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Nis redirects here. For the acronym, see NIS.
"Nish" redirects here. For the place in Afghanistan, see Nish, Afghanistan.
City of Niš
Град Ниш
Flag of City of Niš
Flag		 Coat of arms of City of Niš
Coat of arms
Location of Niš within Serbia
Location of Niš within Serbia
Coordinates: 43°18′N 21°54′E / 43.3, 21.9
Country Serbia
District Nišava
Municipalities 5
Government
 - Mayor Smiljko Kostić (NS)
 - Ruling parties DSS/G17+/NS/SPO/SPS
Area
 - City 597 km² (230. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country See also Subdivisions of Serbia Districts (Окрузи Okruzi) are the Administrative units of Serbia, comprising several municipalities The Nišava District ( Serbian: Нишавски округ Nišavski okrug) expands in the south-eastern parts of See also Subdivisions of Serbia There are 200 municipalities in Serbia: 124 in Central Serbia, 46 in Vojvodina and 30 in Kosovo New Serbia ( Serbian: Нова Србија Nova Srbija) is a moderate Nationalist Political party in Serbia. This article lists political parties in Serbia. Serbia has a Multi-party system with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining The Democratic Party of Serbia ( Serbian: Демократска странка Србије or Demokratska stranka Srbije) is the largest Conservative G17 Plus (ofeten referred to as G17+) is a Liberal conservative Political party in Serbia. New Serbia ( Serbian: Нова Србија Nova Srbija) is a moderate Nationalist Political party in Serbia. The Serbian Renewal Movement ( Serbian: Српски покрет обнове or Srpski pokret obnove) is a Liberal conservative Political party The Socialist Party of Serbia (Социјалистичка партија Србије Socijalistička partija Srbije) is a Political party in Serbia. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 5 sq mi)
Population (2002)[1]
 - City 255 180
 - Density 420/km² (1,087. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 8/sq mi)
 - Urban 231 590
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 - Summer (DST) CEST (UTC0)
Postal code 18000
Area code(s) (+381) 18
Car plates NI
Website: www.nis.org.yu

Niš (Serbian: Ниш / Niš, IPA: [niːʃ], listen (help·info)) is a city in Serbia situated at 43. Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time Daylight saving time ( DST Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Coordinated Universal Time, the basis for the world's civil time frequently referred to by the name of its predecessor Greenwich Mean Time Western A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks Serbian car License plate codes consist of a two-letter region code followed by two 2- or 3-digit numbers Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country 3° N 21. 9° E, on the river Nišava. The Nišava or Nishava ( Bulgarian and Serbian Cyrillic: Нишава) is a river in Bulgaria and Serbia, a With 250,000 inhabitants it is the largest city of South Serbia and third-largest city in the country, after Belgrade and Novi Sad. The Vardar Banovina or Vardar Banate or in Serbo-Croat: Вардарска бановина in Cyrillic; Vardarska banovina in Latinic Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Novi Sad ( Cyrillic: Нови Сад 'nɔviː 'saːd; Hungarian: Újvidék Slovak The city covers an area of about 597 square kilometres, including the city of Niš itself, the Niška Banja spa and 68 suburbs. Niš Constantine the Great Airport (Аеродром Константин Велики) is its international airport with the destination code INI. Niš Constantine the Great Airport (Аеродром Ниш - Константин Велики Aerodrom Niš - Konstantin Veliki), serves southern Serbia and Niš is the administrative center of the Nišava District of Serbia. The Nišava District ( Serbian: Нишавски округ Nišavski okrug) expands in the south-eastern parts of

Situated at crossroads of Balkan and European highways, connecting Asia Minor to Europe, Niš is one of the oldest cities in the Balkans, and has from ancient times been considered a gateway between the East and the West. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The term Eastern world refers very broadly to the various Cultures social structures and philosophical systems of " the East " The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings It is home to one of Serbia's oldest Christian churches dating to the 4th century in the suburb of Mediana. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Church (disambiguation Christian Church and the word church are used to denote both a Christian association of people and a Place of worship Mediana is an important archeological site from the late Roman period located in the eastern suburb of the Serbian city of Niš. [2] Niš is also notable as the birthplace of Constantine the Great, the first Christian Roman Emperor and the founder of Constantinople, [3] as well as two other Roman emperors, Constantius III and Justin I. Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Flavius Constantius (died 2 September 421) whose name is traditionally Anglicized as Constantius III, was a late Roman general politician Flavius Iustinus (c 450&ndash August 1, 527) known in English as Justin I, was an Byzantine Emperor (518&ndash527 who rose through the ranks

Niš is a university center. There are about 30,000 university students at the University of Niš, which comprises 13 faculties. The University of Niš ( Serbian: Универзитет у Нишу / Univerzitet u Nišu) is a university located in Niš, Serbia. Niš is also one of the most important industrial centres in Serbia, a center of electronics industry (see Elektronska Industrija Niš), industry of mechanical engineering, textile industry and tobacco industry. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country EI Niš, short for Electronic Industry Niš (Elektronska industrija Niš is a company with headquarters in Niš, Serbia.

