a talented "Poor Hawksmoor," wrote Vanbrugh in 1721. Year 1721 ( MDCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a "What a Barbarous Age. . . What wou'd Monsr. Colbert in France have given for such a man?"

He then worked for a time with Sir John Vanbrugh, helping him build Blenheim Palace for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, where he took charge after Vanbrugh's final break with the demanding Duchess of Marlborough, and Castle Howard for Charles Howard, later the 3rd Earl of Carlisle. Jean-Baptiste Colbert ( August 29, 1619 — September 6, 1683) served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under Blenheim Palace  is a large and Monumental country house situated in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England. Castle Howard is a Stately home in North Yorkshire, England 15 miles (24 km north of York. There is no doubt that Hawksmoor brought to the brilliant amateur the professional grounding he had received from Wren, and in Colvin's words, "enabled Vanbrugh's heroic designs to be translated into actuality. "

In 1702, Hawksmoor designed the baroque country house of Easton Neston in Northamptonshire for Sir William Fermor. Year 1702 ( MDCCII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Easton Neston is a Country house near Towcester (pronounced "Toaster" in Northamptonshire, England. Northamptonshire (or archaically the County of Northampton; abbreviated Northants This is the only country house for which he was the sole architect, though he extensively remodelled Ockham House for the Lord Chief Justice King (now mostly destroyed). The English country house is generally accepted as a large House or Mansion, once in the ownership of an individual who also usually owned another Great Perhaps fortunately, Easton Neston was not completed as he intended, for the symmetrical unexecuted flanking wings and entrance colonnade were very much in the style of John Vanbrugh; whereas the house as it stands is pure innovative Hawksmoor at his finest. Sir John Vanbrugh (pronounced "Van'-bru" (24 January 1664? – 26 March 1726 was an English Architect and Dramatist, perhaps best known

Hawksmoor conceived grand rebuilding schemes for central Oxford, most of which were not realised. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, The idea was for a round library for the Radcliffe Camera but that commission went to James Gibbs. References in popular culture J R R Tolkien, author of The Lord of the Rings, remarked that the building resembled Sauron He did design the Clarendon Building at Oxford; the Codrington Library and new buildings at All Souls College, Oxford; parts of Worcester College, Oxford with Sir George Clarke; the High Street screen at The Queen's College, Oxford and six new churches in London. The Clarendon Building is a landmark Grade I listed building in Oxford, England and was built between 1711 and 1713 to house the Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, All Souls College (in full The Warden and College of the Souls of all Faithful People deceased in the University of Oxford) is one of the constituent colleges George Clarke (1661&ndash1736 the son of Sir William Clarke, enrolled at Brasenose College Oxford in 1676 The Queen's College, founded 1341 is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. He also designed the west towers of Westminster Abbey, superimposed on the medieval portal, and became Surveyor of the Abbey when Wren died in 1723. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Year 1723 ( MDCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

Unlike many of his wealthier contemporaries, Hawksmoor never travelled to Italy on a [[Grand



Tour]], where he might have been influenced by the style of architecture there. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation   His ideas seem to derive from engravings, especially monuments of ancient Rome and reconstructions of the Temple of Solomon. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Solomon's Temple (בית המקדש transliterated Beit HaMikdash) also known as the First Temple, was according to  But he was versatile in his work, and all the buildings he designed are distinctly different from each other.  The influence of Italian Baroque architect Borromini can be detected in some. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Francesco Borromini, byname of Francesco Castelli (b Bissone, Ticino, September 25, 1599; Rome, August 3,

Contents

Hawksmoor's six London churches

These churches were built in accordance with a Parliamentary Act of 1711 providing tax money for the building of fifty new London churches, only a dozen of which were actually built, six of them to Hawksmoors design. The Commission for Building Fifty New Churches (in London and the surroundings was an organisation set up by Act of Parliament in England in 1711 He also designed towers for two more, designed by others: St John Horsleydown and St Luke Old Street. St Luke's is an area in the London Borough of Islington in Greater London, close to the borders with the London Borough of Hackney and the City of The six churches wholly designed by Hawksmoor's best-known wholly independent works of architecture. They compare in their complexity of interpenetrating internal spaces with contemporaneous work in Italy by Francesco Borromini. Francesco Borromini, byname of Francesco Castelli (b Bissone, Ticino, September 25, 1599; Rome, August 3, Their spires, essentially Gothic outlines executed in innovative and imaginative Classical detail, dominated the London skyline as a counterpoint to St. Paul's dome deep into the 20th century.