Contents

Geography and climate

Niš is situated at the 43°19' latitude north and 21°54' longitude east in the Nišava valley, near the spot where it joins the Južna Morava River. The Nišava or Nishava ( Bulgarian and Serbian Cyrillic: Нишава) is a river in Bulgaria and Serbia, a South Morava (Јужна Морава/ Južna Morava) is a River in the Republic of Macedonia and Serbia which represents the shorter headwater It is in Niš that the trunk road running from the north down the Morava River valley forks into two major lines: - the south one, leading to Thessalonica and Athens, - and the east one, leading towards Sofia and Istanbul, and further on, towards the Near East. Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey The central city area is at 194m altitude above sea level (the Main City Square). The highest point in the city area is Sokolov kamen (Falcon's rock) on Suva Planina Mountain (1523m) while the lowest spot is at Trupale, near the mouth of the Nišava (173m). The city area covers 596. 71 km².

The climate of the Niš area is moderate and continental, with an average temperature of 11. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of In Politics and Religion, a moderate is an individual who holds an intermediate position between two viewpoints neither to be extreme or radical by those applying Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature 2°C. July is the warmest month of the year, with the average of 21. 2°C. The coldest month is January, averaging at 0. 2°C. The average of the annual rainfall is 567. Rain is Liquid precipitation. On Earth it is the condensation of atmospheric Water vapor into drops heavy enough to fall often making it to 25 mm/m². The average barometer value is 992. History The first barometer is thought to have been built unintentionally by Gasparo Berti, sometime between 1640 and 1643 74 mb. There are 123 days with rain and 43 days with snow. On the average, the wind force is just below 3 Beaufort. Wind is the flow of Air or other Gases that compose an Atmosphere (including but not limited to the Earth's)

History

Early History

Stone mallet found in Nišava
Stone mallet found in Nišava

The city's early name under the Roman Empire remained Naissus, which is the Latin name derived from its original name Naissos ("city of the nymphs"), a Greek colony founded in antiquity. The Nišava or Nishava ( Bulgarian and Serbian Cyrillic: Нишава) is a river in Bulgaria and Serbia, a The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca

"When we arrived at Naissus we found the city deserted, as though it had been sacked; only a few sick persons lay in the churches. We halted at a short distance from the river, in an open space, for all the ground adjacent to the bank was full of the bones of men slain in war. '
Priscus on Naissus in 448 A. Priscus was from Panium (in Thrace) living in the Roman Empire during the 5th century. D. [1]

The etymology of the original name Naissos ("city of the nymphs") was derived from a mythical creature of Greek mythology - Naiad (from the Greek νάειν, "to flow," and νἃμα, "running water") which was the nymph of freshwater streams rivers and lakes. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance In Greek mythology, the Naiads or Naiades (Ναϊάδες from the Greek νάειν "to flow" and νἃμα "running water" At the time when Greek colony was founded, the local residents believed that the numerous surrounding ponds, bogs, and the moor on the left riverbank were inhibited by the nymphs. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca A pond is a body of water smaller than a Lake, both being examples of Terrain features Although the term pond is universally used to describe waterbodies that A bog or mire is a Wetland type that accumulates Acidic Peat, a deposit of dead plant material &ndash usually Mosses but also Niš is a possible location of Nysa, a mythical place in Greek mythology where the young god Dionysus was raised. In Greek mythology, the mountainous district of Nysa, variously associated with Ethiopia, Libya, Tribalia or Arabia by Greek In Classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos (in Greek, Διόνυσος or Διώνυσος; associated with Roman

At the time of the conquest of the Greeks by Rome, Naissos was used as a base for operations. Naissus was first mentioned in Roman documents near the beginning of 2nd century CE, and was considered a place worthy of note in the Geography of Ptolemy of Alexandria. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca The Romans occupied the town in the period of the "Dardanian War" (75-73 BC), and the city developed as a strategic crossroads, garrison and market town in the province of Moesia Superior. The Dardani ( Ancient Greek Δαρδάνιοι were a Thraco-Illyrian tribe Year 75 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome In Rome, the tribune Quintus Opimius Year 73 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place British Isles Traditional date that Lud became King Garrison (various spellings (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip" is the collective term for a body of Troops Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the

In AD 268, during the "Crisis of the third century" when the Empire almost collapsed, the greatest Gothic invasion seen to date came pouring into the Balkans. Crisis of the Third Century (or "Military Anarchy" or "Imperial Crisis" was the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235 The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s The Goths' seaborne allies, the Heruli, supplied a fleet, carrying vast armies down the coast of the Black Sea where they ravaged coastal territories in Thrace and Macedonia. The Heruli (spelled variously in Latin and Greek) were a nomadic Germanic people, who were subjugated by the Ostrogoths Huns and The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe The Roman province of Macedonia was officially established in 146 BC, after the Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus defeated Andriscus of Macedon Other huge forces crossed the Danube in Moesia. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the An invasion of Goths into the province of Pannonia was leading to disaster. Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, In 268, Emperor Gallienus won some important initial victories at land and sea, but it was his successor Claudius II who finally defeated the invaders at the Battle of Naissus in 269, one of the bloodiest battles of the 3rd century. Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (218-268 ruled the Roman Empire as co-emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260 and then as the sole Roman Emperor The Battle of Naissus (268 or 269 AD was the defeat of a Gothic coalition by the Roman Empire under Emperor Gallienus (or Claudius II) The 3rd century is the period from 201 to 300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Invaders allegedly left thirty to fifty thousand dead on the field.

Mosaics in Mediana
Mosaics in Mediana

Four years later in 272, the son of military commander Constantius Chlorus and an innkeeper's daughter called Flavia Iulia Helena was born in Naissus and destined to rule as Emperor Constantine the Great. Flavius Valerius Constantius ( March 31 c 250&ndash July 25 306) was an emperor of the Western Roman Empire (305&ndash306 Saint Helena (Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta also known as Saint Helen, Helena Augusta or Helena of Constantinople (c Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine The remains of the 4th century Imperial villa at Mediana are an important archaeological site located close to Niš. Mediana is an important archeological site from the late Roman period located in the eastern suburb of the Serbian city of Niš. Mosaic floors and other traces of luxury are preserved in the archaeological museum on the site. Other aristocratic suburban villas are clustered nearby. The 4th century Christian basilica in Niš is one of the oldest Christian monuments. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman The Roman Emperor Constantius III (421) who was the power behind the throne during much of the 410's was born in Naissus

Though the emperor Julian strengthened the walls, the very prosperity of Naissus made it a target and it was destroyed by Attila in 443. Flavius Constantius (died 2 September 421) whose name is traditionally Anglicized as Constantius III, was a late Roman general politician Flavius Claudius Julianus, known also as Julian or Julian the Apostate (331 or 332 to 26 June 363) was Roman Emperor (Caesar Attila the Hun conquers Naissus with battering rams and rolling towers—military sophistication that was new in the Hun repertory. After the Huns captured the city of Naissus they massacred the inhabitants of the city. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy Years later river banks outside the city were still covered with human bones as a reminder of the devastation the Huns had inflicted. The founder of the Justinian Dynasty, Justin I was born in Naissus in 450, and his nephew Justinian I did his best to restore the city, but Naissa never recovered its 4th century urbanity. The Justinian Dynasty is a family who ruled over the Byzantine Empire from 518 to 602. Flavius Iustinus (c 450&ndash August 1, 527) known in English as Justin I, was an Byzantine Emperor (518&ndash527 who rose through the ranks Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or

Middle Ages

The latter half of the 6th century CE saw the first major migrations of Slavs and Avars. Human migration denotes any movement by Humans from one locality to another sometimes over long distances or The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. During the 6th and 7th century CE, Slavic tribes made eight attempts to take Niš . During the final attack in 615 CE the invaders took the city, and most of the Roman population fled or perished, but some small traces survived in the local Vlach population. The city and nearby arable land were settled by Slavs.

In the 9th century the Bulgarians became masters of Naissus, followed by the Hungarians in the 11th century, during which the town's militia fought a successful battle against the People's Crusade on 3 July 1096. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The People's Crusade is part of the First Crusade and lasted roughly six months from April 1096 to October Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus reconquered it once more in 1173, and towards the end of the 12th century the town was in the hands of the Serbian prince Stephen Nemanja, who received hospitably the German emperor Frederick Barbarossa and his crusaders. For the eldest son of Andronikos I Komnenos and father of Alexios I of Trebizond, see Manuel Komnenos (born 1145. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Stefan Nemanja ( Old Church Slavonic: Стѣфань Serbian: Стефан Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 &ndash 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned

In 1375 the Ottoman Turks captured Naissus for the first time from the Serbians. The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. The fall of the Serbian state, conquered by Sultan Murad in 1385, decided the fate of Niš as well. After a 25-day long siege the city fell to the Turks. After the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, the Constantinopol-Wien road grew deserted.