Hawksmoor in recent literature

Hawksmoor's architecture has influenced several poets and authors of the twentieth century. St Alfege Church is a Church of England place of worship in the town centre of Greenwich in the eponymous London Borough. St George's Church Bloomsbury is a church in Bloomsbury in central London, England. Christ Church Spitalfields is an Anglican church built between 1714 and 1729 to a design by Nicholas Hawksmoor. St George in the East is an Anglican Church and one of six Hawksmoor churches in London, England, built from 1714 to 1729 with funding from Wapping (pronounced 'Wopping' is a place in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets which forms part of the Docklands to the east of the City of London. St Mary Woolnoth is an Anglican church in the City of London, designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor located on the corner of Lombard Street and King St Anne's Limehouse is a Hawksmoor Anglican Church in Limehouse, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. His church St Mary Woolnoth is mentioned in T. S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land (1922). St Mary Woolnoth is an Anglican church in the City of London, designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor located on the corner of Lombard Street and King Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. The Waste Land ( 1922) is a highly influential 434-line modernist poem by T Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Algernon Stitch lived in a "superb creation by Nicholas Hawksmoor" in London in the novel Scoop by Evelyn Waugh (1938). Scoop is a 1938 novel by English writer Evelyn Waugh, a Satire of sensational journalism and foreign correspondence Arthur Evelyn St John Waugh (ˈiːvlɪn ˈwɔː (28 October 1903 &ndash 10 April 1966 was an English Writer, best known for such darkly humorous and Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Hawksmoor is the subject of a poem by Iain Sinclair called 'Nicholas Hawksmoor: His Churches' which appeared in Sinclair's collection of poems Lud Heat (1975). Iain Sinclair is a British Writer and Film maker Much of his work is rooted in London most recently within the influences of Psychogeography Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sinclair, a practised psychogeographer, argued that Hawksmoor's churches formed a pattern consistent with the forms of Theistic Satanism. Psychogeography was defined in 1955 by Guy Debord as the "the study of the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment consciously organized or not Theistic Satanism also known as Traditional Satanism, is the belief that Satan is an actual Deity or force worthy of reverence or worship

This idea was developed by Peter Ackroyd in his novel Hawksmoor (1985). Peter Ackroyd (born 5 October 1949, East Acton, London) is an English Author. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) In this, the historical Hawksmoor is refigured as the fictional Devil-worshiper Nicholas Dyer, while the eponymous Hawksmoor is cast as a twentieth-century detective charged with investigating a series of murders perpertrated on Dyer's (Hawksmoor's) churches. The novel is arguably a good example of magic realism. Magic realism, or magical realism, is an artistic Genre in which magical elements or illogical scenarios appear in an otherwise realistic or even "normal"

Both Sinclair and Ackroyd's ideas in turn were further developed by Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell in their graphic novel, From Hell, which speculated that Jack the Ripper used Hawksmoor's buildings as part of ritual magic, with his victims as human sacrifice. Alan Moore (born November 18 1953 in Northampton) is an English Writer most famous for his influential work in Comics, including the acclaimed Eddie Campbell (born 10 August 1955) is a Scottish Comics artist and Cartoonist who now lives in Australia. A From Hell is a Graphic novel by writer Alan Moore and artist Eddie Campbell speculating upon the identity and motives of Jack the Ripper Jack the Ripper is an alias given to an unidentified Serial killer active in the largely impoverished Whitechapel area and adjacent districts of London Magic, sometimes known as sorcery, is a Conceptual system that asserts human ability to control the natural world (including events objects people and Human sacrifice is the act of Homicide (the Killing of one or several Human beings in the context of a Religious ritual ( ritual killing In the appendix, Moore revealed that he had met and spoke with Sinclair on numerous occasions while developing the core ideas of the book.

In 2002 Hawksmoor was the subject of an award-winning monograph by the architectural historian Vaughan Hart, which redefined Hawksmoor with new insights and discoveries. Vaughan Hart is a leading architectural historian and Professor of Architecture and Head of the Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering at Bath University. There is a school named after him called Nicholas Hawksmoor Primary School in Towcester Northamptonshire with over 500 pupils

Trivia

References

See also

External links

Vaughan Hart is a leading architectural historian and Professor of Architecture and Head of the Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering at Bath University.
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