In 1443, Niš fell into the hands of Ludanjin. The town itself was given back to the Serbs, while Branković gave it over to Đorđe Mrnjavčević. In the so-called Long Campaign, Christian armies, led by the Hungarian military leader Janos Hunyadi (known as Sibinjanin Janko in Serbian folk poetry) together with Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković, defeated the Turks and repelled them to Sofia. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 John Hunyadi ( Medieval Latin: Ioannes Corvinus, Hungarian: Hunyadi János, (c Đurađ Branković ( Serbian Cyrillic: Ђурађ Бранковић Hungarian: Brankovics György; 1377 &ndash 24 December, 1456 Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality An important battle was fought near Niš, which remained a free city for a whole year after that. In the Battle of Nish ( Battle of Nissa, Battle of Nis) ( November 28[[ 443]] the Turks were completely routed by the Christian It was during this battle that an Ottoman commander named Gjerg Kastrioti, aka Skenderbeg, deserted the Ottoman ranks with a strong following. Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg ( 6 May 1405 &ndash 17 January 1468) ( Albanian: Gjergj Kastriot Skënderbeu, widely known as Escaping to Albania, he mounted a semi-successful guerilla war against the Ottomans that lasted his remaining lifetime. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc

Early Modern and Modern periods

Niš Fortress
Niš Fortress

Niš succumbed to Turkish rule again in 1448 and remained thus for the following 245 years. In the period of Turkish rule, Niš was one of the seats of Turkish military and civil administration. Niš Fortress, built in that period, still represents one of the most beautiful and best preserved edifices in the Balkans. The extant fortification is of Turkish origin, dating from the first decades of the 18th century (1719-1723). It is well-known as one of the most significant and best preserved monuments of this kind in the Mid-Balkans. The Fortress was erected on the site of earlier fortifications - the ancient Roman, Byzantine, and later yet Mediaeval forts. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Fortress has a polygonal ground plan, eight bastion terraces and four massive gates. It stretches over 22 ha of land. The rampart walls are 2,100 m long, 8 m high and 3 m thick on the average. The building stone, brought from the nearby quarries, was hewn into rather evenly-shaped blocks. In Architecture, Construction, Engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following Any man-made The inside of the rampart wall was additionally fortified by a wooden construction, 'santrač', and an additional bulwark, 'trpanac'. On the outside, the Fortress was surrounded by a wide moat, whose northern part has been preserved to our days. Beside the massive stone rampart walls, the southern Stambol gate and the western Belgrade gate are pretty well preserved. A gate is a point of entry to a space enclosed by Walls or an opening in a Fence. Partly preserved are the water gates, while the northern Vidin gate and the south-east Jagodina gate are preserved only in remains. Vidin (Видин is a town on the southern bank of the Danube in northwestern Bulgaria. Jagodina ( Serbian Cyrillic: Јагодина, Romanian: Iagodină is a town and municipality located in central Serbia at 43 With a complete reconstruction of all the gates, Niš Fortress would once again become, architecturally and functionally, a closed fortification system. In 1737, Niš was seized by the Austrian army, in their campaign against the Turks. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich In the Military sciences a military campaign is a term applied to large scale, long duration significant Military strategy plan incorporating The war ended in 1739.

Monument to the liberators of Niš
Monument to the liberators of Niš

At the beginning of the 19th century the crucial thing for the renewal of the Serbian state was the liberation of Niš from the Turks. The Serbian leader Karađorđe, in his talks with the representatives of Russia, as well as in his talks with Napoleon and the Turks, pointed out that Niš had to belong to Serbia. Karađorđe Petrović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Карађорђе Петровић Anglicised: Karageorge Petrovitch) ( November 3, 1768 Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Serbian insurrection army headed towards Niš in order to take it and go ahead towards Old Serbia and Kosovo. Karađorđe's suggestion was to use the whole army to liberate Niš, while the rest of the commanders demanded to attack Niš from four different points. The latter was accepted. On April 27, 1809, the Serbian insurrection army with its 16,000 soldiers approached the villages of Kamenica, Gornji and Donji Matejevac, near the town of Niš with Miloje Petrović as Commander-in-chief. The Serbian soldiers made six trenches. A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground Trenches are generally defined by being deeper than they are wide (as opposed to a wider Gully or Ditch The first and biggest was on Čegar Hill with voivoda Stevan Sinđelić at the head. A voivode or waywode is a Slavic title that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force Stevan Sinđelić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Стеван Синђелић (1770 &mdash May 19, 1809) was a commander ( Vojvoda) of the The second one was in the village Gornji Matejevac (near the newly rebuilt Latin Church) with Petar Dobrnjac as the commander. The Latin Rite is one of the 23 Sui iuris Particular Churches within the Catholic Church. Petar Dobrnjac ( Serbian Cyrillic: Петар Добрњац (1771-1831 was a Serbian Vojvoda in the First Serbian Uprising. The third trench was north-east to Kamenica, with voivoda Ilija Barjaktarević. The fourth trench was in Kamenica with Miloje Petrović as the chief commander. The fifth trench was in the mountain above Kamenica and under the control of voivoda Pauljo Matejić, while the sixth one was made in Donji Matejevac. A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak Miloje Petrović's request to attack Niš directly was not accepted. The demand was to wait and to besiege the town.

Outer wall of Skull Tower
Outer wall of Skull Tower

Meanwhile the Turkish army was reinforced with 20,000 soldiers from Adrianople, Thessalonica, Vranje and Leskovac. The Skull Tower (Ћеле Кула or Ćele Kula is a monument to 19th century Serbian rebels Edirne (anc Hadrianopolis; Greek Adrianople; Slavic/Bulgarian Одрин, see also its other names) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Vranje ( Serbian Cyrillic: Врање Bulgarian: Враня Vranya; Turkish: Vranya) is a town and municipality located in Leskovac ( Serbian Cyrillic: Лесковац Leskofça is a city and municipality located in southern Serbia at 43 The Turks attacked the trench of Petar Dobrnjac on 30 May. Petar Dobrnjac ( Serbian Cyrillic: Петар Добрњац (1771-1831 was a Serbian Vojvoda in the First Serbian Uprising. The following day, on May 31, 1809, the most prominent trench on Čegar Hill, under the command of Stevan Sinđelić, was attacked. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The battle lasted all day. As Milovan Kukić witnessed, "the Turks attacked five times, and the Serbs managed to repulse them five times. Each time their losses were great. Some of the Turks attacked, and some of them went ahead, and thus when they attacked for the sixth time they filled the trenches with their dead so that the alive went over their dead bodies and they began to fight against the Serbs with their rifles, cutting and sticking in their enemies with their sabers and knives. The Serbian soldiers from other trenches cried out to help Stevan. But there was no help," as Milovan Kukić said, "either because they could not help without their cavalry, or because Miloje Petrović did not allow it.

When Stevan Sinđelić saw that the Turks had taken over the trench, he ran to the powder cave, took out his gun and fired at the powder magazine. Stevan Sinđelić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Стеван Синђелић (1770 &mdash May 19, 1809) was a commander ( Vojvoda) of the The explosion was so strong that all the surrounding was shaken, and the whole trench caught in a cloud of dense smoke. An explosion is a sudden increase in Volume and release of Energy in an extreme manner usually with the generation of high Temperatures and the release Stevan Sinđelić, who up to that moment had reached everywhere, helping and encouraging everybody, went into the air. " Three thousands Serbian soldiers and more than double of that on the Turkish side were killed on Čegar Hill. An important monument from early 19th century Serbian uprisings against Turkish reign is the Skull Tower (Ćele kula), a tower which incorporates human skulls (those of dead Serbian "rebels") in its construction, a monument likely unique in its design. The Skull Tower (Ћеле Кула or Ćele Kula is a monument to 19th century Serbian rebels

University of Niš building and Memorial Chapel
University of Niš building and Memorial Chapel

The city was incorporated in Serbia as a consequence of the Treaty of San Stefano. The University of Niš ( Serbian: Универзитет у Нишу / Univerzitet u Nišu) is a university located in Niš, Serbia. Memorial Chapel was built in the memory of 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia victims from the city of Niš The Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed at the end of the Russo-Turkish War 1877–78. Following the rout of the Serbian army by the Austrians, Bulgarians and Germans in World War I, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria entertained the German Kaiser Wilhelm II at Niš in January 1916. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Ferdinand I Tsar of Bulgaria (February 26 1861 - September 10 1948 born Prince Ferdinand Maximilian Karl Leopold Maria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was the Prince Regnant The Kaiser was greeted by the following dubious mock-Roman salutation: Ave Imperator, Caesar et Rex. Victor et gloriosus es. Nissa antiqua omnis Orientis populi te salutant redemptorem, ferentem oppressis prosperitatem atque salutem, which translates as: "Hail Emperor, Caesar and King: You are victor and glorious. In ancient Niš all the peoples of the east salute you, bringer of prosperity to the oppressed. "

During the time of German occupation in World War II, the first Nazi concentration camp in Yugoslavia was located near Niš. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial In 1942 an armed revolt led to an escape. The escapees were guerrillas from Tito's movement who was captured by German forces during the Battle of Kozara. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc The Battle of Kozara was fought in 1942 on and around the mountain of Kozara in northwestern Bosnia. This escape is featured in Miomir Stamenković's film Lager Niš, 1987. Lager Niš ( Лагер Ниш) also known as logor Crveni Krst логор Црвени Крст ( English: Red cross concentration camp The city was heavily bombed by the Allies in 1944 along with other cities in Axis Serbia. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Several months after the occupation and division of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis Powers in World War II, the territory of Serbia became known as Militärverwaltung [4] In 1996, Niš was the first city in Serbia to stand against the government of Slobodan Milošević. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) A coalition of democratic opposition parties called Zajedno (Together) won the local elections in Niš in 1996. The first democratic mayor of City of Niš was Zoran Živković, who later became the Prime Minister of Serbia in 2003. Zoran Živković (Зоран Живковић is a former Prime Minister of Serbia who replaced assassinated Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country On May 7, 1999 it was the site of the NATO Cluster bombing of Niš. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The North Atlantic Treaty See also Civilian casualties inflicted during Operation Allied Force The Cluster bombing of Niš was an event that occurred on May 7,

Historical Sites

Roman emperors

Three Roman emperors where born in this city

Population through history

()* - population according to the present-day boundaries of the city

Demographics

According to the last census from 2002, the whole municipal area of the city of Niš (including both, urban and rural parts of municipality) had a population of 250,518, while population of urban Niš was 173,724. Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine Flavius Constantius (died 2 September 421) whose name is traditionally Anglicized as Constantius III, was a late Roman general politician Flavius Iustinus (c 450&ndash August 1, 527) known in English as Justin I, was an Byzantine Emperor (518&ndash527 who rose through the ranks It should be noted that territory of urban part of Niš was redefined since 2002, after the formation of new urban municipalities, thus number of 173,724 might not correspond with the current urban area. According to World Gazetteer, the population of the urban part of the city of Niš was 173,861 in 2007. [2]. There is still much dispute about the true number of it's population, since there are several thousand Kosovo refugees who officially don't live in the city, but are living there with local family members.

Ethnic Groups in the Municipal Area (2002 Census)
Ethnic group Population
Serbs 235,657
Roma 5,687
Montenegrins 846
Bulgarians 799
Macedonians 715
Yugoslavs 664
Croats 417
Others 5,733
TOTAL 250,518
Ethnic Groups in the Urban Area (2002 Census)
Ethnic group Population
Serbs 162,380
Roma 4,461
Montenegrins 747
Bulgarians 679
Macedonians 715
Yugoslavs 601
Croats 379
Others 3,872
TOTAL 173,724

Economy

The city of Niš is the administrative, industrial, commercial, financial and cultural center of the south-eastern part of Republic of Serbia. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The position of Niš is strategically important, located at the intersection of European highway and railway networks connecting Europe with Asia. In the field of Road transport, an intersection is a road junction where two or more Roads either meet or cross at grade (they are * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. Niš is easily accessible, having an airport - Niš Constantine the Great Airport and being a point of intersection of numerous railroad and highway lines. Niš Constantine the Great Airport (Аеродром Ниш - Константин Велики Aerodrom Niš - Konstantin Veliki), serves southern Serbia and It is in Niš that the trunk road running from the north down the Morava River valley forks into two major lines:

These roads have been widely known from ancient times, because they represented the beaten tracks along which peoples, goods and armies moved. Known as 'Via Militaris' in Roman and Byzantine periods, or 'Constantinople road' in Middle Ages, these roads still represent major European traffic arteries. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Niš thus stands at a point of intersection of the roads connecting Asia Minor to Europe, and the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey

Industry

Niš is one of the most important industrial centres in Serbia, well-known for its tobacco industry, industry of electronics, construction industry, industry of mechanical engineering, textile industry, colour metal industry, food processing industry, industry of rubber goods. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious"

Tobacco industry

Construction industry

Electronics Industry

Industry of rubber goods

Colour metal industry

Machinery industry

Textile Industry

Food processing industry

Tourism

Tourist Sites

The skull tower
The skull tower

Architecture

Buildings in Niš are constantly being built. Topilo Spa does not have fame and tradition of famous Serbian spas but it has the options that this place can offer and give Niš is the second biggest city after Belgrade if you look at it in a high rise point of view. Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. The Ambasador Hotel is one of the biggest buildings in Serbia but there are also other buildings like TV5. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country

Tourist information

Administrative Divisions

The municipalities of Niš
The municipalities of Niš

The city of Niš consists of five municipalities:

  1. Medijana
  2. Palilula
  3. Pantelej
  4. Crveni Krst
  5. Niška Banja

The first four municipalities are located in the urban area of Niš, while Niška Banja is a suburban municipality. Medijana (Медијана is the central and most populous municipality of the City of Niš in Serbia. Palilula (Палилула is one of the municipalities in the City of Niš, Serbia. Pantelej (Пантелеј is one of the municipalities in the City of Niš, Serbia. Crveni Krst (Cyrillic Црвени Крст English Red Cross is one of the municipalities in the City of Niš, Serbia. Before 2002, the city of Niš had only two municipalities, one of them named "Niš" and another named "Niška Banja".

Municipalities of Niš include further neighborhoods:

Medijana    Palilula    Pantelej    Crveni Krst  &;nbsp; Niška Banja   
Center Palilula Pantelej Crveni Krst Niška Banja
Marger Staro Groblje Jagodin Mala (partly) Beograd Mala nas. Center is a neighborhood of Niš, Serbia. It is in Niš municipality of Medijana. Palilula is a neighborhood of Niš, Serbia. It is in Niš municipality of Palilula. Pantelej (Пантелеј is one of the municipalities in the City of Niš, Serbia. Crveni Krst (Cyrillic Црвени Крст English Red Cross is one of the municipalities in the City of Niš, Serbia. Marger is a neighborhood of Niš, Serbia. It is in Niš municipality of Medijana. Staro Groblje is a neighborhood of Niš, Serbia. It is in the municipality of Palilula. Jagodin Mala is a neighborhood of Niš, Serbia. It is in Niš municipality of Crveni Krst and Pantelej. Beograd Mala is a neighborhood of Niš, Serbia. It is in Niš municipality of Crveni Krst. Nikola Tesla (broj 6)
Trg Kralja Aleksandra Crni Put Durlan Jagodin Mala (partly) Jelašnica
Kičevo Bubanj Komren (partly) Komren (mostly) Sićevo
Čair Ledena Stena Čalije Šljaka Ostrovica
Bulevar Nemanjica Delijski Vis Somborska Medosevac Prva Kutina
Bulevar Djindjica Apelovac Vrežina   Radikina Bara
Medijana Kovanluk     Prosek
Trošarina Tutunović Podrum     Čukljenik
Duvanište Kalač Brdo     Donja i gornja Studena
Brzi Brod 9. Trg Kralja Aleksandra (King Aleksandar square is a neighborhood of Niš, Serbia. Crni Put (Black Road is a neighborhood of Niš, Serbia. It is in Niš municipality of Palilula. Durlan is a neighborhood of Niš, Serbia. It is in Niš municipality of Pantelej. Jagodin Mala is a neighborhood of Niš, Serbia. It is in Niš municipality of Crveni Krst and Pantelej. Komren is a neighborhood of Niš, Serbia. It is in Niš municipality of Crveni Krst and Pantelej. Komren is a neighborhood of Niš, Serbia. It is in Niš municipality of Crveni Krst and Pantelej. Bulevar Nemanjića or more commonly known just as Bulevar is a neighbourhood in Serbian city of Niš. Maj      

Famous or notable citizens

The people listed below were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with the city of Niš, and its surrounding metropolitan area. The people are listed by alphabetical order of the names.

Culture

Museums and monuments

Rock Music

Galija and Kerber are considered the most notable rock bands to have originated from Niš. The Skull Tower (Ћеле Кула or Ćele Kula is a monument to 19th century Serbian rebels Lager Niš ( Лагер Ниш) also known as logor Crveni Krst логор Црвени Крст ( English: Red cross concentration camp Galija ( Serbian Cyrillic: Галија trans Galley) is a Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band Kerber ( Serbian Cyrillic: Кербер trans Cerberus) is a Serbian and former Yugoslav Hard rock / Heavy metal Other notable Niš rock acts include Lutajuća Srca, Mama Rock, Hazari, Novembar, Trivalia and others.

Sport

The city of Niš is home to numerous sport clubs including the following:

  • "Prvi srpski piloti" Aero-Club
  • "Železničar" Athletics Club
  • "Čair" Automobile And Motor-Racing Club
  • "Železničar" Cycling Club
  • "Radnički" Boxing Club
  • Niš Bridge Club
  • "Niš" Gymnastiscs Club
  • "Student" University Go Club
  • City Recreation Association
  • "Niš" Weight-Lifting Club
  • "Zoran Radosavljević" Sailing Club
  • "Gusar" Kayak-Canoe Club
  • "Khi" Karate Club
  • "Omladinac" Karate Club
  • "Samuraj" Karate Club
  • "Čegar" Horse Riding Club
  • "Alfa" Youth Basketball Club
  • "Gimnazijalac" Ladies' Youth Basketball Club
  • Basketball League Of Serbia Region 7 - Niš
  • "Student" Ladies' University Basketball Club
  • "Student" University Basketball Club
  • "Niš-Put" Bowling Club
  • "Gromig - Puršok" Small-Grounds Football Club
  • "Ekonomist" Small-Grounds Football Club
  • "Koska" Small-Grounds Football Club
  • "Naisus" Small-Grounds Football Club
  • "Palilula" Small-Grounds Football Club
  • "Niš" Volleyball Club
  • "Radnički" Volleyball Club
  • "Student" Ladies' Volleyball Club
  • "Albatros" Paragliding Club External link
  • "Grunf" Paragliding Club
  • "Niš" Mountaineers' Association
  • "Železničar" Mountaineers' Association
  • "Step" Dancing Club
  • "Niš" Swimming And Water-Polo Club
  • "Naisa" Handball Club
  • "Železničar" Handball Club
  • "Niš" Youth Handball Club
  • "Niš" Safari Club
  • "Niš" Skiing Club
  • Niš Sports Association Of The Disabled
  • Sports Association "Niški maraton"
  • "Niš" Table Tennis Club
  • "Niš" Archery Club - External link
  • "Niš 1881" Shooting Club
  • "Gimnazijalac" Tennis Club
  • "Kostić" Tennis Club
  • "Radnički" Tennis Club
  • "Niš" Triathlon Club
  • Fishing Sports Association
  • "Železničar" Football Club
  • "Mašinac" Ladies' Football Club
  • "Niš" Youth Football Club
  • "Palilulac" Football Club
  • Radnički Football Club
  • "Železničar" Judo Club
  • "Kinezis" Judo Club
  • "Niš" Judo Club
  • "Niš" Chess Club
  • "Swing" Dance club
  • "Cekica" Rugby League Club

Local Media

Radio stations

TV stations

NGOs

Newspapers

International cooperation

Niš is twinned with the following cities[5]:

Other forms of cooperation and city friendship similar to the twin city programmes:

References

  1. ^ SN31
  2. ^ http://www.metimes.com/storyview.php?StoryID=20070515-082637-6667r
  3. ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Constantine the Great
  4. ^ Serbs were not specially chosen as targets, Danas
  5. ^ Twinnings. Cassandra (Greek Κασσάνδρα Kassandra, modern transliteration Kassandra) was one of the most important cities in Ancient Macedonia founded by Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Glyfada (Γλυφάδα is a Suburb of Athens situated in the southern parts of the Athens Metropolitan Area Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Marousi ( Greek, Modern Μαρούσι Katharevousa: Αμαρούσιον alternative forms Maroussi, Amarousion, and Amaroussion Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Alimos (Άλιμος Latin and older form Alimus, is a suburb in the south southwestern part of Athens, Greece, also known as Kalamaki Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Veliko Tarnovo (Велико Търново sometimes transliterated as Veliko Turnovo) is a city in north central Bulgaria and the administrative centre of The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Beersheba (בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע Be'er Sheva, بئر السبع, Birüssebi is the largest City in the Negev desert of southern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Graz (etymologically from Slovene: Gradec IPA /gradeʦ/ "little castle" with a population of around 290000 as of 2008 (of which 252852 have principal Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Columbus is the Capital and the largest city of the US state of Ohio. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Košice (; Hungarian: Kassa; (also known by other alternative names) is a city in eastern Slovakia. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million History KurskOld2jpg|thumb|200px|Pre-1917 view of Kursk]] Archaeology indicates that the site of Kursk was settled in the fifth or fourth century B Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Rognan is the centre of the municipality of Saltdal in Norway, with 2492 inhabitants ( 2004) Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Also see Homburg. Bad Homburg vor der Höhe (official Bad Homburg v Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Danas is a daily newspaper published in Serbia; its name in Serbian ( Данас) meaning today. Niš City Hall. Retrieved on 2008-04-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.

External links


Municipalities and cities of Serbia
Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. See also Subdivisions of Serbia There are 200 municipalities in Serbia: 124 in Central Serbia, 46 in Vojvodina and 30 in Kosovo This is the list of cities and towns in Serbia, according to the criteria used by Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, which classifies the settlements into Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country
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